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Histoire De La Recherche Agricole En Afrique Tropicale Francophone

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Histoire De La Recherche Agricole En Afrique Tropicale Francophone HISTOIRE DE LA RECHERCHE AGRICOLE EN AFRIQUE TROPICALE FRANCOPHONE VOLUME III EXPLORATEURS ET MARCHANDS À LA RECHERCHE DE L’ELDORADO AFRICAIN 1800 – 1885 / 1890 Par René TOURTE HISTOIRE DE LA RECHERCHE AGRICOLE EN AFRIQUE TROPICALE FRANCOPHONE VOLUME III EXPLORATEURS ET MARCHANDS À LA RECHERCHE DE L’ELCORADO AFRICAIN 1800 – 1885 / 1890 Par René TOURTE CHAPITRE I. ABRÉGÉ POLITIQUE ET ÉCONOMIQUE ......................................... 1 SECTION I. DANS « LA MÉTROPOLE » ........................................................................... 1 SECTION II. EN AFRIQUE ET À MADAGASCAR ............................................................... 5 CHAPITRE II. LES PAYSAGES AGRICOLES À L’AUBE DU XIXEME SIÈCLE. .. 8 SECTION I. QUELS TÉMOIGNAGES ET POURQUOI ? ...................................................... 8 SECTION II. LE VOYAGE DE MUNGO PARK AU CŒUR DE L’AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE 1795-1797 ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1. L’homme, le Projet ................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2. Aperçu de la Gambie agricole ............................................................................................................. 10 2.3. Le départ vers le Niger et l’inconnu ................................................................................................... 10 2.4. Le retour par le pays Mandingue ....................................................................................................... 12 2.5. Regard particulier sur le haut pays Mandingue, et réflexions générales de Mungo Park sur son périple. .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.6. La fin du voyage ................................................................................................................................... 14 SECTION III. GASPARD MOLLIEN EN GUINÉE, À LA RECHERCHE DES SOURCES DU SÉNÉGAL ET DE LA GAMBIE, 1818. .................................................................................15 SECTION IV. LA GRANDE AVENTURE DE RENÉ CAILLIÉ : DE GUINÉE AU MAGHREB, 1824-1828 .......................................................................................................18 4.1. L’homme et ses premiers contacts avec l’Afrique ............................................................................ 18 4.2. Le périple mauritanien 1824 - 1825. Parcours initiatique chez les Maures Brakna ...................... 19 4.3. Les préparatifs pour le grand voyage à Tombouctou et … ? Le départ de Guinée. ....................... 22 4.4. Kakondy et le rio Nuñez ..................................................................................................................... 22 4.5. En Guinée, dans le massif de Fouta-Djalon ...................................................................................... 23 4.6. Le pays de Kankan et la Haute Guinée ............................................................................................. 25 4.7. Kankan, l’opulente .............................................................................................................................. 25 4.8. Le Ouassoulo (ou Ouassoulou), pays de cocagne .............................................................................. 26 4.9. Caillié malade, au nord-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire. ........................................................................... 27 4.10. Route au nord, vers Tengréla et l’actuel Mali. ................................................................................ 28 4.11 Djenné et sa région. Quelques échos du Massina (ou Macina) ....................................................... 30 4.12. Embarquement pour Tombouctou .................................................................................................. 31 4.13. Quelles leçons de ce voyage extraordinaire ? .................................................................................. 33 SECTION V. À PROPOS DE LA VALLÉE DU FLEUVE SÉNÉGAL : AUTRES MISSIONS, AUTRES TÉMOIGNAGES. ..................................................................................................34 5.1. Une tentative transcontinentale avortée : Anne Raffenel, 1847-1848 ............................................ 34 5.2. Un précieux témoignage : celui d’un Saint-Louisien authentique, l’abbé David Boilat. ................ 36 SECTION VI. UN VOYAGE DANS LE SOUDAN CENTRAL PROFOND : MALI, BURKINA- FASO, NIGER, TCHAD, NORD CAMEROUN ET NORD NIGERIA, PAR HEINRICH BARTH, 1849 - 1855 ............................................................................................................39 6.1. Une mission anglo-allemande, au cœur de l’Afrique ......................................................................... 39 6.2. Des rivages méditerranéens au Niger central : l’entrée au Soudan par l’Aïr, le Damergou, le Damagaram. ................................................................................................................................................ 40 ii 6.3. Une escapade du Bornou aux confins de l’Adamaoua, le long des monts Mandara (nord Cameroun). .................................................................................................................................................. 42 6.4. Du Bornou (Nigeria) au Kanem (Tchad), par le nord du lac Tchad ................................................ 44 6.5. À la rencontre du Logone, à travers l’extrême nord Cameroun, et le pays Mousgou .................. 45 6.6. Voyage et séjour forcé au Baguirmi (Tchad) ..................................................................................... 46 6.7. Le Niger méridional de l’Est à l’Ouest ............................................................................................... 46 6.8. Vers Tombouctou, à travers le Burkina Faso et le sud Macina (Mali) ............................................ 48 6.9. Tombouctou, la mystérieuse. ............................................................................................................... 49 6.10. En suivant le cours du fleuve Niger : de Tombouctou (Mali) à Say (Niger) .................................. 51 6.11. La fin de l’aventure ............................................................................................................................ 52 SECTION VII. DANS LES RÉGIONS GUINÉO-FORESTIÈRES ET ÉQUATORIALES .......52 7.1. Avec Edouard Bouët-Willaumez, sur les côtes ivoiriennes, vers 1840 ............................................. 52 7.2. Au Gabon et au Congo, à la mi-XIXème siècle .................................................................................... 53 7.3. Premières contributions de Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza à la connaissance agricole du Congo profond. ........................................................................................................................................................ 55 SECTION VIII. IMAGES DE L’AGRICULTURE MALGACHE AU DÉBUT DU XIXEME SIÈCLE. ...............................................................................................................................56 8.1. Le témoignage de Nicolas Mayeur ...................................................................................................... 56 8.2. Un voyageur naturaliste dans le nord de l’Île de Madagascar, en 1833 : J. Goudoz ? ................... 57 CHAPITRE III. INSTITUTIONS ET ÉTABLISSEMENTS ...................................... 59 SECTION I. PAS DE RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE ORGANISÉE, CEPENDANT… ......59 SECTION II. LE MUSÉUM NATIONAL D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE DE PARIS .................59 2.1. L’institution .......................................................................................................................................... 59 2.2. Le Muséum et son inclination précoce pour les régions chaudes : l’Ecole André Thouin ............. 60 2.3. Une recherche plus expérimentale au Muséum : vers l’agronomie ? .............................................. 62 2.4. Maxime Cornu, 1847 - 1901................................................................................................................. 63 2.5. Maxime Cornu et l’acclimatement. Vers l’écologie ? ........................................................................ 64 Dans de nombreux transferts de matériel végétal, Maxime Cornu se démarque fortement de la.................. 64 2.6. Un Muséum cependant toujours académique. ................................................................................... 65 2.7. La stratégie ultra-marine et coloniale du Muséum. .......................................................................... 66 SECTION III. LES VOYAGEURS NATURALISTES ET LES CORRESPONDANTS DU MUSÉUM DE PARIS...........................................................................................................66 3.1. Les voyageurs naturalistes ................................................................................................................... 66 3.2. Les correspondants du Muséum ......................................................................................................... 68 SECTION IV. AUTRES INSTITUTIONS ET ÉTABLISSEMENTS, EN EUROPE ET EN AFRIQUE. ............................................................................................................................70 4.1. En France métropolitaine ...................................................................................................................
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