Thermal Conversion Factors
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Standard Conversion Factors
Standard conversion factors 7 1 tonne of oil equivalent (toe) = 10 kilocalories = 396.83 therms = 41.868 GJ = 11,630 kWh 1 therm = 100,000 British thermal units (Btu) The following prefixes are used for multiples of joules, watts and watt hours: kilo (k) = 1,000 or 103 mega (M) = 1,000,000 or 106 giga (G) = 1,000,000,000 or 109 tera (T) = 1,000,000,000,000 or 1012 peta (P) = 1,000,000,000,000,000 or 1015 WEIGHT 1 kilogramme (kg) = 2.2046 pounds (lb) VOLUME 1 cubic metre (cu m) = 35.31 cu ft 1 pound (lb) = 0.4536 kg 1 cubic foot (cu ft) = 0.02832 cu m 1 tonne (t) = 1,000 kg 1 litre = 0.22 Imperial = 0.9842 long ton gallon (UK gal.) = 1.102 short ton (sh tn) 1 UK gallon = 8 UK pints 1 Statute or long ton = 2,240 lb = 1.201 U.S. gallons (US gal) = 1.016 t = 4.54609 litres = 1.120 sh tn 1 barrel = 159.0 litres = 34.97 UK gal = 42 US gal LENGTH 1 mile = 1.6093 kilometres 1 kilometre (km) = 0.62137 miles TEMPERATURE 1 scale degree Celsius (C) = 1.8 scale degrees Fahrenheit (F) For conversion of temperatures: °C = 5/9 (°F - 32); °F = 9/5 °C + 32 Average conversion factors for petroleum Imperial Litres Imperial Litres gallons per gallons per per tonne tonne per tonne tonne Crude oil: Gas/diesel oil: Indigenous Gas oil 257 1,167 Imported Marine diesel oil 253 1,150 Average of refining throughput Fuel oil: Ethane All grades 222 1,021 Propane Light fuel oil: Butane 1% or less sulphur 1,071 Naphtha (l.d.f.) >1% sulphur 232 1,071 Medium fuel oil: Aviation gasoline 1% or less sulphur 237 1,079 >1% sulphur 1,028 Motor -
HEAT and TEMPERATURE Heat Is a Type of ENERGY. When Absorbed
HEAT AND TEMPERATURE Heat is a type of ENERGY. When absorbed by a substance, heat causes inter-particle bonds to weaken and break which leads to a change of state (solid to liquid for example). Heat causing a phase change is NOT sufficient to cause an increase in temperature. Heat also causes an increase of kinetic energy (motion, friction) of the particles in a substance. This WILL cause an increase in TEMPERATURE. Temperature is NOT energy, only a measure of KINETIC ENERGY The reason why there is no change in temperature at a phase change is because the substance is using the heat only to change the way the particles interact (“stick together”). There is no increase in the particle motion and hence no rise in temperature. THERMAL ENERGY is one type of INTERNAL ENERGY possessed by an object. It is the KINETIC ENERGY component of the object’s internal energy. When thermal energy is transferred from a hot to a cold body, the term HEAT is used to describe the transferred energy. The hot body will decrease in temperature and hence in thermal energy. The cold body will increase in temperature and hence in thermal energy. Temperature Scales: The K scale is the absolute temperature scale. The lowest K temperature, 0 K, is absolute zero, the temperature at which an object possesses no thermal energy. The Celsius scale is based upon the melting point and boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure (0, 100o C) K = oC + 273.13 UNITS OF HEAT ENERGY The unit of heat energy we will use in this lesson is called the JOULE (J). -
A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage
sustainability Review A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage Ioan Sarbu * ID and Calin Sebarchievici Department of Building Services Engineering, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, Piata Victoriei, No. 2A, 300006 Timisoara, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40-256-403-991; Fax: +40-256-403-987 Received: 7 December 2017; Accepted: 10 January 2018; Published: 14 January 2018 Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and in industrial processes. This paper is focused on TES technologies that provide a way of valorizing solar heat and reducing the energy demand of buildings. The principles of several energy storage methods and calculation of storage capacities are described. Sensible heat storage technologies, including water tank, underground, and packed-bed storage methods, are briefly reviewed. Additionally, latent-heat storage systems associated with phase-change materials for use in solar heating/cooling of buildings, solar water heating, heat-pump systems, and concentrating solar power plants as well as thermo-chemical storage are discussed. Finally, cool thermal energy storage is also briefly reviewed and outstanding information on the performance and costs of TES systems are included. Keywords: storage system; phase-change materials; chemical storage; cold storage; performance 1. Introduction Recent projections predict that the primary energy consumption will rise by 48% in 2040 [1]. On the other hand, the depletion of fossil resources in addition to their negative impact on the environment has accelerated the shift toward sustainable energy sources. -
IB Questionbank
Topic 3 Past Paper [94 marks] This question is about thermal energy transfer. A hot piece of iron is placed into a container of cold water. After a time the iron and water reach thermal equilibrium. The heat capacity of the container is negligible. specific heat capacity. [2 marks] 1a. Define Markscheme the energy required to change the temperature (of a substance) by 1K/°C/unit degree; of mass 1 kg / per unit mass; [5 marks] 1b. The following data are available. Mass of water = 0.35 kg Mass of iron = 0.58 kg Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1K–1 Initial temperature of water = 20°C Final temperature of water = 44°C Initial temperature of iron = 180°C (i) Determine the specific heat capacity of iron. (ii) Explain why the value calculated in (b)(i) is likely to be different from the accepted value. Markscheme (i) use of mcΔT; 0.58×c×[180-44]=0.35×4200×[44-20]; c=447Jkg-1K-1≈450Jkg-1K-1; (ii) energy would be given off to surroundings/environment / energy would be absorbed by container / energy would be given off through vaporization of water; hence final temperature would be less; hence measured value of (specific) heat capacity (of iron) would be higher; This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about ideal gases and specific heat capacity. Part 2 is about simple harmonic motion and waves. Part 1 Ideal gases and specific heat capacity State assumptions of the kinetic model of an ideal gas. [2 marks] 2a. two Markscheme point molecules / negligible volume; no forces between molecules except during contact; motion/distribution is random; elastic collisions / no energy lost; obey Newton’s laws of motion; collision in zero time; gravity is ignored; [4 marks] 2b. -
Conversion Factors for SI and Non-SI Units
Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units To convert Column 1 To convert Column 2 into Column 2, into Column 1, multiply by Column 1 SI Unit Column 2 non-SI Units multiply by Length 0.621 kilometer, km (103 m) mile, mi 1.609 1.094 meter, m yard, yd 0.914 3.28 meter, m foot, ft 0.304 6 1.0 micrometer, mm (10- m) micron, m 1.0 3.94 × 10-2 millimeter, mm (10-3 m) inch, in 25.4 10 nanometer, nm (10-9 m) Angstrom, Å 0.1 Area 2.47 hectare, ha acre 0.405 247 square kilometer, km2 (103 m)2 acre 4.05 × 10-3 0.386 square kilometer, km2 (103 m)2 square mile, mi2 2.590 2.47 × 10-4 square meter, m2 acre 4.05 × 103 10.76 square meter, m2 square foot, ft2 9.29 × 10-2 1.55 × 10-3 square millimeter, mm2 (10-3 m)2 square inch, in2 645 Volume 9.73 × 10-3 cubic meter, m3 acre-inch 102.8 35.3 cubic meter, m3 cubic foot, ft3 2.83 × 10-2 6.10 × 104 cubic meter, m3 cubic inch, in3 1.64 × 10-5 2.84 × 10-2 liter, L (10-3 m3) bushel, bu 35.24 1.057 liter, L (10-3 m3) quart (liquid), qt 0.946 3.53 × 10-2 liter, L (10-3 m3) cubic foot, ft3 28.3 0.265 liter, L (10-3 m3) gallon 3.78 33.78 liter, L (10-3 m3) ounce (fluid), oz 2.96 × 10-2 2.11 liter, L (10-3 m3) pint (fluid), pt 0.473 Mass 2.20 × 10-3 gram, g (10-3 kg) pound, lb 454 3.52 × 10-2 gram, g (10-3 kg) ounce (avdp), oz 28.4 2.205 kilogram, kg pound, lb 0.454 0.01 kilogram, kg quintal (metric), q 100 1.10 × 10-3 kilogram, kg ton (2000 lb), ton 907 1.102 megagram, Mg (tonne) ton (U.S.), ton 0.907 1.102 tonne, t ton (U.S.), ton 0.907 Yield and Rate 0.893 kilogram per hectare, kg ha-1 pound per acre, lb acre-1 -
Thermal Energy: Using Water to Heat a School
Thermal Energy: Using Water to Heat a School Investigation Notebook NYC Edition © 2018 by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Teachers purchasing this Investigation Notebook as part of a kit may reproduce the book herein in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale. These materials are based upon work partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant numbers DRL-1119584, DRL-1417939, ESI-0242733, ESI-0628272, ESI-0822119. The Federal Government has certain rights in this material. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. These materials are based upon work partially supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305A130610 to The Regents of the University of California. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education. Developed by the Learning Design Group at the University of California, Berkeley’s Lawrence Hall of Science. Amplify. 55 Washington Street, Suite 800 Brooklyn, NY 11201 1-800-823-1969 www.amplify.com Thermal Energy: Using Water to Heat a School -
Thermal Profiling of Residential Energy Consumption
1 Thermal profiling of residential energy consumption Adrian Albert and Ram Rajagopal Abstract—Demand Response (DR) programs aim to dynami- the thermal mass of the premise may act as “thermal bat- cally match consumption on the grid with available supply in tery”. Affecting the thermally-sensitive load may be typically real-time. Understanding the patterns in demand of individuals achieved through direct load control of the HVAC system (e.g., is now being facilitated by granular consumption data collected load curtailment or automatic adjustment of the thermostat via smart meter sensors that power utility companies have rolled setpoint), through adjustable rates (e.g., critical peak pricing), out at scale. In this paper we propose a dynamic model that uses or through incentive schemes [4], [5]. hourly electricity and weather readings to characterize residential users’ thermally-sensitive consumption. From this model we Here we propose a simple model of consumption for a extract useful benchmarks to build profiles of individual users residential premise that is driven by unobserved “occupancy for use with DR programs that focus on temperature-dependent states” that have different responses to ambient weather. These consumption such as air conditioning or heating. We present are consumption regimes of a given household that depend on example profiles generated using our model on real consumers, lifestyle (work schedule, familial composition etc.), premise and show its performance on a large sample of residential characteristics (heating/cooling mass, square footage etc.), users. We then compute metrics that allow us to segment the appliance stock, and weather patterns. It is a daunting task population dynamically for the purpose of a thermally-motivated to disentangle how much energy each of these components DR program. -
Introducing Electric Thermal Energy Storage (ETES) – Putting Gigawatt Hours of Energy at Your Command
Same forces. New rules. Introducing Electric Thermal Energy Storage (ETES) – putting gigawatt hours of energy at your command. Impossible is just another word for never done before. 100% renewables is said to be impossible. As were the first flight, space travel, the internet … Now here is something that makes a complete energy transition possible: Electric Thermal Energy Storage (ETES). A proven energy storage solution that is inexpensive, built with 80% off-the-shelf components, and scalable to several GWh. No need to explain that ETES is a giant step – for SGRE and for the energy industry. While the forces of nature remain the same, Electric Thermal Energy Storage has launched a new era. Find out how it will boost the energy transition and how new players, energy-intensive companies and even conventional power plants will profit from it. Or, in short: time for new rules. Welcome TiteltextRule #1: Power in. Power out. ETES is technology that can be charged with electricity or directly with heat and which then releases heat that, in return, can generate electricity. Unlike other storage technologies, it is made of rocks absorbing heat. This makes ETES very sustainable in design and the first gigawatt-hour scale energy storage that can be built almost anywhere – limiting its size and use only to your imagination. Flexible scalability of charging power, discharging power and storage capacity. Proven, reliable technology – discharging technology used for more than a 100 years. Cost-competitive, GWh scale, multiple revenue streams. ETES technology TiteltextRule #2: If it works for you, it works for all. ETES solutions basically prolong the availability of ETES and all of its components are fully scalable energy that otherwise would be “wasted“. -
Lesson 8 Energy in Chemical Reactions Review
Name __________________________________________________ Date ______________________________ Lesson 8 Energy in Chemical Reactions Review Main Ideas Read each item. Then select the letter next to the best answer. 1. An ice pack is activated and placed on a person’s wrist. After the resulting chemical reaction, the average temperature of the hands-icepack system is lower. Which of the following statements best completes a statement about the transfer of energy in this chemical reaction. This reaction is: A. endothermic, because more thermal energy is absorbed than released. B. endothermic, because more thermal energy is released than absorbed. C. exothermic, because more thermal energy is absorbed than released. D. exothermic, because more thermal energy is released than absorbed. 2. Calcium ammonium nitrate is a chemical used in fertilizers. It can also be used to make an instant ice-pack. When the calcium ammonium nitrate is allowed to mix with the water inside the ice pack, a chemical reaction takes place. This reaction cannot occur on its own because it needs a source of heat to continue until it is complete. Which statement best describes the type of chemical reaction and the source of heat? A. Endothermic reaction, and the heat comes out of the water. B. Exothermic reaction, and the heat comes out of the water. C. Exothermic reaction, and the heat comes out of the reaction. D. Endothermic reaction, and the heat comes out of the reaction. 3. When a candle burns, a chemical reaction occurs changing wax and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water vapor. The average temperature of the candle-room system increases. -
The History of Solar
Solar technology isn’t new. Its history spans from the 7th Century B.C. to today. We started out concentrating the sun’s heat with glass and mirrors to light fires. Today, we have everything from solar-powered buildings to solar- powered vehicles. Here you can learn more about the milestones in the Byron Stafford, historical development of solar technology, century by NREL / PIX10730 Byron Stafford, century, and year by year. You can also glimpse the future. NREL / PIX05370 This timeline lists the milestones in the historical development of solar technology from the 7th Century B.C. to the 1200s A.D. 7th Century B.C. Magnifying glass used to concentrate sun’s rays to make fire and to burn ants. 3rd Century B.C. Courtesy of Greeks and Romans use burning mirrors to light torches for religious purposes. New Vision Technologies, Inc./ Images ©2000 NVTech.com 2nd Century B.C. As early as 212 BC, the Greek scientist, Archimedes, used the reflective properties of bronze shields to focus sunlight and to set fire to wooden ships from the Roman Empire which were besieging Syracuse. (Although no proof of such a feat exists, the Greek navy recreated the experiment in 1973 and successfully set fire to a wooden boat at a distance of 50 meters.) 20 A.D. Chinese document use of burning mirrors to light torches for religious purposes. 1st to 4th Century A.D. The famous Roman bathhouses in the first to fourth centuries A.D. had large south facing windows to let in the sun’s warmth. -
Thermal Energy
Slide 1 / 106 Slide 2 / 106 Thermal Energy www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 106 Temperature, Heat and Energy Transfer · Temperature · Thermal Energy Click on the topic to go to that section · Energy Transfer · Specific Heat · Thermodynamics and Energy Conservation Slide 4 / 106 Temperature Return to Table of Contents Slide 5 / 106 Sensing Temperature Which of the following do you think is colder, the ice cream orthe tea? It is easy to tell if an object is hot or cold by touching it. How hot or cold something feels is related to temperature, but only provides a rough indicator. Slide 6 / 106 What is Temperature? To understand temperature, rememberthat all matter is made of molecules that are in constant motion. What kind of energy do they have if they are in motion? Even the molecules in this solid pencil are vibrating relative to a fixed position. The water molecules in this glass are in constant random motion. Slide 7 / 106 Temperature and Kinetic Energy Temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of an object's molecules. The more kinetic energy molecules have, the higher the temperature. clip: Indiana University Slide 8 / 106 Thermal Expansion As the temperature of a substance increases, its molecules pick up speed and gain kinetic energy. This increase in kinetic energy causes the molecules to spread farther apart and the substance expands. image: National Oceanography Centre Slide 9 / 106 Thermal Contraction As the temperature of a substance decreases, its molecules slow down and lose kinetic energy. What do you think this decrease in kinetic energy causes? Compare it to what we said about warm molecules. -
Thermal Energy
Thermal Energy By the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy, the work we put into a system is equal to the work we get out.If a ball is dropped from a height of 2 m, does it bounce back to its original height? No! The difference between the height dropped and the height of the bounce is the energy lost. Where did the energy go? Energy to compress the ball. Energy to overcome air resistance. And, the temperature of the ball increased (energy lost as heat) because of friction of the ball coming into contact with the floor.. Thermodynamics - The Study of Heat Heat is energy. More specific, heat is the flow of thermal energy between two objects. The unit of heat flow is the joule. If 1 g of water is raised 1 oC, 4.18 joules of heat is used. Or, if 1 kg (1 liter) of water is raised 1 oC, 4180 joules of heat energy is used. Another, more familiar unit for energy is the calorie. 4.18 joules = 1 calorie. For this course we will use 4180 j/kg oC for the specific heat capacity of water. Problem: How much heat energy (in joules) is used to raise the temperature of 25.0 g of water 10.0 oC? o Heat used (joules) = (mass H2O) x (specific heat of water) x (change in temp. C) # joules = (0.0250 kg) x (4180 j/kg oC) x (10.0 oC) = 1050 joules The English system uses British Thermal Units (BTU). The amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1oF.