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Written Historical and Descriptive Data CHATEAU-THIERRY MONUMENT HABS US-4 (Aisne-Marne Memorial) HABS US-4 Route du Monument Chateau-Thierry Departement de l'Aisne (France) WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, DC 20240-0001 HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY CHATEAU-THIERRY MONUMENT (Aisne-Marne Memorial) HABS NO. US-4 Location: Route du Monument, Department of the Aisne, France, on “Hill 204” just above the commune of Chateau Thierry. The monument is located at latitude: 49.041978, longitude: 3.371442. The coordinate was obtained in 2016 using Google Earth (WGS84). There is no restriction to the public. Present Owner: The monument is owned and maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission on property leased in perpetuity from the French Government. Present Use: The monument is a historic site open to the public. Significance: Chateau-Thierry Monument was built between 1928 and 1930 under the auspices of the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) as one of three “commemorative” monuments to World War I. It honors the services of the American Expeditionary Forces and the French Army, and the friendship and cooperation between the two, in the critical operations of the Aisne-Marne region. The monument was designed by renowned architect Paul Philippe Cret, who is further distinguished by his service as Consulting Architect for the ABMC’s World War I design program. Cret’s national reputation as a civic architect in the Beaux Arts tradition, French heritage, and war service made him ideally suited to the task. The ABMC found particularly appealing Cret’s austere, modern interpretation of Classical design, which was deemed more appropriate to the American experience. The Chateau-Thierry Monument represents the ABMC’s use of classically inspired architecture to place America’s World War I battle victories in the context of important events in world history and to employ architecture as a symbol of international diplomacy abroad. Chateau-Thierry Monument takes the form of a minimalist, free-standing, classically inspired double colonnade. It rests on an expansive terrace overlooking the town of Chateau-Thierry and is ornamented by commemorative inscriptions and by sculptural allegorical figures of the American eagle and of America and France joined in friendship. The colonnade has been employed as an important architectural motif since Greek antiquity, and indeed the design of the Chateau-Thierry Monument is reminiscent of the Greek stoa. The most fundamental of Greek architectural forms, the stoa is a colonnaded structure providing a protected space for civic, mercantile, and commemorative purposes. However, in Cret’s own interpretation of Classical forms, which he refers to as “New Classicism,” the monument is stripped of its traditional details CHATEAU-THIERRY MONUMENT (Aisne-Marne Memorial) HABS No. US-4 (page 2) and reduced to its basic form. According to Cret, while inspired by Greek architecture the Chateau-Thierry Monument is not a proper “archeological adaptation,” but reflects instead “the spirit of our own times.” Cret is considered the primary proponent in the United States of what is now referred to as Stripped Classicism, which he believed could “bridge the end of Beaux-Arts historicism and the rise of modernism.” The monument is among the first of Cret’s designs to realize the full development of this aesthetic. It is silhouetted against the crest of a hill in a picturesque setting that Cret likened to that of a Greek theater, rendering it a highly visible component of the commemorative landscape of the Aisne-Marne region. The Aisne-Marne Offensive during the late spring and summer of 1918 marked a significant turning point in the war in which the French and American forces drove the Germans from the region. Empowered by their recent defeat of the Russian army, the Germans planned to launch major offensives in the west, overwhelm the Allied forces here and proceed to Paris. They made a surprise attack along the Aisne River on May 27, advancing rapidly towards the Marne while driving a deep salient into Allied territory roughly defined by Reims, Chateau-Thierry, and Soissons. Although initially gaining ground, the German Army was ultimately unable to achieve victory. The American 2nd and 3rd divisions successfully halted their progress on the front lines, while the 3rd and 28th divisions fended off the last German offensive on the western salient on July 15-17. On July 18, a major Franco-American counter-offensive was launched against the whole of the German salient. The Allied forces made critical advances, including a victory at the famed Second Battle of the Marne, in which the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 26th, 32nd & 42nd divisions of the American Expeditionary Forces played a prominent role. By August 6, the enemy was driven beyond the Vesle River. The region was finally restored to French control following desperate fighting along and north of the Vesle in which the 4th, 28th, 32nd & 77th American Divisions and parts of the 3rd & 93rd participated. The locations of the most critical battles are inscribed on the face of the monument. The German Army was forced to retreat eastward toward Oise-Aisne, Meuse-Argonne, and eventual surrender. Chateau-Thierry Monument honors the joint French and American Aisne- Marne offensive through the allegorical liberty figures of Marianne and Columbia respectively; it is the only one of the three commemorative ABMC monuments to honor that joint cooperation in such a manner. Historian: Catherine C. Lavoie, 2016 CHATEAU-THIERRY MONUMENT (Aisne-Marne Memorial) HABS No. US-4 (page 3) PART I. HISTORICAL INFORMATION A. Physical History: 1. Date of erection: The monument was constructed between 1928 and 1930. However, the process began in October 1926 with the submission by Paul P. Cret of three design schemes.1 Final approval for “Scheme A” was made on October 18.2 Bids for construction were received and a contractor selected in June 1928.3 Work began by August when the first in a series of construction photos were taken of the foundations under excavation.4 The foundation was largely completed by April 1929. By June the columns were beginning to take form and by September they were all in place and work begun on the entablature. The general form was completed in January 1930, with the terrace, carving of the statuary and inscriptions, and other details to follow. The monument was completed in September 1930. 2. Architect: Chateau-Thierry Monument was designed by French-born American architect Paul Philippe Cret, one of the most influential designers of classically inspired Beaux Arts civic and monumental architecture of the first half of the twentieth century. Cret is perhaps best known for his minimalist treatment of Classical design, which he referred to as “New Classicism.” He was the lead proponent of the style in the United States, which eventually came to be known as “Stripped Classicism.” In this mode, Cret adapted classical motifs to meet the design aesthetic and technological innovations of the modern era. He created a delightful blending of art, architecture, and engineering, often in collaboration with professionals in all three related disciplines. Cret won numerous high- profile architectural competitions throughout his lifetime that helped to establish his reputation as a great architect including a Gold Medal from the Paris Salon and a Gold Medal and Fellows award from the American Institute of Architects.5 While internationally renowned, Cret was particularly influential in Philadelphia, where he practiced architecture and taught design at the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Architecture. Among others, he partnered with Philadelphia architects Albert Kelsey; 1 Paul P. Cret to Maj. X.H. Price, 6 October 1926, re: sending by Mr. Wharton three preliminary sketches for the Chateau-Thierry memorial, Entry 7, Box 13, World War I Memorials, RG 117, NARA II. 2 Proceedings of the American Battle Monuments Commission, Meeting #20, 18 October 1926, Entry 7, Box 13, RG 117, National Archives, College Park [hereafter referred to as NARA II]. 3 Extract of Letter, Maj. X.H. Price to General John J. Pershing, 19 June 1928, Entry 7, Box 13, World War I Memorials, RG 117, NARA II. 4 Construction photographs, taken by Enrhard Photographs of Chateau Thierry, are located on site at the Aisne- Marne World War I American Cemetery. The earliest images are dated, 31 August 1928. 5 ABMC Annual Report, 1926 lists those projects and awards that became the basis for each architect’s selection. For Paul Cret is listed the following projects: Pan American Union Building, Washington, D.C. (Organization of American States Building); Valley Forge Memorial, Pennsylvania; Indianapolis Central Library, Indiana; Delaware River Bridge, Philadelphia, PA; Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan; and the Barnes Foundation Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. CHATEAU-THIERRY MONUMENT (Aisne-Marne Memorial) HABS No. US-4 (page 4) Zantzinger, Borie & Medary; and (former students) John Harbeson, William J.H. Hough, and William Livingston. Cret helped bring Parisian-style Beaux Arts elegance to Philadelphia and made major contributions to the advancement of its City Beautiful movement though his designs for museums, parks, bridges and other civic sites and structures. He is thus credited with having spurred the colonial city into the realm of modernism, an undertaking that he achieved in other cites as well.6 Cret’s legacy includes his position as an influential and well respected professor at the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Architecture. He taught at the university from 1903 to 1937, interrupted by his military service during World War I, and continuing as professor emeritus until his death in 1945. Cret transformed the university’s architecture program into an American version of the French École des Beaux Arts to make it the most 7 influential design program in the nation.
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