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Bolinas Lagoon Watershed Study Input Sediment Budget

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Bolinas Lagoon Watershed Study Input Sediment Budget _____________________________________________________________________________ Bolinas Lagoon Watershed Study Input Sediment Budget _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Prepared For: Prepared By: US Army Corps of Engineers Tetra Tech, Inc. 333 Market Street 180 Howard Street, Suite 250 San Francisco, CA 94105 San Francisco, CA 94105 November 2001 List of Contributors Bolinas Lagoon Watershed Study LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Paul Bigelow Geologist/Geomorphologist George Bowie Senior Environmental Engineer Connie Callahan Deputy Project Manager Clayton Creager Senior Watershed Scientist Yashekia Evans GIS Specialist Jared Gerstein Ecologist/Environmental Scientist Tatjana Gruner GIS Specialist Katherine Hancock Environmental Engineer Jeremie Maehr Environmental Engineer Mike Manka Project Manager/Ecologist Mary Matthews GIS Specialist Lora Richards Technical Editor Tom Whitehead Hydrogeologist Page i Table of Contents Bolinas Lagoon Watershed Study TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1-1 2. BACKGROUND................................................................................................. 2-3 2.1. History of Bolinas Lagoon ...........................................................................................2-3 2.2. Hydrology and Groundwater........................................................................................2-5 2.2.1. Surface Water Drainage .......................................................................................2-6 2.2.2. Circulation and Tidal Flows.................................................................................2-8 2.3. Geology, Soils, and Seismicity ..................................................................................2-17 2.3.1. Geology and Geomorphology............................................................................2-17 2.3.2. Soils and Erosion................................................................................................2-22 2.4. Vegetation ..................................................................................................................2-22 2.5. Land Use....................................................................................................................2-23 2.5.1. Land Ownership .................................................................................................2-23 2.5.2. Public Land Use .................................................................................................2-24 2.5.3. Research and Education Land Use.....................................................................2-26 2.5.4. Urban Land Use .................................................................................................2-26 2.5.5. Parks...................................................................................................................2-26 2.6. Synthesis of Previous Bolinas Lagoon Sediment Studies..........................................2-28 2.6.1. Holocene Period Deposition Rate Estimates......................................................2-28 2.6.2. Logging Effects on Maximum Sedimentation Rates .........................................2-32 2.7. Rates and Sources of Sediment Deposition in the Twentieth Century ......................2-34 2.8. Previous Estimates of Sediment Production from the Watershed..............................2-36 3. METHODS........................................................................................................ 3-38 3.1. Stream Surveys – Landslide Inventory ......................................................................3-39 3.2. Road Surveys..............................................................................................................3-39 4. CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS ............................................................... 4-43 4.1. Mass Wasting .............................................................................................................4-43 4.2. Bank Erosion and Soil Creep .....................................................................................4-48 4.3. Lake Sediment Budget Check....................................................................................4-48 4.4. Roads..........................................................................................................................4-50 4.4.1. Paved Roads.......................................................................................................4-50 4.4.2. Dirt Roads..........................................................................................................4-50 5. DISCUSSION.................................................................................................... 5-54 5.1. Accuracy of Budget and Implication for Proposed Dredging....................................5-55 5.2. Management Related Sediment Sources....................................................................5-56 5.3. Other Possible Management Related Sources of Sediment .......................................5-59 Page ii Table of Contents Bolinas Lagoon Watershed Study 5.3.1. Easkoot Creek....................................................................................................5-59 5.3.2. Pine Gulch Creek ...............................................................................................5-60 5.3.3. Stinson Beach Sand Spit ....................................................................................5-60 6. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................... 6-62 7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 7-66 8. APPENDIX A. SUMMARY OF STREAM SURVEY DATA...................... 8-71 9. APPENDIX B. CORRECTED LANDSLIDE FREQUENCY AND MASS DISTRIBUTIONS........................................................................................................ 9-75 10. APPENDIX C. SUMMARY OF ROAD SURVEY DATA ......................... 10-77 Page iii List of Tables Bolinas Lagoon Watershed Study LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1. Comparison of Tidal Averages and Land Elevation Datums (1929 NGVD and 1988 NAVD)..............................................................................................2-9 Table 2-2. Summary of Estimated Annual Deposition Rates to Bolinas Lagoon......................2-30 Table 5-1. Bolinas Watershed Fifty-Year Input Sediment Budget ............................................5-54 Page iv List of Figures Bolinas Lagoon Watershed Study LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1. Map of the Bolinas Lagoon Watershed.....................................................................2-4 Figure 2-2. Average Daily Flows in Pine Gulch Creek (1967-1970) ..........................................2-7 Figure 2-3. Historic Change in Configuration of Bolinas Lagoon (1854-1969).......................2-10 Figure 2-4. Current Configuration of Bolinas Lagoon...............................................................2-11 Figure 2-5. Estimated Change in Tidal Prism of Bolinas Lagoon Over Time...........................2-12 Figure 2-6. Change in Tidal Prism based on Bathymetric Data 1968 to 1998 ..........................2-15 Figure 2-7. Geology of the Bolinas Lagoon Area......................................................................2-18 Figure 2-8. Principal Regional Faults in the San Francisco Bay Area.......................................2-19 Figure 2-9. Land Use and Ownership in Bolinas Watershed.....................................................2-24 Figure 3-1. Map of Field Survey Locations in the Bolinas Lagoon Watershed.........................3-41 Figure 3-2. Streamside Landslide Earthflow on the Mainstem of Pine Gulch Creek................3-42 Figure 3-3. Example of Tree Coring Technique on Tributary to Pine Gulch Creek..................3-42 Figure 4-1. Streamside Landslide on Copper Mine Gulch.........................................................4-43 Figure 4-2. Unstable Section of Earthflow Delivering Sediment to Lower Lewis Creek .........4-44 Figure 4-3. Percent of Mass Wasting by Process.......................................................................4-45 Figure 4-4. Landslide Frequency-Magnitude Histograms Based on Field Data (left) and Adjusted Histograms (right) ..............................................................................................................4-46 Figure 4-5. Observed Landslide Input Rates by Stream Order..................................................4-46 Figure 4-5. Observed Landslide Input Rates by Stream Order..................................................4-47 Figure 4-6. Observed Landslide Input Rates by Geology..........................................................4-47 Figure 4-7. Field Measuring of Sediment Volume Accumulated in the Temporary Lake on McCormick Creek..............................................................................................................4-49 Figure 4-8. Example of Gully From Paved Roads; (Broken Culvert at Highway 1 South of Dogtown)............................................................................................................................4-51 Figure 4-9. Abandoned Inner-Gorge Road at Righetti Ranch. (Note conifer trees growing on road prism and lack of visible surface erosion.).........................................................................4-52
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