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Masteroppgave-Rune-F.Pdf (1.317Mb) «Terrorisme og terrorisme er to ting» En sammenligning av den skandinaviske ml-bevegelsens holdning til venstreekstrem- og anti-imperialistisk terrorisme, 1970-1977 Rune Farstad Masteroppgave i historie Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Vår 2019 II «Terrorisme og terrorisme er to ting» En sammenligning av den skandinaviske ml-bevegelsens holdning til venstreekstrem- og anti-imperialistisk terrorisme, 1970-1977. III © Rune Farstad 2019 «Terrorisme og terrorisme er to ting» Rune Farstad http://www.duo.uio.no Trykk: Webergs Printshop, Oslo IV Sammendrag Denne oppgaven handler om den skandinaviske ml-bevegelsen i perioden 1970 til 1977, representert av partiene KFML/KAP, KFML/SKP og SUF(m-l)/AKP(m-l). Dette var revolusjonære partier som argumenterte for væpnet revolusjon og en innføring av et nytt sosialistisk samfunn. På samme tid var det i Europa aktive terrorgrupper som hadde like eller tilnærmet like ambisjoner og ideologi som disse skandinaviske partiene. Allerede i sin samtid på 1970-tallet ble disse partiene beskyldt for nære bånd til slike terrororganisasjoner. De skandinaviske ml-partiene ble derimot aldri terroristiske og utførte aldri terror. De avsto fra terrorisme som et virkemiddel i sin egen politiske kamp. Men hvilken holdning hadde de til ideologisk nære grupper som valgte å bruke terrorisme? Denne oppgaven sammenligner hvordan partipublikasjonene til de skandinaviske ml-partiene omtalte disse terrorgruppene i perioden 1970 til 1977 og ser etter likheter og ulikheter i de tre partienes holdninger til den venstreekstreme og anti-imperialistiske terrorismen i denne perioden. V VI Forord Med innlevering av denne masteroppgaven er min tid som masterstudent ved Universitetet i Oslo over. I skrivende stund vet jeg allerede at min tid her på Blindern vil erindres med glede. Å skrive en masteroppgave er først og fremst en utrolig privilegert aktivitet. Gjennom to år får man mulighet til å både undersøke, bryne seg på, rive seg i håret, lese og fordype seg i et tema man har valgt helt selv. Noen dager går man ut av lesesalen mer opplyst enn man når man gikk inn, mens andre dager føles det som hodet står stille, klokken tikker og alt man vil er å rope stopp verden, jeg vil av! Da er det også et privilegium å ha en veileder som kan fokusere det som har blitt uklart og vise retning der man har gått seg vill. Jeg vil rette en stor takk til min veileder Øystein Sørensen for hans reddende rettledninger når jeg hadde gått meg vill, veiledning når jeg stod stille, gode påpekninger når ting var uklart, og tålmodighet når utkast kom både forsinket og i bolker. Denne oppgaven hadde ikke blitt til uten din hjelp. Et annet privilegium tilknyttet skriving av masteroppgave er basert på de menneskene man møter. Takk til dere fortreffelige mennesker på lesesalen som har gjort det en glede å møte opp hver dag. Uten dere hadde både hverdag og skriveprosess vært fattigere. Å kunne dele tid med andre som er like interesserte i din oppgave som sin egen, som tar de tørreste vitser, som har like interesser og som alltid gjør dagen lysere har vært et stort privilegium for meg. En takk til borteste rad på lesesalen som har vært der både i tykt og tynt. Takk for hyggelige turer, samtaler, måltider og latterfylte stunder. Takk til mine venner som har latt meg prate i vei om tørre temaer, hørt meg klage og alltid har vært kun en melding unna. Til sist, en spesiell takk til min far og mor som alltid har vært der for meg, som alltid har lurt på hva mer de kunne gjøre for meg og som aldri har sagt nei når jeg trengte deres hjelp. Blindern, mai 2019. Rune Farstad VII VIII Innholdsfortegnelse Kapittel 1: Innledning ............................................................................................................ 11 Problemstillinger ............................................................................................................................ 12 Avgrensninger ................................................................................................................................. 13 Definisjoner ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Kildemateriale ................................................................................................................................. 16 Historiografi .................................................................................................................................... 18 Metodikk og teori ............................................................................................................................ 22 Kapittel 2: Den skandinaviske maoismen ............................................................................ 27 1968 i Skandinavia – et rolig bruddår .......................................................................................... 29 Nye venstre og gryende maoisme .................................................................................................. 30 Vestlig maoisme .............................................................................................................................. 32 KFML/KAP: Utbrytere av utbrytere .............................................................................................. 33 KFML/SKP: De svenska maoisterna ............................................................................................. 35 SUF(m-l)/AKP(m-l): Den politiske vekkelsen som hjemsøkte et land .......................................... 38 Kapittel 3: Terrorisme på 1970-tallet .................................................................................. 41 Terrorisme: Et omstridt begrep .................................................................................................... 42 Venstreekstrem og anti-imperialistisk terrorisme 1970-1977 .................................................... 45 Kapittel 4: Danmark – KFML/KAP ...................................................................................... 50 Svarte Septembers angrep i München .......................................................................................... 50 Oppsummering: Fordømmelse av sekterisk spontanisme ............................................................ 52 Venstreekstrem terrorisme: Baader-Meinhof/RAF .................................................................... 53 Oppsummering: Fra sekterisk gruppe til parasitt ........................................................................ 60 Nasjonalistisk terrorisme: Molukkansk terrorisme i Nederland ............................................... 61 Oppsummering: Absurde men forståelsesfulle krav ..................................................................... 62 Kapittel 5: Sverige – KFML/SKP ........................................................................................... 63 Svarte Septembers angrep i München .......................................................................................... 63 Oppsummering: En feil begått av ti forvirrede palestinere ......................................................... 64 Venstreekstrem terrorisme: Baader-Meinhof/RAF .................................................................... 65 Oppsummering: Fra politiske fanger til terroristiske gangstere ................................................. 74 Anti-imperialistisk terrorisme: IRA versus PIRA ....................................................................... 75 Oppsummering: Fra voldsromantikere til frihetskjempere .......................................................... 82 Kapittel 6: Norge – SUF(m-l)/AKP(m-l) ................................................................................ 84 Svarte Septembers angrep i München .......................................................................................... 84 Oppsummering: Fordømmelse av individuell terrorisme ............................................................ 85 Venstreekstrem terrorisme: Baader-Meinhof/RAF .................................................................... 86 Oppsummering: Fra politiske fanger til Eventyrpolitikere .......................................................... 98 Anti-imperialistisk terrorisme: IRA versus PIRA ....................................................................... 99 Oppsummering: Fra offisielle sosialister til småborgerlige frihetskjempere ............................ 108 Nasjonalistisk terrorisme: Molukkansk terrorisme i Nederland ............................................. 110 Oppsummering: Undertrykt folkegruppe møter nederlandsk statsterror .................................. 114 Kapittel 7: Konklusjon ........................................................................................................ 115 Kilder og litteraturliste ........................................................................................................ 126 IX X Kapittel 1: Innledning På 1970-tallet skylte det inn over Europa en bølge med nasjonalistisk og venstreekstremistisk terrorisme. Utover mesteparten av 1970-tallet ble Europa først og fremst preget av terrorgrupper og organisasjoner som også hadde uttalte ønsker om å velte det eksisterende politiske systemet og erstattet det med proletariatets diktatur og/eller frigjøre seg fra det man anså som imperialistiske stater. Terrorgrupper i Vest-Tyskland som Baader-Meinhof/RAF ønsket gjennom sin terrorisme å avsløre det de mente var en fascistisk vest-tysk stat og gjennom avsløringen samle massene for innføring av proletariatets
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