Germination and Fermentation of Soybeans: Two Healthy Steps to Release Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity Compounds
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Review Article APPLIED FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2019, 6(4): 201-215 pISSN: 2345-5357 Journal homepage: www.journals.sbmu.ac.ir/afb eISSN: 2423-4214 Germination and Fermentation of Soybeans: Two Healthy Steps to Release Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity Compounds Sima Maleki Varnosfaderani1, Seyed Hadi Razavi1*, Anna Maria Fadda2 1- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory (BPEL), Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and, Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. 2- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. Article Information Abstract Article history: Background and objective: Soybean is one of the most important grains with high proteins, Received 13 May 2019 good quality edible oils, appreciable amount of minerals and vitamins. Due to some Revised 31 Jul 2019 disadvantages soybeans’ compounds affecting the flavor, odor and stability, different types and Accepted 18 Aug 2019 levels of processing are considered to make better products with healthy properties. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is one of the modern world diseases, which increases the Keywords: ▪ Angiotensin converting risk of serious human health problems. There are several systems in humans’ body e.g. enzyme inhibitory angiotensin converting enzyme regulator to blood pressure control. The aim of the present ▪ Bioactive compounds review is to report the effect of germination and fermentation on the concentration of bioactive ▪ Fermentation ▪ Germination compounds with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory properties. ▪ Hypertension Results and conclusion: Many scientific research has demonstrated that germination ▪ Soybean (sprouting, also known as malting) and fermentation are two effective and inexpensive *Corresponding author: technologies improving soybean quality. During these two processes, anti-nutritional and Seyed Hadi Razavi, bioactive compounds affecting human health e.g. anti-hypertension components have been Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory (BPEL), removed and released, respectively. Furthermore, studies have shown effect of soybean isolated Department of Food Science, compounds to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme. Therefore, soybean germination and Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural fermentation could affect the concentration of bioactive compounds with angiotensin Engineering and Technology, converting enzyme inhibitory properties. University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Tel: +98-261-32249453 Fax: +98-261-32248804 E-mail: [email protected] How to cite this article Maleki Varnosfaderani S, Hadi Razavi H, Maria Fadda A. Germination and Fermentation of Soybeans: Two Healthy Steps to Release Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity Compounds. Appl Food Biotechnol 2019;6(4): 201-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/afb.v6i4.25475 1. Introduction Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the most cultivated and minerals) [7]. The high protein content of soybean and legumes in world and generally recognized as a functional its profiles/sequences peptide provide nutrition sources with food [1-5]. It is rich in proteins (40-50%), compared to other healthy properties for the consumers [1,3]. Hydrolysis of cereals or legumes (22%-33% protein), lipids (20-30%) and these proteins releases a group of short-chain peptides with carbohydrates (26-30%) [1-3]. The β-conglycinin (7S 3-10 amino acids, which show multiple health-promoting globulin) and glycinin (11S globulin) are two main soybean functions, including antihypertension, antidiabetes, opioid protein compounds (nearly 65-85% of the total proteins) and agonist, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anxiolytic, lipoxygenases, lectins, trypsin inhibitors, and α-amylases anticancer and antimicrobial activities [8,9]. Documented are other minor proteins/glycoproteins within the soybean evidence have demonstrated that soybean protein [2-6]. Its flour is produced through the milling of whole supplementation could significantly decrease serum total grains with complete components (protein, fiber, vitamins cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and tri- Sima Maleki Varnosfaderani, et al __________________________________________________________________________________________________ glycerides and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, annually and is predicted to affect 1.56 billion people by the this supplementation may affect novel cardiovascular year 2025 [3,23]. In fact, there is a positive correlation disease risk factors and be used against multiple-site cancer between high blood pressure and other heart diseases such cells [10-12]. as coronary heart diseases and ischemic and haemorrhagic The most biological soybean active peptides are derived strokes [23]. ACE is one of the several hypertension from glycinin by kidney membrane proteases and plasma regulators suggested in human body. This enzyme catalyzes proteases digestion [2,3,9]. Significant amount of the conversion of angiotensin I (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His- hydrophobic amino acids in green soybean seeds are Pro-Phe-His-Leu) into bioactive angiotensin II (Asp-Arg- considered as a source of angiotensin converting enzyme Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) in renin-angiotensin system and inhibitory (ACE I) peptides [1,6]. An early study showed can lead to an elevation of blood pressure [24,25]. Chemical that four ACE I peptides were isolated from the glycinin drugs (e.g. thiazide diuretics) are used to inhibit ACE and proteolysis [13]. hence treat hypertension [23]. However, food derived ACE Except for proteins, soybeans have high levels of I com-pounds can be appropriate alternatives to synthetic isoflavone, mainly daidzein and genistein [14,15]. These drugs due to lack of after-effects for human body [25]. Many compounds have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti- studies have reported that soybeans could generate bioactive allergic properties and decrease the risk of cardiovascular compounds with ACE I properties [3,22,24]. Table 1 shows diseases and cancer cell growth [15,16]. the effects of germination and fermentation on release of Because of the presence of anti-nutritional, protease ACE I compounds. (trypsin) inhibitor factor and allergenic proteins (mainly β- To best of our knowledge, no scientific report has conglycinin, the 30-kD allergen and glycin) in raw considered the germination and fermentation roles together soybeans, pretreat of these grains is necessary before in releasing bioactive peptides of soybean. So the aim of this consumption. Fermentation and germination are two paper is to link the effect of soybeans germination and commercial ways of improving soybean meal properties fermentation (fermentation condition, its microbial inocu- [17]. These may provide the potential of anti-carcinogen, lation, and etc.) to release bioactive peptides with low therapeutic and ACE I compounds, changes in isoflavone molecular weight, different sequential and also explains the forms and reduces trypsin inhibitor and anti-nutritional availability of the important soybean compounds and their factors [2,18,19]. In 2015, a study reported that fermentation possible effects on ACE I (Fig. 1). of soybean and its byproducts increased radical scavenging activity (3.1-24 folds), total antioxidant activity and free 2- Effects of germination amino acid contents (proline, tryptophan, tyrosine, phenyl- In general, soybean germination process improves the alanine and histidine) by protein hydrolysis [20]. In another nutritional value of seeds, isoflavin [22-27], the dig- study demonstrated that the antidiabetic effects of soybeans estibility, odor and flavor [27,28], the amount of protein increased due to its isoflavonoids and peptides during the efficiency ratio [18,27], shelf-life due to reduction lipo- fermentation process [21]. In addition, a published scientific xygenases activity [28], reduces anti-nutritional factors such report has described that soybean products prepared by both as proteolytic inhibitors, phytic acid and TI [1,18,19], and germination and fermentation processes might show greater hydrolyzes of oligosaccharides (Table 2). Germination also angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity inhibiting provides higher levels of methionine, which is the first effects, compared to those prepared by fermentation or limiting amino acid in soybean protein [1]. In addition, some germination separately. They prepared different kinds of of the functional active compounds of soybeans that are doenjang using fermentation regular soybeans (RS), originally absent or are present in very low quantities (e.g. germination soybeans (GS) and germinated black soybeans γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ACE I) can be concent- (GBS) for 90 days. The ACE I enhanced as the fermentation rated through transformation of the nutrients in soybeans progressed. Doenjang from GBS showed the highest ACE I [18,19]. Some researchers produced three types of doenjang activity (58.69%) after 75 days of fermentation, compared by preparing three types of meju using RS, GS and GBS to that other preparations did [22]. Except for the whole of (GS:GBS 7:3 w:w). They assessed ACE I activity by Hip- the health benefits of soybeans mentioned earlier, it has a His-Leu (HHL) method with slight modification and good effect on hypertension. Hypertension (high blood showed that doenjang prepared with greater ACE activity- pressure) is one of the major worldwide diseases causing inhibiting effects, compared