VCI Powder Corrosion Inhibitors
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Review Article Green Inhibitors for Corrosion Protection of Metals and Alloys: an Overview
Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Corrosion Volume 2012, Article ID 380217, 15 pages doi:10.1155/2012/380217 Review Article Green Inhibitors for Corrosion Protection of Metals and Alloys: An Overview B. E. Amitha Rani and Bharathi Bai J. Basu Surface Engineering Division, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore 560037, India Correspondence should be addressed to B. E. Amitha Rani, [email protected] Received 31 March 2011; Revised 17 June 2011; Accepted 17 June 2011 Academic Editor: Ali Y. El-Etre Copyright © 2012 B. E. A. Rani and B. B. J. Basu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Corrosion control of metals is of technical, economical, environmental, and aesthetical importance. The use of inhibitors is one of the best options of protecting metals and alloys against corrosion. The environmental toxicity of organic corrosion inhibitors has prompted the search for green corrosion inhibitors as they are biodegradable, do not contain heavy metals or other toxic compounds. As in addition to being environmentally friendly and ecologically acceptable, plant products are inexpensive, readily available and renewable. Investigations of corrosion inhibiting abilities of tannins, alkaloids, organic,amino acids, and organic dyes of plant origin are of interest. In recent years, sol-gel coatings doped with inhibitors show real promise. Although substantial research has been devoted to corrosion inhibition by plant extracts, reports on the detailed mechanisms of the adsorption process and identification of the active ingredient are still scarce. -
Redox Interactions of Vitamin C and Iron: Inhibition of the Pro-Oxidant Activity by Deferiprone
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Redox Interactions of Vitamin C and Iron: Inhibition of the Pro-Oxidant Activity by Deferiprone Viktor A. Timoshnikov 1,*, Tatyana V. Kobzeva 1, Nikolay E. Polyakov 1 and George J. Kontoghiorghes 2,* 1 Institute of Chemical Kinetics & Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] (T.V.K.); [email protected] (N.E.P.) 2 Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, CY-3021 Limassol, Cyprus * Correspondence: [email protected] (V.A.T.); [email protected] (G.J.K.); Tel./Fax: +7-383-3332947 (V.A.T.); +357-2627-2076 (G.J.K.) Received: 21 February 2020; Accepted: 28 May 2020; Published: 31 May 2020 Abstract: Ascorbic acid (AscH2) is one of the most important vitamins found in the human diet, with many biological functions including antioxidant, chelating, and coenzyme activities. Ascorbic acid is also widely used in medical practice especially for increasing iron absorption and as an adjuvant therapeutic in iron chelation therapy, but its mode of action and implications in iron metabolism and toxicity are not yet clear. In this study, we used UV–Vis spectrophotometry, NMR spectroscopy, and EPR spin trapping spectroscopy to investigate the antioxidant/pro-oxidant effects of ascorbic acid in reactions involving iron and the iron chelator deferiprone (L1). The experiments were carried out in a weak acidic (pH from 3 to 5) and neutral (pH 7.4) medium. Ascorbic acid exhibits predominantly pro-oxidant activity by reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+, followed by the formation of dehydroascorbic acid. As a result, ascorbic acid accelerates the redox cycle Fe3+ Fe2+ in the Fenton reaction, which leads $ to a significant increase in the yield of toxic hydroxyl radicals. -
The Chemistry and Function of Lubricant Additives
WEBINARS Debbie Sniderman / Contributing Editor The chemistry and function of lubricant additives Their effectiveness depends on the base oil and how they interact with other chemicals. KEY CONCEPTS • AdditivesAdditives comppensateensate fforor thethe deficiencies inherently ppresentesent inin basib c basebase oiloil ssystems.ystems. • AdditivAdditivee effectiveness deppends on the ooil.il. AnAn additive thathatt works welwelll in one oiloil mighmight notnot inin LUBRICANTS ARE USED TO REDUCE FRICTION AND WEAR, dissipate heat aanothenother. from critical parts of equipment, remove and suspend deposits that may affect performance and protect metal surface damage from deg- • It’sIt’s importantimportant to understaunderstandd radation and corrosion. They serve a diverse range of applications, hhowo addaadditives t es maymay interactinteract each requiring a different combination of base oils and additives. wiwithth each ototheher in With such a complex industry, there are many challenges to devel- oping effective lubricants. synerggisticistic oror antaantaggonisticnistic Base oils themselves perform most of the functions of lubricants. ways whene creatingcreating But they can only do part of the job. Additives are needed when a additive packagges.es. lubricant’s base oil doesn’t provide all the properties the applica- tion requires. They’re used to improve the good properties of the 18 Snakes have two sets of eyes—one set to see and the other to detect heat and movement. No eyelids for snakes, just a thin membrane covering the eye. MEET THE PRESENTER This article is based on a Webinar originally presented by STLE Education on June 17, 2015. The Chemistry and Function of Lubricant Additives is available at www.stle.org: $39 to STLE members, $59 for all others. -
M-529/M-529 L/M-529 SC, Patented Oil Based Corrosion Inhibitor METALS PROTECTED
M-529/M-529 L/M-529 SC, Patented Oil Based Corrosion Inhibitor METALS PROTECTED • Carbon Steel • Brass • Stainless Steel • Copper • Galvanized Steel • Bronze • Aluminum TYPICAL PROPERTIES Oil Characteristics Typical Values Appearance Dark Amber Color Specific Gravity 0.92 40 °C 185 cSt Viscosity (ASTM D92) 100 °C 16.5 cSt Index 93 Pour Point (ASTM D6749) -29 °C (-20 °F) PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Flash Point (ASTM D92) 197 °C (386 °F) Fire Point (ASTM D92) 227 °C (440 °F) M-529 is an oil-based package of corrosion inhibitors for lubricating oils. Total Acid Number (ASTM D974) mg KOH/g 31.3 M-529 provides excellent corrosion protection during operating conditions and intermittent operation. ISO Particle Count Code 19/17/13 Oil, ml 0 M-529/M-529 L are very effective for mineral and synthetic based oils: Oil Separability (ASTM D1401) Water, ml 0 napthenic, iso-paraffinic, PAOs, etc. @ 180 °F Emulsion, ml 80 Time, min 60 M-529 L additionally contains an EP lubricity package and is recommended Seq. I 320/30/600+ for lubriciating oil when EP lubricity is needed, such as gears or transmissions. Foaming Characteristics Seq. II 650/400/600+ (ASTM D892) FEATURES Seq. III 295/30/600+ Properties listed above are typical of those obtained through normal production and do not constitute a • Corrosion protection for ferrous and non-ferrous metals specification. M-529 is generally soluble in hydrocarbon based fluids, however compatibility and solubility should be verified prior to use. Please contact Cortec® Technical Service for more information. • Does not -
VAPOR CORROSION INHIBITOR in LUBRICANTS Abstract Incorporating of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors in Lubricating Products Provides a Number of Advantages
Vapor corrosion inhibitors M. Kharsan, A. Furman, B. Mikšić, I. Rogan Autori / Authors: Margarita Kharsan, Alla Furman, Boris Mikšić, Cortec Corporation , Minnesota USA Ivan Rogan Cortecros d.o.o. Zagreb Authors: Margarita Kharsan, Alla Furman, Boris Mikšić, Cortec Corporation , Minnesota USA Ivan Rogan Cortecros d.o.o. Zagreb VAPOR CORROSION INHIBITOR IN LUBRICANTS Abstract Incorporating of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors in lubricating products provides a number of advantages. VCIs when added to lubricant will provide corrosion protection to machinery during the storage or transportation period and after that the same lubricant can be used in designed working application without spending extra time and money for changing the corrosion protective product for lubricating. Properly chosen combination of VCI and lubricating product also prolongs service life of machinery by minimizing the corrosive wear of the equipment. The requirements to the Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors, which will be added to the lubricants, vary considering the application condition. Usually these products should be thermostable, should not attack colored metal at high temperatures, and effect physical – chemical properties of lubricant. Two examples of lubricating product containing vapor corrosion inhibitor are presented in this paper. INTRODUCTION Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors (VCIs) are organic compounds that have appreciable pressure of saturated vapors under atmospheric conditions and inhibit corrosion by adsorption on metal / electrolyte interface. Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors change the kinetics of electrochemical reaction. The most effective are the vapor corrosion inhibitors, which have the vapor pressure in a range 10-5 – 10-7 mm Hg [1-3,4]. They are transported by diffusion through the gas phase and adsorbed onto metal in a thickness of a few monolayers and protect it from corrosion. -
Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor (VCI)
Three Bond Technical News Issued Jul. 1, 1987 Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor (VCI) 1. Introduction Trade dispute by export surplus has come up in the newspaper. Trading, especially export, is essential to Japan economy, whereas it is said that economical loss caused by corrosion in the export activity is about 2,000,000,000,000 yen. We at Three Bond have released a variety of volatile corrosion inhibitors as ThreeBond 1870 series when we considered these circumstances. Volatile corrosion inhibitors have been codified technically, but they took an auxiliary part only in rust prevention due to their relatively shallow history. In this issue, we will provide you with VCI's features that it should be the mainstream in the future rust prevention packaging, and also introduce a new method as well. Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................... 1 15. How to Confirm the Effectiveness of Volatile 2. What is Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor (VCI)?............ 2 Corrosion Inhibitors............................................... 8 3. Positioning of Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors............ 2 (1) Present situation and necessity of development 4. Shape of Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors ................... 2 ........................................................................ 8 5. Type of Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors...................... 2 (2) About indicator technology .............................. 8 6. Typical Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors ...................... 2 (3) Components to develop color......................... -
Bio Corrosion Inhibitor BCI Summary Sheet
Renewable Lubricants, Inc. 476 Griggy Rd., P.O. Box 474 Hartville, Ohio 44632-0474 Voice: 330.877.9982 Fax 330.877.2266 Web: www.renewablelube.com Bio-Corrosion Inhibitor™ (BCI TM) & Bio-Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor™ (BVCI TM) Products "Biobased Lubricants that Perform Like Synthetics" BCI™ and BVCI™ products are formulated to replace and outperform many petroleum-based products. These products contain no heavy metals, or barium, and are formulated with biobased oils (Stabilized HOBS)/biobased solvents ensuring a safer work environment. The advantages of these biobased stocks are many: biodegradable, renewable, low toxicity, (safer) helps secure the American Economy, and multi- performance. Additive composition, viscosities, and surface tension of the BCI™ products can be modified for special customers’ needs. In many applications, the surface tension and viscosity specifications are duplicated to petroleum products with less volatile biobased oils/biobased solvents that provide a more fire resistant biobased product. The additive composition and surface tension of the products can be modified for use in penetrating applications, wire rope, chain and cable lubricants, metal working, fabricating, assembly oils, forming oils, mold release, quench oils, heat transfer oils, slushing oils, acid fume rust preventatives, corrosion inhibiting preservative formulas, etc. to protect ferrous and nonferrous metals. The BCI™ formulas can also be more volatile, allowing biobased carrier(s) to dissipate, leaving corrosion inhibitors and/or anti-wear-extreme pressure additives to remain on the surface of the metal parts, preventing wear and corrosion. With BVCI™ products, ultra thin, highly protective films can be applied. Film thickness of 0.02 mils or less have been tested in the ASTM D-1748 Humidity Cabinet on polished cold rolled steel panels and test results from 20 to 60 days before failure are typical for these ultra-thin films. -
Lubrication and Anti-Rust Properties of Jeffamine-Triazole Derivative As Water-Based Lubricant Additive
coatings Article Lubrication and Anti-Rust Properties of Jeffamine-Triazole Derivative as Water-Based Lubricant Additive Jiabei Wang 1,2, Wenjing Hu 1,* and Jiusheng Li 1,* 1 Laboratory for Advanced Lubricating Materials, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; [email protected] 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.H.); [email protected] (J.L.) Abstract: With the worldwide concern of environmental protection, water-based lubricants exhibit extensive potential applications due to their advantages of energy-conservation, innocuity, and competitive price. Nonetheless, the common lubricating additives currently available in the market are mainly oil-based, while multifunctional water lubricants are rare. This paper reports a sulfur- and phosphorus-free multifunctional additive with high water-solubility, which is applicable for multitype material surfaces. Specifically, through the Mannich reaction method, a Jeffamine-triazole derivative was synthesized from olyetheramine and benzotriazole. Compared with distilled water, the derivative exhibited superior friction reduction and wear resistance properties in water, with the friction reduction rate up to 72.7% and 70.2% for steel/steel and steel/aluminum contacts, respec- tively, when the concentration of the JD2000 is 2 wt.%. Remarkably, the wear resistance property for steel/aluminum contact is improved by 88.2%. Moreover, the additive showed corrosion inhibition on the metal surface by 75.5%. We further revealed the lubrication and anti-rust mechanisms: the additives are adsorbed on the surfaces through nitrogen atoms, and the long-chain structure of polyether can cover the sliding surfaces, forming a stable viscoelastic film to prevent the severe Citation: Wang, J.; Hu, W.; Li, J. -
Corrosion Basics
CORROSION BASICS (from Swain (1996) and Schultz (1997)) What is corrosion? • Webster’s Dictionary - corrode (v.) To eat away or be eaten away gradually, especially by chemical action. • NACE Corrosion Basics - corrosion may be defined as the deterioration of a material (usually a metal) because of a reaction with the environment. Why do metals corrode? Most metals are found in nature as ores. The manufacturing process of converting these ores into metals involves the input of energy. During the corrosion reaction the energy added in manufacturing is released, and the metal is returned to its oxide state. Metal Ore reduction (add electrons)→ Metal oxidation (strip electrons)→ Corrosion Products In the marine environment, the corrosion process generally takes place in aqueous solutions and is therefore electrochemical in nature. Corrosion consequences Economic - corrosion results in the loss of $8 - $126 billion annually in the U.S. alone. This impact is primarily the result of: 1. Downtime 2. Product Loss 3. Efficiency Loss 4. Contamination 5. Overdesign Safety / Loss of Life Corrosion can lead to catastrophic system failures which endanger human life and health. Examples include a 1967 bridge collapse in West Virginia which killed 46. The collapse was attributed to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In another example, the fuselage of an airliner in Hawaii ripped open due to the combined action of stress and atmospheric corrosion. Corrosion cell Corrosion occurs due to the formation of electrochemical cells. In order for the corrosion reaction to occur five things are necessary. If any of these factors are eliminated, galvanic corrosion will not occur. THIS IS THE KEY TO CORROSION CONTROL! The necessary factors for corrosion to proceed are: 1. -
A Review of Corrosion Inhibitors for Rust Preventative Fluids Zhenglin Tang
Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cossms A review of corrosion inhibitors for rust preventative fluids Zhenglin Tang NTIC (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Corrosion of metals has been a widespread issue in industries for centuries. The use of corrosion inhibitors in rust Corrosion inhibitor preventative fluids are commonly employed to provide the temporary corrosion protection to metals. Theaimof Rust inhibitor this review is to summarize the rust inhibition properties, inhibition mechanism, chemistry and development of Rust preventative fluids corrosion inhibitors for rust preventative fluids. Some suggestions for further research on corrosion inhibitors Lubricant have also been discussed. Metalworking fluid 1. Introduction article reviews the mechanism and development of corrosion inhibitors for rust preventative fluids. Corrosion is the degradation of a material’s properties by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with the environment, and in most 2. Mechanism cases it means the electrochemical oxidation of metal. The study of National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) estimated that the Generally, corrosion is the oxidation of metal through an electro- global cost of corrosion to be $ 2.5 trillion annually, equivalent to about chemical process. In the meanwhile, a reduction occurs at the cathode – 3.4% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [1]. It also found that which can produce either H2 in acidic system or OH in neutral/alkaline implementing corrosion prevention best practices can save 15–35% of system, as shown in Scheme 1. -
Effects of Chloride Ions on Corrosion of Ductile Iron and Carbon Steel in Soil
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Efects of chloride ions on corrosion of ductile iron and carbon steel in soil environments Received: 7 February 2017 Yarong Song1,2, Guangming Jiang2, Ying Chen1, Peng Zhao1 & Yimei Tian1,3 Accepted: 22 June 2017 Chloride is reported to play a signifcant role in corrosion reactions, products and kinetics of ferrous Published online: 31 July 2017 metals. To enhance the understanding of the efects of soil environments, especially the saline soils with high levels of chloride, on the corrosion of ductile iron and carbon steel, a 3-month corrosion test was carried out by exposing ferrous metals to soils of six chloride concentrations. The surface morphology, rust compositions and corrosion kinetics were comprehensively studied by visual observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray difraction (XRD), weight loss, pit depth measurement, linear polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. It showed that chloride ions infuenced the characteristics and compositions of rust layers by diverting and participating in corrosion reactions. α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH and iron oxides were major corrosion products, while β-Fe8O8(OH)8Cl1.35 rather than β-FeOOH was formed when high chloride concentrations were provided. Chloride also suppressed the decreasing of corrosion rates, whereas increased the difculty in the difusion process by thickening the rust layers and transforming the rust compositions. Carbon steel is more susceptible to chloride attacks than ductile iron. The corrosion kinetics of ductile iron and carbon steel corresponded with the probabilistic and bilinear model respectively. Corrosion of ferrous metals in soil is one of the major causes of durability problems of water, sewage, oil and gas distribution systems. -
Complexes of Ferrous Iron with Tannic Acid Fy J
Complexes of Ferrous Iron With Tannic Acid fy J. D. HEM :HEMISTRY OF IRON IN NATURAL WATER GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1459-D IITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Abstract. _________________________________________________________ 75 Acknowledgments. ________________________________________________ 75 Organic complexing agents________-______-__-__-__-______-____-___-- 75 Tannic acid_______________________________________________________ 77 Properties ____________________________________________________ 78 Dissociation._________________________________________________ 78 Reducing action_____--_-______________________________________ 79 Laboratory studies_______________________________________________ 79 Analytical procedures__________________________________________ 80 Chemical reactions in test solutions._____________________________ 81 No tannic acid____________________-_________________-_--__ 84 Five parts per million of tannic acid- ________________________ 84 Fifty parts per million of tannic acid_____-________-____------ 85 Five hundred parts per million of tanni c acid _________________ 86 Rate of oxidation and precipitation of iron______________________ 87 Stability constants for tannic acid complexes______________________ 88 Comparison of determined and estimated Eh______________________