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Yök Eklenecek T.C. İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TEKNOLOJİK GELİŞMELERİN SAHNE PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ YÜKSEKLİSANS TEZİ Egemen AKAR 1110072002 Anabilim Dalı: Sanat Yönetimi Programı: Sanat Yönetimi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÜSTÜNİPEK TEMMUZ 2015 T.C. İSTANBUL KÜLTÜR ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TEKNOLOJİK GELİŞMELERİN SAHNE PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ YÜKSEKLİSANS TEZİ Egemen AKAR 1110072002 Anabilim Dalı: Sanat Yönetimi Programı: Sanat Yönetimi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÜSTÜNİPEK Jüri Üyeleri: Doç. Dr. Deniz YENGİN Doç. Dr. Sertaç KAKI TEMMUZ 2015 ii İÇİNDEKİLER ŞEKİL LİSTESİ......................................................................................................vii TÜRKÇE ÖZET......................................................................................................ix YABANCI DİL ÖZET.............................................................................................x 1. GİRİŞ ....................................................................................................................1 2. SAHNE SANATLARINDA SANAT YÖNETİMİNİN ÖNEMİ......................4 2.1. Yönetim Kavramı....................................................................................4 2.2. Sanat Yönetimi........................................................................................5 2.3. Sanat Yöneticisi.......................................................................................6 2.4. Sahne Sanatlarında Takım Çalışmasının Önemi.....................................7 2.5. Sanatın Pazarlanması...............................................................................9 3. SAHNE VE SAHNE AYDINLATMASININ TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ ..........11 3.1. Sahne Tarihi.............................................................................................11 3.2. Sahne Aydınlatmasının Tarihi.................................................................17 4. MÜZİK PERFORMANSINA ETKİ ETMİŞ ÖNEMLİ GELİŞMELER.......25 4.1. Müziğin Sunuş Biçimi.............................................................................25 4.2. Müzik Enstrümanlarının Gelişimi...........................................................26 4.3. Konser Salonlarının Akustik Dizaynı......................................................28 iii 5. GÜNÜMÜZ SAHNE ELEMANLARI................................................................32 5.1. Seslendirme Sistemleri.............................................................................32 5.1.1. Hoparlör Yapıları......................................................................32 5.1.2. Hoparlör Çeşitleri......................................................................34 5.1.3. Hoparlör Kabin Sistem Çeşitleri...............................................35 5.1.3.1. Tek Hedef Doğrultulu (Point and Shoot) Sistemler...35 5.1.3.2. Dikey Sıralı (Line Arrays) Sistemler.........................36 5.1.4. Monitör Sistemleri....................................................................37 5.1.5. Mikrofonlar...............................................................................39 5.1.5.1. Dinamik Mikrofonlar.................................................40 5.1.5.2. Condenser Mikrofonlar..............................................41 5.1.5.3. Elektret Mikrofonlar..................................................42 5.1.5.4. Telsiz Mikrofonlar.....................................................43 5.2. Sahne Işıklandırması................................................................................44 5.2.1. Sahne Işıklandırmasının Kontrol Edilebilir Özellikleri............44 5.2.2. Işıklandırma Araçlarının Bileşenleri.........................................45 5.2.2.1. Lambalar....................................................................45 5.2.2.2. Yansıtıcılar.................................................................46 5.2.2.3. Lensler.......................................................................46 5.2.3. Sahne Işık Elemanları...............................................................47 5.2.3.1. Işıklandırma Projektörü..............................................48 5.2.3.2. PAR Işıklar................................................................48 5.2.3.3. Elipsoidal Reflektör Spotlar (ERS)...........................49 iv 5.2.3.4. Takip Işıkları..............................................................51 5.2.3.5. Fresnel Spotlar...........................................................52 5.2.3.6. Şerit Aydınlatma........................................................53 5.2.3.7. Robot Işıklar..............................................................54 5.2.3.8. LED Aydınlatma........................................................55 5.2.3.9. LED PAR...................................................................57 5.2.3.10. Elektronik Flaş.........................................................58 5.2.3.11. Lazer Işıklar.............................................................58 5.2.4. Sis Makinesi..............................................................................59 5.3. Truss Askı Sistemleri...............................................................................61 5.4. Işık Kontrol Masaları...............................................................................64 5.5. Ses Kontrol Masaları...............................................................................66 5.6. Video ve Görüntü Araçları......................................................................68 5.6.1. Projeksiyon Cihazları................................................................69 5.6.2. LED Ekranlar............................................................................71 5.7. Bilgisayar Destekli Programlar................................................................72 5.7.1. Müzik Programları....................................................................72 5.7.2. Sahne Tasarım Programları......................................................75 5.7.2.1 Bilgisayar Destekli Çizim Programları (CAD)..........76 5.7.2.2. Üç Boyutlu (3D) Çizim Programları.........................77 6. ANLATIM OLANAKLARININ DEĞİŞMESİ AÇISINDAN FİLM MÜZİĞİNİN İNCELENMESİ........................................................................................................79 6.1. Sessiz Film Döneminde Müziğin Kullanılması.......................................79 v 6.2. Sesli Sinema ve Film Müziği...................................................................80 6.3. Yönetmen - Besteci İlişkisi......................................................................81 6.4 Filmde Müziğin İşlevi...............................................................................82 7. SAHNE TASARIM VE YÖNETİM EKİBİ.......................................................84 7.1. Işık Tasarımcısı........................................................................................85 7.2. Ses Mühendisi..........................................................................................86 7.3. Video Direktörü.......................................................................................88 7.4. Set Tasarımcıları......................................................................................89 7.5. Tur Direktörü...........................................................................................89 7.6. Sahne Direktörü.......................................................................................90 7.7. Prodüksiyon Müdürü...............................................................................90 8. SONUÇ..................................................................................................................92 KAYNAKÇA.............................................................................................................96 vi ŞEKİL LİSTESİ Şekil 3.1 : Yunan Tiyatrosu.............................................................................12 Şekil 3.2 : Ekkyklema ve Mechane..................................................................13 Şekil 3.3 : Roma Tiyatrosu...............................................................................14 Şekil 3.4 : Teatro Olimpico..............................................................................14 Şekil 3.5 : Paris Hall of the Conservatoire (1811), 1843’ de bir konser..........17 Şekil 3.6 : Dinsel gösterilerde kullanılan ışıklar..............................................18 Şekil 3.7 : Şamdanlarla yapılan sahne aydınlatması........................................18 Şekil 3.8 : İlk renkli ışıklandırma çalışması.....................................................19 Şekil 3.9 : Taban ışıklandırması.......................................................................19 Şekil 3.10 : Mekanik karartma yöntemi...........................................................20 Şekil 3.11 : Kalsiyum lambası..........................................................................21 Şekil 3.12 : İlkel ark ışığı.................................................................................22 Şekil 3.13 : Elektrikli sahne spotu....................................................................23 Şekil 4.1 : Boston Symphony Hall...................................................................31 Şekil 5.1 : Dinamik (Hareketli bobinli) hoparlör.............................................33 Şekil 5.2 : Horn hoparlör yapısı ......................................................................34 Şekil 5.3 : Tek hedef doğrultulu sistemler.......................................................36 Şekil 5.4 : Dikey sıralı
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