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Cow Protection Discourse: Categories and National Identity

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Cow Protection Discourse: Categories and National Identity Cow Protection Discourse: Categories and National Identity Ana de Souza A Thesis in The Department of Religions and Cultures Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts (Religions and Cultures) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada April 2019 © Ana de Souza, 2019 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Ana de Souza "Cow Entitle Protection Discourse: Categories and National Identity" d: and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts - Religions and Cultures complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Naftali Cohn Examiner Sarah Pierce Taylor Examiner Lorenzo di Tommaso Thesis Supervisor(s) Leslie Orr Approved by Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director Dean, Date ABSTRACT Cow Protection Discourse: Categories and National Identity Ana de Souza This thesis focuses on contemporary cow protection discourse that Hindu nationalist (Hindutva) groups produce. In an Indian context, the phrase ‘cow protection’ broadly refers to social, political, and religious movements concerned with promoting the welfare of cows and their progeny. These movements seek to enshrine the value of both actual cows and the cow as a symbol through laws, governmental bodies, social movements educating the public about cow products and welfare, and religious movements promoting cow-related rituals and the spiritual importance of cows. Hindu nationalist groups have been invested in the cow protection movement from their origins and commonly include it in their discourse. This thesis proposes three categories of cow protection discourse based on the the kinds of evidence each uses: environmental, social, and religious arguments. Despite the substantial difference between the categories, these arguments are often mixed together to provide broad support for cow protection. As cow protection is an essential characteristic of so many different aspects of Hindu society, concern for cow welfare becomes an integral aspect of Hindutva formulations national identity. Four specific cases will demonstrate the categories, the pattern of mixing, and its effect for national identity. A test for the concepts of Hindutva, based on Hindutva: Who is a Hindu? by V.D. Savarkar, will be applied to each case, indicating their participation in formulating national identity. This thesis will classify the cow protection discourse that has recently become more visible and impactful within the Indian public sphere and provide an analytical map for further study. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank Prof. William Gladhill for helping an undergraduate student who narrowly passed his Latin class believe she could not only get into a graduate programme, but succeed in one; Prof. Ann Gagné for taking time out of her busy schedule to convince a culinary student taking the mandatory college English course that she should apply to graduate programmes and providing support and encouragement throughout the process. Tina Montandon for mystically turning my mountains into molehills; Prof. Norma Joseph for her support in the early stages of the thesis process; Prof. Naftali Cohn for his encouragement and support. Prof. Leslie Orr for supervising this project, providing cheerful encouragement, and patiently giving both small and big suggestions on various drafts of this thesis. Taylor Roberts-Carleton for benefitting this thesis with his unwavering support and his insightful editorial skills. Finally, I would like to thank Margarida Pacheco for her consistent encouragement, endless patience, selfless support, wise advice, and practical suggestions for both the actual thesis and my experience of the process. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 1.1 Theoretical Orientation and Method ....................................................................................5 1.2 Boundaries ............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: Conceptual Definition of ‘Hindutva’ ......................................................................8 Chapter 3: Environmental Arguments ....................................................................................13 3.1 History ................................................................................................................................14 3.2 Climate change arguments: The Hindu Janajagruti Samiti and Hindutva..........................15 3.3 Climate change arguments: The Hindu Janajagruti Samiti and Cow Protection ...............18 3.4 Humanist arguments: The National Commission on Cattle and Hindutva ........................19 3.5 Humanist arguments: The National Commission on Cattle and Cow Protection ..............23 3.6 Environmental arguments: Conclusion ..............................................................................25 Chapter 4: Social Arguments ....................................................................................................26 4.1 History ................................................................................................................................26 4.2 Social Arguments: The Muslim Rashtriya Manch and Hindutva .......................................28 4.3 Social Arguments: The Muslim Rashtriya Manch and Cow Protection ............................30 4.4 Social Arguments: Conclusion ...........................................................................................32 Chapter 5: Religious Arguments ..............................................................................................33 5.1 History ................................................................................................................................33 5.2 Religious Arguments: Hindu Existence and Hindutva .......................................................34 5.3 Religious Arguments: Hindu Existence and Cow Protection .............................................37 5.4 Religious Arguments: Conclusion ......................................................................................41 Chapter 6: Mixing the Categories.............................................................................................42 6.1 The Hindu Janajagruti Samiti .............................................................................................42 6.2 The Report of the National Commission on Cattle ............................................................44 6.3 The Muslim Rashtriya Manch ............................................................................................47 6.4 Hindu Existence ..................................................................................................................48 6.5 Mixing: Conclusion ............................................................................................................49 Chapter 7: The Effect of Cow Protection on National Identity .............................................50 7.1 Hindu Janajagruti Samiti and Adityanath ...........................................................................50 v 7.2 The National Commission on Cattle and the Supreme Court ............................................51 7.3 Effect: Conclusion ..............................................................................................................55 Chapter 8: Conclusion ...............................................................................................................56 Works Cited ................................................................................................................................59 Appendix I ...................................................................................................................................67 Glossary .......................................................................................................................................76 vi p.1 Chapter 1: Introduction Within the state of India, the phrase ‘cow protection’ broadly refers to social, political, and religious movements concerned with promoting the welfare of cows and their progeny. While sometimes bulls, bullocks, calves, and water buffalo are included, the phrase most often refers to female cattle. These movements focus on breeds that are unique to the Indian subcontinent, almost all of which have a hump on their backs, just below the neck. Cow protection movements consider these breeds, often called ‘desi’ or indigenous cows, to have a closer connection to Indian culture, society, religion, and health than other dairy breeds, e.g. Jersey or Holstein. These movements seek to enshrine the value of both actual cows and the cow as a symbol through laws, governmental bodies, social movements educating the public about cow products and welfare, and religious movements promoting cow-related rituals and the spiritual importance of cows. Cow protection movements have a complex history in the British Raj and sovereignty movements from the 1800s through to the first half of the 1900s that includes, among other activities, political agitation and rioting. Cow protection movements have not been exclusive to any particular political affiliation in the past. This has changed more recently with the political success of the
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