Science and the Bible

Robert M. Bowman Jr., Instructor

Course Description

A course surveying the issues and major views in contemporary controversies focusing on science—Bible issues, especially creation and evolution.

Course Schedule

Enter schedule for your venue here.

Assigned and Recommended Readings

Students will want to study carefully the assigned pages from the instructor’s course handout, Science and the Bible: Outlines and Notes, available free from The Theology Program. Students will also be assigned readings accessible free online representing varying perspectives on science and its relation to the Bible and Christian theology, on the assumption that students should be directly familiar with primary sources representing these perspectives. Inclusion of these readings in the curriculum does not, then, imply any endorsement of the views those readings express. See the detailed schedule below for a list of all these readings.

Students are encouraged but not required to read one or more introductory books on science— Bible issues. Any of the following would be a very good choice:

Carlson, Richard F., ed. Science and Christianity: Four Views. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000. Collins, C. John. Science & Faith: Friends or Foes? Wheaton: Crossway, 2003. Davis, John Jefferson. Frontiers of Science and Faith: Examining Questions from the Big Bang to the End of the Universe. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2002. Moreland, J. P., ed. Three Views on Creation and Evolution. Counterpoints series. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999. Poe, Harry L., and Jimmy H. Davis. Science and Faith: An Evangelical Dialogue. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2000.

Honors Reading: Any of the books listed above or elsewhere in this syllabus are acceptable for those doing honors reading. In general, online articles are not acceptable for honors reading. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 2

Course Assignments

1. Complete all assigned readings as listed in the schedule that follows below. 2. Quizzes: There will be three quizzes, one following the third class, one following the sixth class, and one following the last class. Once the student looks at the quiz, he or she must take the quiz. In other words, you cannot look at the quiz and then study the terms. A study guide is provided below (following the course schedule; see below, page 12) with the terms and names you should know. Only very basic questions about the persons listed will appear on the quiz.

Class Schedule

Date Topic History of Science Revelation and the Philosophy of Science Creation, Evolution, and God Genesis 1-3 and Creation Genesis and the Age of Creation Genesis 4-9 and Early Human History Physical Sciences and Creation Biological Science and Creation Human Sciences and Creation

Class Lecture and Discussion Format

In each class session, the instructor will lecture for approximately one hour, after which will be a discussion/Q&A period of about half an hour. Priority will be given in this discussion period to those individuals who are formally enrolled in the course. Please keep in mind that many of the issues discussed in this course are controversial. We welcome and encourage those with viewpoints differing from the instructor to ask questions or make comments, but to do so in a way that is not contentious or inflammatory. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 3

Week 1 History of Science

Topic to be covered:  Christianity’s influence on science  Origins of modern science  Myths about science and religion

Assigned readings:

Kobe, Donald H. “Luther and Science.” http://www.leaderu.com/science/kobe.html. Larsen, Timothy. “‘War Is Over, If You Want It’: Beyond the Conflict between Faith and Science.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 60, 3 (Sept. 2008): 147-55. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2008/PSCF9-08Larsen.pdf. Schaefer, Henry F., III. “Scientists and Their Gods.” http://leaderu.com/offices/schaefer/docs/scientists.html.

Recommended readings:

Hutchinson, Ian W. “Warfare and Wedlock: Redeeming the Faith—Science Relationship.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 59, 2 (June 2007): 91-101. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2007/PSCF6-07Hutchinson.pdf. Swanson, Dennis M. “Extra-Biblical Evidence, General Revelation, and Scripture: A Response to Davis A. Young’s The Biblical Flood.” http://www.narnia3.com/articles/bibflood.pdf.

A few recommended books:

Boa, Kenneth D., and Robert M. Bowman, Jr. Faith Has Its Reasons: An Integrative Approach to Defending Christianity. 2d ed., Waynesboro, GA: Paternoster, 2006. Analyzes four major approaches to Christian apologetics; relates each approach to four ways of understanding science from a Christian perspective (see pp. 98-102, 192-94, 296-302, 404-407, 517-18). Carlson, Richard F., ed. Science and Christianity: Four Views. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000. Moreland, J. P. Christianity and the Nature of Science: A Philosophical Investigation. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1989. An absolute must for those wishing to pursue the philosophy of science in depth; argues for an eclectic realism. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 5

Week 3 Creation, Evolution, and God

Topics to be covered:  Young-earth creationism  Old-earth creationism  Theistic evolution  Pantheistic (and panentheistic) evolution  Atheistic evolution  Naturalism: metaphysic, method, or mistake?

Assigned readings:

American Scientific Affiliation. Commission on Creation. Aug. 2000. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Evolution/commission_on_creation.html. Bowman, Robert M., Jr. Science and the Bible: Outlines and Notes (2009), pp. 2-3, 17-20. Scott, Eugenie C. “The Creation/Evolution Continuum.” Dec. 7, 2000. http://ncseweb.org/creationism/general/creationevolution-continuum.

Recommended readings:

Martin, Steve. “The NCSE Creationism-Evolution Continuum: It is Time for a New Model.” An Evangelical Dialogue on Evolution [blog], May 18, 2009. http://evanevodialogue.blogspot.com/2009/05/ncse-creationism-evolution-continuum- it.html. In contrast to the complex NCSE continuum of views, Martin proposes a simpler three-view typology (evolutionary creation, non-evolutionary creation, and materialistic evolution). Plantinga, Alvin J. “Methodological Naturalism?” In 2 parts. Origins & Design 18.1 and 18.2 (1997). http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od181/methnat181.htm and http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od182/methnat182.htm.

A few recommended books:

Craig, William Lane, and J. P. Moreland. Naturalism: A Critical Analysis. Routledge Studies in Twentieth Century Philosophy. London and New York: Routledge, 2000. For advanced students with some background in philosophy. Moreland, J. P., ed. Three Views on Creation and Evolution. Counterpoints series. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999. Essays defending young-earth creationism (Paul Nelson and John Mark Reynolds), old-earth or progressive creationism (Robert C. Newman), and theistic evolution (Howard J. Van Till), with responses from Walter L. Bradley (a scientist), John Jefferson Davis (a systematic theologian), J. P. Moreland (a philosopher), and Vern S. Poythress (a New Testament scholar). Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 6

Week 4 Genesis 1-3 and Creation

Topics to be covered:  Genre of Genesis 1-3  Genesis 1:1 and creation ex nihilo  Genesis and the origins of life and of species  Genesis and the origins of the human race  The historicity of the Fall and the consequences of sin

Assigned readings:

Bowman, Robert M., Jr. Science and the Bible: Outlines and Notes (2009), pp. 6-16.

Recommended readings:

Bontrager, Krista Kay. “The History of the Universe in a Nutshell: Reflections on 2 Peter 3.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 57, 4 (Dec. 2005): 318-24. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2005/PSCF12-05Bontrager.pdf. Kline, Meredith G. “Space and Time in the Genesis Cosmogony.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 48 (1996): 2-15. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF3-96Kline.html. Ross, Hugh. “Additional Explanations on Concordism: A Response to Paul Seely’s Critique.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 59, 1 (March 2007): 46-50. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2007/PSCF3-07Ross.pdf. Seely, Paul. “Concordism and a Biblical Alternative: An Examination of Hugh Ross’s Perspective.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 59, 1 (March 2007): 37-45. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2007/PSCF3-07Seely.pdf.

A few recommended books:

Collins, C. John. Genesis 1-4: A Linguistic, Literary, and Theological Commentary. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R, 2006. Recent, indepth study; argues for the analogical day interpretation of Genesis 1 (see week 5). Copan, Paul, and William Lane Craig. Creation Out of Nothing: A Biblical, Philosophical, and Scientific Exploration. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic; Leicester, England: Apollos, 2004. Waltke, Bruce K. Genesis: A Commentary. With Cathi J. Fredricks. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001. Renowned conservative Old Testament scholar’s readable commentary; takes the framework theory approach to Genesis 1. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 7

Week 5 Genesis and the Age of Creation

Topics to be covered:  Models for interpreting Genesis 1  Genesis and the age of the earth and universe

Assigned readings:

Bowman, Robert M., Jr. Science and the Bible: Outlines and Notes (2009), pp. 21-25. Report of the Creation Study Committee. Presbyterian Church in America, 2000. http://www.pcahistory.org/creation/report.pdf. Conservative denominational position paper recommending that diversity of views on the creation days in Genesis 1 be considered acceptable as long as the historicity of the creation narrative is affirmed.

Recommended readings:

DeRemer, Frank, with Mark Amunrud and Delmar Dobberpuhl. “Days 1—4.” Journal of Creation 21, 3 (2007): 69-76. http://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j21_3/j21_3_69-76.pdf. Seely, Paul H. “The First Four Days of Genesis in Concordist Theory and in Biblical Context.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 49 (June 1997): 85-95. http://www.asa3.org/aSA/PSCF/1997/PSCF6-97Seely.html.

A few recommended books:

Hagopian, David G., ed. The Genesis Debate: Three Views on the Days of Creation. Mission Viejo: Crux Press, 2001. Evangelical defenses of the 24-hour view (J. Ligon Duncan III and David W. Hall), the day-age view (Hugh Ross and Gleason L. Archer), and the framework view (Lee Irons and Meredith G. Kline). Newman, Robert C., and Hermann J. Eckelmann, Jr. Genesis One and the Origin of the Earth. 2d ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981. Older but still interesting reading; favors the intermittent-day theory and old-earth creationism. Walton, John H. The Lost World of Genesis One: Ancient Cosmology and the Origins Debate. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2009. Old Testament scholar argues that Genesis 1 presents a functional cosmology in terms relevant to its ancient readers. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 8

Week 6 Genesis 4-9 and Early Human History

Topics to be covered:  The genealogies and the antiquity of the human race  The nature, extent, and historicity of the Flood

Assigned readings:

Bowman, Robert M., Jr. Science and the Bible: Outlines and Notes (2009), pp. 21-22. Hill, Carol A. “The Noachian Flood: Universal or Local?” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 54, 3 (Sept. 2002): 170-83. Defends a local Flood. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2002/PSCF9-02Hill.pdf. Rana, Fazale R, Hugh Ross, and Richard Deem. “Long Life Spans: ‘Adam lived 930 Years and Then He Died.’” http://www.reasons.org/theology/bible-difficulties/long-life-spans- adam-lived-930-years-and-then-he-died. Sarfati, Jonathan. “How Did All the Animals Fit on the Ark?” Creation 19, 2 (March 1997): 16- 19. http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v19/i2/animals.asp. Young-earth answer to a common criticism of the global-flood interpretation. Sarigianis, Steve. “Noah’s Flood: A Bird’s-Eye View.” Old-earth creationist approach to the Flood. http://www.reasons.org/theology/creation-passages/noah’s-flood-bird’s-eye-view.

Recommended readings:

Hill, Carol A. “Qualitative Hydrology of Noah’s Flood.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 58, 2 (June 2006): 120-29. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2006/PSCF6- 06Hill.pdf. Defends a local flood view. Noel, Ted, and Ken Noel. “A Scientific Paradigm for the Genesis Flood.” JATS 12 (2001): 106- 28. http://www.bibleonly.org/gen/JATSFlood.PDF. Seventh-day Adventist authors suggest that a shift in the earth’s axis caused a global flood.

A few recommended books:

Ryan, William, and Walter Pitman. Noah’s Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries about the Event that Changed History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998. Defense of the Black Sea flood explanation. Whitcomb, John C., and Henry Morris. The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications. Philadelphia: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1961. Classic text setting forth what is commonly known as flood geology. Young, Davis A., and Ralph F. Stearley. The Bible, Rocks and Time: Geological Evidence for the Age of the Earth. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Academic, 2008. Argues that the geological evidence shows that the earth is billions of years old, and discusses how to understand Genesis. See chapter 8 for a critique of flood geology. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 9

Week 7 Physical Science and Creation

Topics to be covered:  Scientific cosmology and the origin of the universe  The anthropic principle, the fine-tuning of the universe, and the design argument

Assigned readings:

Bowman, Robert M., Jr. Science and the Bible: Outlines and Notes (2009), pp. 28-29, 32. Holder, Rodney D. “Is the Universe Designed?” Faraday Paper 10. http://tinyurl.com/n32f7x. Argues that the designer explanation is far superior to the “multiverse” (many-worlds) explanation for the “anthropic” fit of the universe to life on earth. Phillips, Perry G. “The Thrice-Supported Big Bang.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 57, 2 (June 2005): 82-96. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2005/PSCF6- 05Phillips.pdf. Defense of the big bang and response to young-earth creationist criticisms. Ross, Hugh. “Anthropic Principle: A Precise Plan for Humanity.” http://www.reasons.org/philosophyreligion/philosophy-science/anthropic-principle- precise-plan-humanity.

Recommended readings:

Ross, Hugh. “A Beginner’s—and Expert’s—Guide to the Big Bang: Sifting Facts from Fictions.” http://www.reasons.org/rtbs-creation-model/cosmic-design/beginner’s—and- expert’s—guide-big-bang-sifting-facts-fictions.

A few recommended books:

Gonzales, Guillermo, and Jay W. Richards. The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos Is Designed for Discovery. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2004. See also the website, http://privilegedplanet.com/. Heeren, Fred. Show Me God: What the Message from Space Is Telling Us about God. Wonders That Witness 1. Wheeling, IL: Searchlight Publications, 1995. Amusing, informative book on cosmology and creation, unlike any other. Ross, Hugh. Why the Universe Is the Way It Is. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2008. Why the universe is so large and old, so “alone,” so dark, and decaying; why it is imperfect; why it has the laws it does; why there will be a new creation. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 10

Week 8 Biological Science and Creation

Topics to be covered:  Understanding basic concepts and issues in biology and evolution  The origin of life  Different theories of evolution  Alleged evidences for and against macroevolution  Intelligent design

Assigned readings:

Bowman, Robert M., Jr. Science and the Bible: Outlines and Notes (2009), pp. 30-31, 33. Bergman, Jerry. “Can Evolution Produce New Organs or Structures?” TJ 19, 2 (2005): 76-82. http://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j19_2/j19_2_76-82.pdf. Nice roundup by a young- earth creationist of some popular examples of the difficulties facing evolutionary theory. Berry, R. J. “Creation and Evolution Not Creation or Evolution.” Faraday Paper 12. http://tinyurl.com/mudhp7. Theistic evolution perspective. Dembski, William A. “The Explanatory Filter: A three-part filter for understanding how to separate and identify cause from intelligent design.” Leadership University, 2002. http://www.origins.org/articles/dembski_explanfilter.html.

Recommended readings:

Frair, Wayne. “Challenge of the Tangles: Re-evaluating Concepts of Life’s Origins.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 57, 2 (June 2005): 131-33. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2005/PSCF6-05Frair.pdf. Reznick, David N., and Robert E. Ricklefs. “Darwin’s Bridge between Microevolution and Macroevolution.” Nature 457 (12 Feb. 2009): 837-42. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7231/pdf/nature07894.pdf. Snoke, David. “Defining Undesign in a Designed Universe.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 60, 4 (Dec. 2008): 225-32. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2008/PSCF12-08Snoke.pdf.

A few recommended books:

Fowler, Thomas B., and Daniel Kuebler. The Evolution Controversy: A Survey of Competing Theories. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007. Perhaps unique in that the authors identify strengths and weaknesses in all of the current positions and suggest ways of testing those positions further. See Fowler’s site, http://www.evolutioncontroversy.net/. Giberson, Karl. Saving Darwin: How to Be a Christian and Believe in Evolution. New York: HarperOne, 2008. Stewart, Robert B., ed. Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski and Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007. With an impressive lineup of respondents. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 11

Week 9 Human Sciences and Creation

Topics to be covered:  Human origins (evolution vs. special creation)  Antiquity of the human race  Neuroscience and the mind/body problem

Assigned readings:

Dembski, William A. “Reflections on Human Origins.” Progress in Complexity, Information, and Design 4.1 (July 2005). Critiques the claim that fossils, DNA similarities between humans and chimps, and other evidences show that humans evolved by an unguided process from apes. http://www.iscid.org/papers/Dembski_HumanOrigins_062204.pdf.

Recommended readings:

Jeeves, Malcolm. “Neuroscience, Evolutionary Psychology, and the Image of God.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 57, 3 (Sept. 2005): 170-86. Argues that although the scientific evidence makes substance dualism untenable, one can still reconcile neuroscience with the Bible. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2005/PSCF9-05Jeeves.pdf. Morton, Glenn R. “The Dilemma Posed by the Wee People.” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 58, 2 (June 2006): 142-45. Why Homo floresiensis, a 20,000-year-old hominid species three feet tall that used tools and probably language, poses a serious problem for old-earth creationist views of human origins. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2006/PSCF6-06Morton.pdf. “Philosophy of Mind.” Special issue, Progress in Complexity, Information, and Design 2.3 (Oct. 2003). http://www.iscid.org/pcid/2003/2/3/pcid_contents_2003_2_3.php.

A few recommended books:

Green, Joel B., ed. What about the Soul? Neuroscience and Christian Anthropology. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2004. For advanced students. Rana, Fazale, with Hugh Ross. Who Was Adam? A Creation Model Approach to the Origin of Man. Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2005. Old-earth creationist view. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 12

Quizzes

Quiz #1: Relating Science and the Bible (weeks 1-3) Terms to Know People to Know Atheism Theology Copernicus Howard Van Till Deism General revelation Galileo Galilei Hugh Ross Theism Special revelation Isaac Newton Henry Morris Pantheism NOMA Albert Einstein Ken Ham Realism Theistic evolution Charles Darwin Karl Popper Instrumentalism Methodological naturalism Carl Sagan Gordon H. Clark Nonrealism Young-earth creationism Stephen Jay Gould Thomas Kuhn Science Old-earth creationism C. S. Lewis J. P. Moreland

Quiz #2: Biblical Teaching on Creation (weeks 4-6) Terms to Know People to Know Genesis One views: Advocates: Creation ex nihilo Gap theory C. I. Scofield Cosmogony Edenic creation John Sailhamer Flood geology Intermittent days Robert C. Newman yôm Plain-day view Kurt P. Wise Gilgamesh Revelation-day view David Siemens Catastrophism Day-age view Gleason L. Archer Uniformitarianism Framework hypothesis Meredith G. Kline Sumerian kings list Cosmogonic view John H. Walton

Quiz #3: Science and Creation (weeks 7-9) Terms to Know People to Know Cosmology Microevolution Fred Hoyle Karl Giberson Anthropic principle Macroevolution Paul Davies Michael Ruse Fine-tuning Natural selection Michael Denton Walter Bradley Big Bang Homology Michael Behe Jerry Bergman Intelligent design Panspermia Jonathan Wells Eugenie Scott Hominid Peppered moth William Dembski Richard Dawkins Nonreductive physicalism Punctuated equilibria Paul Johnson Francis Collins Substance dualism Neo-Darwinianism Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 13

Recommended Resources

Books

Note: I have limited the list here to fifty of the best books on science and the Bible, covering a wide array of topics and written from a wide range of perspectives. Inclusion on this list does not imply agreement with the book’s perspective.

Behe, Michael J. The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism. New York: Free Press, 2007. Recent careful critique of naturalistic evolutionism. Bickel, Bruce, and Stan Jantz. Creation and Evolution 101: A Guide to Science and the Bible in Plain Language. Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 2004. Popular Christian introduction. Brown, Walt. In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood. 8th ed. Phoenix, Ariz.: Center for Scientific Creation, 2008. Part I offers a case for creation; Part II, about half the book, argues for a global flood; Part III addresses a wide variety of issues. Perhaps one of the more significant defenses of young-earth creationism. The entire book is available online: http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/. Carlson, Richard F., ed. Science and Christianity: Four Views. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2000. Wayne Frair and Gary Patterson advocate creationism and see no conflict between science and theology; Stephen C. Meyer advocates intelligent design and sees science as supportive of theology; Jean Pond advocates theistic evolution and defends Stephen Jay Gould’s NOMA (non-overlapping magisteria) principle, yet in fact pits science against Scripture; and Howard Van Till advocates theistic evolution while arguing that science and theology can be “partners” in theorizing about nature. Collins, C. John. Science & Faith: Friends or Foes? Wheaton: Crossway, 2003. Old Testament professor with degrees in science and theology discusses the relation between science and faith, the teaching of Genesis 1-2, the issue of the age of creation, human nature as created and fallen, the role of science in apologetics, evolution and Darwinism, intelligent design, and more. Endorsed by J. I. Packer, J. P. Moreland, and others. Collins, Francis S. The Language of God: A Scientists Presents Evidence for Belief. New York: Free Press, 2008. Leading genome research scientist and former atheist turned Christian defends belief in God (with frequent references to C. S. Lewis). See “Denis Alexander talks to Francis Collins,” http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/faraday/Issues_Collins.php. Coyne, Jerry A. Why Evolution Is True. New York: Viking, 2009. Recent impressive defense of evolutionary biology. D’Souza, Dinesh. What’s So Great about Christianity. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2007. Bestselling rebuttal to the “new atheists,” briefly defending theistic evolution. See www.DineshDSouza.com. Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species: The Illustrated Edition. Ed. by David Quammen. Sterling, 2008. Available in numerous other editions. First published in 1859, this is probably the most influential book written in the past two centuries. Davis, John Jefferson. Frontiers of Science and Faith: Examining Questions from the Big Bang to the End of the Universe. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2002. Nice overview of science—theology issues, covering a broader range of topics than usual. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 14

Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene: 30th Anniversary Edition. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Most influential book by this “apostle of atheism.” Dembski, William A. The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities. Cambridge Studies in Probability, Induction and Decision Theory. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Based on Dembski’s 1996 Ph.D. dissertation (of the same title) at the University of Illinois. This is the foundational work of the ID movement. Dembski, William A., and Michael Ruse, eds. Debating Design: From Darwin to DNA. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Essays from ID critics (Ruse, Ayala, Pennock, Miller, et. al.) and supporters (Dembski, Behe, Meyer, et. al.). Drake, Stillman, trans. Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday— Anchor, 1957. Includes Galileo’s book The Starry Messenger and his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina; the latter work is especially important in its treatment of the relation of science and theology. Fowler, Thomas B., and Daniel Kuebler. The Evolution Controversy: A Survey of Competing Theories. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007. Perhaps unique in that the authors identify strengths and weaknesses in all of the current positions and suggest ways of testing those positions further. See Fowler’s site, http://www.evolutioncontroversy.net/. Gonzales, Guillermo, and Jay W. Richards. The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Cosmos Is Designed for Discovery. Washington, DC: Regnery; Lanham, MD: National Book Network [distributor], 2004. See also the website, http://privilegedplanet.com/. Hagopian, David G., ed. The Genesis Debate: Three Views on the Days of Creation. Mission Viejo: Crux Press, 2001. Evangelical defenses of the 24-hour view (J. Ligon Duncan III and David W. Hall), the day-age view (Hugh Ross and Gleason L. Archer), and the framework view (Lee Irons and Meredith G. Kline). Hawking, Stephen. A Brief History of Time. Intro. By Carl Sagan. Toronto and New York: Bantam, 1988. Perhaps the most influential book on cosmology in the past 25 years. Hedman, Matthew. The Age of Everything: How Science Explores the Past. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. An up-to-date survey of scientific dating methods, accessible to non-scientists. Heeren, Fred. Show Me God: What the Message from Space Is Telling Us about God. Wonders That Witness 1. Wheeling, IL: Searchlight Publications, 1995. Amusing, informative book on cosmology and creation, unlike any other. House, H. Wayne, ed. Intelligent Design 101: Leading Experts Explain the Key Issues. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2008. Besides chapters by leading ID lights, includes an appendix critiquing Francis Collins’s arguments for a common ancestry of apes and humans. Hunter, Cornelius G. Darwin’s God: Evolution and the Problem of Evil. Grand Rapids: Baker— Brazos Press, 2001. Argues that Darwinism is really a theory to explain the problem of natural evil in the light of certain Victorian assumptions about God. Much better than his next book, Darwin’s Proof (2003). Jastrow, Robert. God and the Astronomers. New York: W. W. Norton, 1978. A classic: Agnostic astronomer explains how astronomy has discovered strong evidence for a Creator. Johnson, Phillip E. Darwin on Trial. 2nd ed. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1993. Berkeley law professor examines the evidence for evolution and exposes fallacies in evolutionary theory. This book helped launch ID as a popular movement. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 15

Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. A classic work (best known from its 1960s edition) on how science changes. Larson, Edward J. Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. New York: Basic Books, 1997; with a new afterword, 2006. Pulitzer Prize-winning account seeks to correct the Inherit the Wind mythology and put the Scopes trial in historical and cultural context while remaining even-handed. McGrath, Alister E. A Fine-Tuned Universe: The Quest for God in Science and Theology. The 2009 Gifford Lectures. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2009. Moreland, J. P. Christianity and the Nature of Science: A Philosophical Investigation. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1989. An absolute must for evangelical Christians wishing to pursue the philosophy of science in depth; argues for an eclectic realism. Moreland, J. P., ed. Three Views on Creation and Evolution. Counterpoints series. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999. Essays defending young-earth creationism (Paul Nelson and John Mark Reynolds), old-earth or progressive creationism (Robert C. Newman), and theistic evolution (Howard J. Van Till), with responses from Walter L. Bradley (a scientist), John Jefferson Davis (a systematic theologian), J. P. Moreland (a philosopher), and Vern S. Poythress (a New Testament scholar). Numbers, Ronald L., ed. Galileo Goes to Jail: And Other Myths about Science and Religion. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009. Interesting collection of essays. O’Leary, Denyse. By Design or By Chance? The Growing Controversy on the Origins of Life in the Universe. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2004. Nice introduction to the subject, recommended by Phillip Johnson and Jonathan Wells. Pearcey, Nancy R., and Charles B. Thaxton. The Soul of Science: Christian Faith and Natural Philosophy. Turning Point Christian Worldview series. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 1994. One of the best recent books on a Christian philosophy of science. Pennock, Robert T. Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press—Bradford Books, 2001. Critiques both young-earth creationism and the ID movement, with the latter being its primary target. Poythress, Vern S. Redeeming Science: A God-Centered Approach. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2006. Scholar with advanced degrees in both mathematics and New Testament examines both the biblical and scientific issues and concludes cautiously in favor of the intelligent design view, though without closing the door to some macroevolution. Poythress advocates the analogical-day interpretation of Genesis 1. Rana, Fazale. The Cell’s Design: How Chemistry Reveals the Creator’s Artistry. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2008. Perhaps Rana’s best book. Rana, Fazale, and Hugh Ross. Origins of Life: Biblical and Evolutionary Models Face Off. Colorado Springs: Navpress, 2004. Rana, Fazale, with Hugh Ross. Who Was Adam? A Creation Model Approach to the Origin of Man. Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2005. Old-earth creationist view. Ross, Hugh, Kenneth R. Samples, and Mark Clark. Lights in the Sky & Little Green Men: A Rational Christian Look at UFOs and Extraterrestrials. Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2002. Carefully reasoned analysis; concludes that no physical beings from other planets have visited earth, that most UFO sightings are mistaken or fraudulent, but that a very small percentage of reports may have to do with demonic manifestations. Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 16

Ross, Hugh. Why the Universe Is the Way It Is. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2008. Why the universe is so large and old, so “alone,” so dark, and decaying; why it is imperfect; why it has the laws it does; why there will be a new creation. Snoke, David. A Biblical Case for an Old Earth. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2006. Recent defense of the old-earth view focusing on the biblical material. Stewart, Robert B., ed. Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski and Michael Ruse in Dialogue. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007. Respondents include William Lane Craig, Francis J. Beckwith, Alister E. McGrath, J. P. Moreland, Nancey Murphy, John Polkinghorne, John C. Lennox, Wolfhart Pannenberg, and others. See the helpful review by J. W. Haas Jr., “From Intelligent Design to Quantum Divine Action—Recent Accounts of God and Nature,” Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 60, 2 (June 2008): 122-27. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2008/PSCF6-08Haas.pdf. Ward, Peter D., and Donald Brownlee. Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York: Copernicus, 2000. Atheists can only conclude that we are extremely lucky to be here. Webb, Stephen. If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens—Where Is Everybody? Fifty Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life. New York: Copernicus Books in association with Praxis Pub., 2002. Wells, Jonathan. Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth? Why Much of What We Teach about Evolution Is Wrong. Illustrated by Jody Sjogren. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2000. A biologist and Unification Church member critiques common arguments for evolution, especially as found in biology textbooks. Articles by Wells, including responses to critics, can be found here: http://www.iconsofevolution.com/. For various articles critical of Wells, see http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/wells/; see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icons_of_Evolution. Wells, Jonathan. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design. Washington, DC: Regnery, 2006. Whitcomb, John C., and Henry M. Morris. The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1961. Widely regarded as the foundational text of the modern young-earth creationist movement. Whorton, Mark, and Hill Roberts. Holman QuickSource Guide to Understanding Creation. Nashville: Holman Reference, 2008. Colorful, reader-friendly overview, written from an old-earth creationist perspective. Wiker, Benjamin, and Jonathan Witt. A Meaningful World: How the Arts and Sciences Reveal the Genius of Nature. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2006. Intelligent design defended, drawing from such seemingly unrelated sources as Shakespeare. Wise, Kurt P. Faith, Form, and Time: What the Bible Teaches and Science Confirms about Creation and the Age of the Universe. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2002. One of the best defenses of young-earth creationism. Young, Davis A., and Ralph F. Stearley. The Bible, Rocks and Time: Geological Evidence for the Age of the Earth. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Academic, 2008. Geological evidence that the earth is billions of years old and how to reconcile this evidence with Genesis.

Websites Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 17

Here are some of the more notable websites, again representing various perspectives, most of them focusing on the evolution—creation controversy.

Multiple-views sites: http://www.asa3.org/ (American Scientific Affiliation—a Christian organization, representing different views on origins) http://www.counterbalance.net/ (both theistic evolution and intelligent design represented)

Generic evolutionist sites: http://golgi.harvard.edu/BioLinks/Evolution.html http://home.kpn.nl/gkorthof/ (also at http://www.wasdarwinwrong.com) http://ncseweb.org/ (National Center for Science Education) http://pandasthumb.org/ (pro-evolution blog) http://www.aaas.org/news/press_room/evolution/ (Amer. Assn. for the Advancement of Science) http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/classictexts/ (Darwin, Eldredge/Gould, etc.) http://www.nationalacademies.org/evolution/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/ http://www.talkorigins.org/ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ (UC Museum of Paleontology)

Theistic evolutionist sites: http://www.answersincreation.org/ (emphasizes old earth, but tends to favor theistic evolution) http://www.biologos.org/ (Francis Collins) http://www.cis.org.uk/ (Christians in Science—British evangelicals, generally theistic evolutionists) http://www.issr.org.uk/ (International Society for Science and Religion) http://www.scibel.com/scibel/index.html http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/faraday/index.php

Old-earth creationist sites: http://www.ibri.org/ (Interdisciplinary Biblical Research Institute—Robert C. Newman) http://www.reasons.org (Reasons to Believe—Hugh Ross)

Young-earth creationist sites: http://creation.com/ (Creation Ministries International) http://creationresearch.org/ (or http://www.creationresearch.org) http://creationwiki.org/Main_Page http://www.answersingenesis.org (particularly strident advocacy organization) http://www.apologeticspress.org/ Bowman/Science and the Bible: Course Syllabus—page 18 http://www.globalflood.org/ (John Baumgardner) http://www.icr.org (Institute for Creation Research—Henry Morris) http://www.setterfield.org/ (Barry Setterfield, who argues that the speed of light is decaying) http://www.trueorigin.org/

Intelligent design sites: http://researchid.org/ http://telicthoughts.com/ (ID blog) http://www.arn.org (Access Research Network) http://www.designinference.com/ (William Dembski) http://www.discovery.org/ (Discovery Institute) http://www.ideacenter.org/ (Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center) http://www.idthefuture.com/ (Discovery Institute’s ID blog) http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/ http://www.iscid.org/ (International Society for Compexity, Information, and Design) http://www.origins.org/ http://www.uncommondescent.com/ (leading ID blog—Dembski, O’Leary, Meyer, et. al.)