Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 113 (1983), 379-390

Two inscribed Roman stones and architectural fragments from G S Maxwell*

SUMMARY recene Th t discovery, under widely differing circumstances groupo tw f f Romao s,o n carved stones has cast light upon certain aspects of the Antonine occupation of Scotland. The additional knowledge abou Inglistoe th t n milestone permit smora e accurate datininscriptione th f go , leadin tentativa go t e identificatio governoe th f succeedeno o rwh d Lollius Urbicu possibld san e clarificatio processee th f no s by whic Antonine hth e Wal builts recognitioe lwa Th . name Lusiuth Q f f eno o s Sabinianus proe ,th - curato province th f o r f Britanniaeo , upo ntwice-usea d altar from Inveresk raises important questions about the reasons for his presence in Scotland and the status of the fort and extramural settlement at Inveresk. The inscribed stone itself is a valuable addition to the national collection, at once a historical documen ows it interestinnn n ti a righ d tan Scotland n i g- , uniqu eexampl- Romaf eo n epigraphy.

INGLISTOE TH N MILESTONE The Roman milestone which is the first subject of this paper (fig 1) was first recorded at the close of the 17th century in a catalogue of donations made by the Scottish antiquary Sir Robert Sibbald (1697, 203) to the University of . According to the entry, it then consisted fragmentso otw f , whic beed hha n found 'in Inglistons Groun plaia n i dn field, nea whico t r h severall Obelisks are to be seen, some erected, others lying on the ground'. The approximate discovere locuth f o s relativels yi y'obeliskse clearth r fo , standine ' th referre e ar go dt stone s associated wit large hth e round cair t Newbridgea n righe th tn Rivee o ban,th f rko Almond Inglistof 726o 3 (NG12 W ) aboue T nth RN House o t uncertains 1-i m 8t k I . , however, whether the third stone, said by Sibbald to have been found together with the milestone and subsequently 'built int walle near-ba o th f o ' y 'Tennent's House Haverfielf (c ' d 1910, same 321)th thas s ea i , t recently discovered by Dr E A Cormack (1969) in the farmsteading at West Ingliston; the latter bear carvee sth d representatio birda f no , whic feele hon s coul havt dno e faile drao dt wcommena t from Sibbal informans hi r beet do i stone d nth tquestionha n ei . t cleano rs i whethe t I r Sibbald recognize 'pillaro d tw thae ' th tfragment s belonged together, or that either formed part of a milestone. Most of his attention was naturally devoted to the part bearin inscriptione gth , whic latee hh r note dcontaines (1707wa ) 50 , d withi ansatn na e panel, although the ansa on each side was interpreted 'as a Roman Securis, the badge of Magistracy'; the other fragment, it was observed, had carved upon it 'the Figure of a Garland, with something like strings for tying it, hinging down'. When Alexander inscribee Gordoth w sa nd portion, som year0 e2 s College laterth n i , e

Roya* l Commissio Anciene th Historicad n no an t l Monument Scotlandf o s Melvill4 5 , , EdinburgeSt h 380 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983

TV P

0 m c 0 5 I_

FIG 1 The text and decoration of the two milestone fragments from Ingliston brought into correct relationship MAXWELL: ROMAN STONES AND ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS FROM SCOTLAND | 381

Library in Edinburgh, he correctly identified the ansae, but mistakenly assumed that the inscrip- tion recorded the completion of a length of work on the (1726, 62, pi 12, 3), in other words, that it was a Distance Slab; of the second fragment there was no mention at this time, although it was obviously thought worthy of illustration (Gordon 1726, pi 14, 4). Both stones were probably transferred from the university to the safekeeping of the Society of Anti- quarie f Scotlano s d about t onl1866bu y,e inscribe oneth , d fragment s specificallwa , y listed in the earliest catalogue of the National Museum of Antiquities (SAS 1892, 227). The other appears to have been laid aside, as being of less importance, and eventually seems to have sunk withou tlumbe e tracstore-roome th th n ef i o r . Accordingly, when attempts were mad reao et d inscriptioe th modern i n recognizetimess wa t i , dt onl tha stonno e ys th tseverel ewa y mutilated but also truncated, since an unknown number of lines had to be supplied at the beginning of the inscriptio completo nt generalls sensee eth wa t I . y agreed survivine tha th texe f th to t g fragment should read: N[I]NO . AVG PIO / PP . COS[I]II / 2 lines erased / CO]H I . CVGERNOR / [TRI] MONTI . MP /. The stone was thus identified as a milestone recording the distance from the Roman fort at Newstead () preciss it t bu e, datuncertains ewa . Some scholars believe Birleg d(e y 1966, 230) that only two or three lines had been lost and that the emperor RIB mentioned in the dedicatio Antoninus nwa s Pius, others (cfRIB 2313) tha mans ta fousupplieds e ya b ro t line d s,ha assumptioe th n o n tha missine th t g titles were thos f Septimiueo s eldeSeverus hi rd t sonI san . ma worte yb h recalling Birley's observation thalattee th t r suggestion, involvin a lose f gth o s much larger part of the inscription, would have made the position of the ansae unusually low on the side of the panel; moreover, the tentative ascription to the Severan period might not have been so readily entertained had there not been a 3rd-century occupation at the nearby fort of . In favour of the later dating, however, it could be argued that it offered an explanation for the two-line erasure, since it might be interpreted as the obliteration of the name of Geta, Severus' younger son, who suffered virtual damnatio memoriae after his death in AD 212. mattee Soth r rested until 1971, whe r JoannnD a Close-Brooks, Assistant Keepee th t a r National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, learned from Dr E A Cormack of the discovery thire oth f d ston t Wesea t Inglisto instituted nan dsuccessfua l secone searcth r hdfo e parth f o t pillar mentioned by Sibbald. When recovered from the store-room of the museum it was seen exactle b o t describes ya Sibbal y illustrates db a d dan Gordoy db n (1726 . Furthermore3) , , p12 i , it was realized that the parallel horizontal lines visible in the engraving, apparently at the lower edge of the stone, were in fact a rendering of the moulding and incised border at the top of the inscription panel, beneath whic hinitiae parth f lo textt e letteth ,f o Tr coul identifiede db t I . becamw no precise eth necessarf i ee physicase o yt l relationshi fragmento tw e th f spo coule db established, and for this purpose (particularly to facilitate manipulation of the two pieces) a plaster lowemadcase s th twa f ero portio newle th f yno recovered stone. It quickly became obvious that, although considerable damage had been caused to the fron f eaco t h stonebace th kt a ,the y appeare almost fi o dt t exactly e closenesTh . thif so s join was checked by reference to the correspondence in vertical alignment of the mouldings at each side of the inscription panel; in each case they were exactly in line (pi 24), and additional con- firmatio provides nwa flake-scaa y db r which extended conformabl eithen yo linre f sidth eo f eo fracture. Thus, when the stones were joined it was seen that no more than two lines had to be supplie beginnine th t inscriptionde a th f go generalls i t I . y agreed (Wrigh Hassal& t l 1973, 336-7) tha complete tth e texmorn ra t lesr efollowso s sa :

I[mp(eratori) Caes(ari) T(ito) Ael(io)/ Hadr(iano) Anto] nino/ Aug(usto) Pio /P(atri)P(atriae) | SOCIET 2 ANTIQUARIE38 F YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1983

Co(n)s(uli) [/]// line/2 s erased / [Co]h(ors) I Cugernor(um) / [Tri]monti(p) m(illid) p(assuum)/ [...] 'For the Emperor Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius, father of his country, thrice consul,... firse ,th t cohor Cugernf to i (set this up). From Trimontium... .' milestone Th therefory ema assignee eb earle th y o d reigt yeare th Antoninu f nf o s o s Pius.

DISCUSSION Three points, however, remai r discussionnfo e originath ) (a : l provenanc stonee th f eo , precisee explanatioe th th ) ) (b (c erasuredatee d th f an ,n o . Provenance There is probably no way in which we can now ascertain the exact spot where the - stone originally stood. It has been suggested (RCAMS 1929, 40-1) that it was brought to Ingliston from Cramond which is the nearest known Roman installation, presumably by an early collector of Roman antiquities; but, although antiquarian collecting is not unheard of in Scotland during 16te 17td th han h centuries unlikels i t i , y tha stoneta brought from Cramon sucy db hconnoisa - seur would subsequently have been abandone losd middl e sighcountryside o dan t th th n f i t eo e before 1690. Sibbald (1707, 41; 1697, 203 explicis i ) statinn i t g tha fragmente th t s were 'digged out of the ground'... 'in a plain field'. Moreover, it is now thought quite possible that the nearest considerable b y forma t y close Inglistoo rt n than Cramond. For many years now the most northerly trace of Dere Street to be generally recognized has been the straight stretch of modern minor road leading N from Ford, at the crossing of the Midlothian Tyne opposite Pathhead (Margary 1973, 487) discovere Th .Flaviae th f yo n fort a t Elginhaugh subsequene th s d a an highwa,7 N A e tsectoe th recognitiom th k o y t f 6 o r e th f no markin course Romae gth th f eo n roa towarddn o tha d Forte le t sth h (Maxwell 1983, 172-6) have given grounds for believing that in the 1st century the main line of communication between the River Esk and the Forth-Clyde isthmus lay farther inland than was previously thought. The fort t Cramona s Inveresd dan thuy seee ksb ma Antonins na e foundations, designe securo dt e coastae th Antonine flanE th l f e regioko th n eno Wall ; doubtless these later installations could have been served by spur-roads branching off Dere Street at appropriate points. In the case of Inveresk, the parallel cropmarks observed in the course of aerial survey on the right bank of the Esk below Dalkeit RCAMS/An o g h(e P prints ML/3221-2 wely l)ma indicat course e eth on f eo such road. No structural evidence has so far been found to corroborate this hypothesis with regard to Cramond, but the recent discovery (AP nos ML/3901-4, 3923-6) of two Roman temporary camp t westerGogae sa th n o rn outskirt f Edinburgh so maie th nf o S , m som 0 e50 Edinburgh-Glasgow highway (A8) and only 2-8 km ESE of Ingliston House, strengthens the possibility that the continuation of Dere Street beyond Edinburgh crossed the River Almond vicinite inth f Newbridgyo r Kirklistoneo t thiA . s poin mighe on t t therefore expec fino t t a d fort guarding the bridgehead; moreover, the distance from this stretch of the Almond to Elgin- haugh is approximately 21 km, almost exactly the interval separating Elginhaugh from the fortlet of Oxton at the head of - the next military post to the S. Whether this hypothetical fort was a member of the Agricolan chain of praesidia constructed on the Forth-Clyde isthmus in AD 80/81 (, Agricola, 23) is another queston (cf Hanson 1981). It may therefore be argued with some confidence that the Ingliston milestone was found at or near the position in which it was originally erected, beside a major Roman artery of com- munication. It is even possible that this route was still in use as late as the 14th century, for the MAXWELL: ROMAN STONES AND ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS FROM SCOTLAND | 383 accounts of Edward Ps progress through Scotland towards the fateful field of in 1298 (Barrow 1976,140) show that his army passed this way, the King perhaps lodging with the Master of the Templars at Hallyards Castle on the right bank of the River Almond opposite Kirkliston; popular tradition hold encampen s lefme e e tha s th th trive e hi tbann o th t do littl a rf y ko ewa SW of the same village. Dating It is most unfortunate that a deep transverse scar has caused severe damage to the inscrip- onle tioth yt nsurvivina e poin th n i t g line texf so t wher explicin ea t referenc date th e o et occurs . As a result it is impossible to determine whether the text of line 4 originally contained the letters COS II, or COS III, ie whether the milestone was set up in Antoninus' second or third consulship othen i - r words An ,Di 139-40 140-4r ,o . Althoug bees ha n ht i state d (Wrigh Hassal& t l 1973, 336-7) tha suprascripe tth abovr tba e the numerals in question extends farther to the left than would be required to cover only two upright strokes, and there appears to be ample space in the line for a third digit, the distinction is a very fine one, which it would be difficult to substantiate from the evidence of this inscription alone. Nevertheless, it seems inevitable that COS III should be accepted as the correct reading, implicatione foth r alternative th f disturbinso o s generalle e b e ar o t s ga y unacceptable. Insistence earliee onth r dating would mean tha auxiliarn a t y uniengages wa t road-buildinn di g activities in central Scotlan t leasda yearo tw t s before acclaimeswa d , which honour is assumed to have been accorded on the completion of the army's successful re-conquest of the Scottish Lowlands. Inscriptions of an early Antonine date are known at and High Rochester, where they record constructio repair no r work executed unde governoe rth Q r Lollius Urbicus, presumabl t leasa e cas n preparation on yi ei t e northwarth r nfo d advance. If road-building squads wer operation ei n nea Forth-Clyde rth e isthmu earlo s t ystagesa a woult ,i d suggest not only that the opposition had been exceptionally light, but also that the campaign had been mounted with unusual swiftness. Indeed, it might give grounds for suspecting that the initiativ abandonmene th r efo frontie e Tyne-Solwae th th f n o t o r y linoriginated eha lase th t n di successos day hi Hadriaf t so situationo a d r- nan n comparable with that suggeste StevenE C y dsb openine fo th Hadrianie r th f go c perio f Breezd(c Dobso& e n 1978, 55). That suc hsuspicioa n can arise, even to be immediately rejected as improbable, indicates more clearly than a chapter of comment that the chronology of the Antonine period is still imperfectly understood. It is just possible, however, that consideratio thire th df n o proble m relatin thio gt s inscriptio servy nma e throo t w light upo seconde nth . The erasure As long as it was held that the milestone recorded work undertaken in the reign of , the erasure of lines 5 and 6 presented no insuperable problem. It could reasonably be interpreted as resulting from a purge of inscriptions on official monuments which took place after Geta, the emperor's younger son, had been liquidated by his brother Caracalla in AD 212. appearance Th Geta'f eo s nam association ei n with militar publir yo c works would then have been politically unacceptable, particularly in Britain, where the army seems to have have held him in some affection. stone th f ei t belong reige Ye th Antoninu f no o st askee b sy dPius whosma t i , e name could have merited obliteration; for there can be no doubt that the two lines in question were deliberately and effectively erased, with a neatness that suggests the hand of officialdom. Conceivably it might have been the officer commanding the regiment responsible for the road-building pro- | SOCIET 4 38 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1983 gramm whico et stone hth e relates. However ,' e eveth f ni s nam figured eha t thida s point inscriptione inth featura s- e which would itself have been worth notf yseemt o i e- s most unlikely that any misdemeanour he might subsequently have committed would have earned such elaborate marks of Imperial disapproval. We must therefore assume that the person so stigmatized held a more exalted position, than i td casan elittle b ther en doubeca t that wits exampleo a , htw s from 's Wall (RIB 2298, 2299) name th , e would have bee propraetoriane th tha f o t n legate governoe th ,e th f o r province. This would appear to present us with an even more unlikely situation, as it has often been assume Frerg d(e e 1974, 165) thagovernoe th t whoo t r e initiamth l Antonine advance into Scotlan entrusteds dwa LolliuQ , s Urbicus (SHA, Pius, 5, retaines 4),wa officn di r fivfo ee yearsx si r o . Commemorative slabs (RIB 2191-2) recording construction Antonine worth t ka e Wall fort of -one of the earliest installations to be built on the new frontier-indicate that Lollius Urbicu stils Britain i lswa n whe northere nth n waltakins wa l g shape thid san ; stage of the reconquest is unlikely to have commenced until the campaigning phase was over, an event probably signalle e acclamatioth y b d f Antoninuno s Imperatora s 142 D A . Urbicun i s might then be presumed to have supervised the entire occupation programme from c 139 to 145, thud an s have been nominally responsibl road-buildinr efo g operation Antoninusn si ' third consul- ship (AD 140-4). Ther , howevereis , nothin latee th rn g i caree f Urbicuo r s which would possibly have brought disgrac consequentld ean y cause defacemene dth monumentf o t s erected undes rhi supervision thers i douby r ean No .t that defacemen intendes wa t thin di t jus s no a tcase d an , preparatio stone th r re-us f emilestona fo no s ea latea t ea r period; epigraphic palimpseste sar by no means uncommon amongst monuments of this category (RIB 2219-34 passim), but in no case can the effacement of the original text be shown to be so restricted in extent or so sweep- ingly effective in its recutting of the die. Nor is it possible to accept the suggestion that Urbicus' name has been removed because its insertion was considered to be a presumptuous act of self- advertisement (Davies 1977, 390-3). The author is therefore grateful for the suggestion, made to him by Professor A R Birley shortly after the missing milestone fragment was located, that a possible candidate exists for the role of peccant provincial governor in early Antonine times (see now Birley 1981, 115-16). According to the Fasti Ostienses, in AD 145 a certain Cornelius Priscianu denounces swa hostisa s da publicus becaus hade eh , with hostile intent, disturbee dth e provincpeacth f o e f Hispanio e a (quod provinciam Hispaniam hostiliter inquietaverit).s i t I generally accepted that Priscianu governos swa f Hispanio r a Tarraconensis i t i timee d th t an ,sa possible that immediately prio thio t rgovernee h s province dth f Britaineo , holdin e officgth e from AD 142 until early 145. There is a reasonable probability, therefore, that the names and titles which suffered erasure on the Ingliston milestone were those of Cornelius Priscianus. However, the implications of such a solution go far beyond the significance of a single milestone, for they enable us to identify, at least tentatively, the governor responsible for the completion of the Antonine building programme t woulI . t onlexplainino t dsomno o y y g o ethers wa y e gwh ear few inscriptions on the Wall that mention Lollius Urbicus, but would also accord well with what know s earli e th yf n o developmen Antonine th f to e frontier. It is now generally accepted that the original conception of the Antonine Wall envisaged a mural barrier guarded by a regular series of milefortlets and an unknown number of primary forts, wit outsidn ha e possibility thae earliesth t t plan involved buildin e entirgth e frontien i r stone (Gillam 1975; Keppi Walke& e r 1981; Hanso Maxwel& n l 1983, 104-36); however, shortly afteconstructioe th r n work began e mosth turn r ti , fo partf decisioa , s takenwa o nt increas securite efrontiee th th f yaddino y b r g sufficient fort ensuro st e tha average th t e interval between garrisons approximate Romao tw o dt n miles effectine Th . f suco g h alterations botn i , h MAXWELL: ROMAN STONES AND ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS FROM SCOTLAND | 385 material overald san l plan, althoug t necessaril thuhno y sma hav, decisioe so y th e o laid no nt with Urbicus' successor e completioth , e Wall-buildinth f o n g programme representin e maith g n achievemen governorships hi f o t curiouss i t I . , therefore, tha recorassociatioo s n thi f do n with the work has survived among the various inscriptions found along the line of the Wall. On the other hand appearance th , namofficias n a hi n f eeo o l monument woul t havdno e been acceptable after 145, and some form of defacement, possibly even total destruction, could have been neces- sary . numbeThiw lo s e f Distancbeino th r , gso e Slabs recovered fro eastere mth ne th hal f o f Antonine Wall might acquirsignificancew ne a e , possibly even providing another basir fo s assessin lon w Antonine gth ho e frontier too buildo kt . However t musi , observee b t d thaa t parallel situation appears to exist on Hadrian's Wall, where the name of Platorius Nepos alone figures in the early building records.

THREE CARVED STONES FROM INVERESK In December 1976 two gravediggers, Mr Tom McPake and Mr Tom Crackett, preparing grava buriae section th ei f o l grounnF d attache t Michael'S o dt s Kirk, Inveresk, came upon three shaped stones. Since the grave lay within the W portion of the Roman fort located by Sir lan Richmond in 1946-7 (Richmond & Hanson 1980), it was realized that the find might be of archaeological significance e graveyarth d an , d Superintendent r DaviM , d Robertson, sent immediate discover e newth authorf e so th o yt .

THE UNINSCRIBED FRAGMENTS Fro outsete plais mth wa n t i ,tha stonee th t s were probabl f Romao l yal n origi thad nan t lowee th s r portiowa altae n a on f rno bearin separato gtw e th e f inscriptionso p to n o tex e t t,on cu other .uninscribe e Botth f ho d stones were fragment finela f o s y dressed pilla irregulaf o r r penta- gonal section (pi 25)appearee capitala :on e b o dt , with about 0-1 shafte 6otheth a e mf s th ;o rwa fragmen f shafo t identicaf o t l proportion littla t esbu large cross-sectionn ri t seemI . s most likely that they belonge same th eo d t pillar serier o , pillarsf so , which must have tapered slightl thes ya y roseunfortunatels i t I . y impossibl estimato et complete heighe eth th f o t eface pillarth t t bu , that one of the sides of the shaft is almost half as wide again as all the others may suggest that, although freestanding t intende no pillae viewe e s b th , o wa rdt d fro l sidesm al t probabl bu , y stood clos walla purpose o e t curvilinea th e ; th f eo r f eacindentationo he p th facto f e eo th t sa capital is not immediately obvious and in all likelihood they are merely decorative. It may be significant that this was not the first occasion on which architectural fragments had come to light in grave-digging 194n pilasterI .o 5tw s (Proc Soc Antiq Scot, (1968-9)1 10 , 293-4) with even more decorative capitals were retrieved from whaL-shapedn lates a e sit f wa th to re e founb ,o t d stone-founded building in the retentura of the fort (Richmond & Hanson 1980, 288, 299 n 1). The provenance of the recently discovered pillar fragments is the praetentura of the fort, t thercertaio n bu s ei n information abou Romae th t n building thin si casesy area an t seem i , n I . s likely that the items were not found in situ, and in view of their superior quality it is possible that they derived from the headquarters building or commanding officer's residence. Given the importance of the unit presumed to be in garrison at Inveresk - a quingenary cavalry regiment - a certain degree of opulence might well have characterized the principal structures.

ALTAE TH R Peculiar interest, however, attache discovere th alta e o st th rf yo (fig s 2-4, pis 25). Carved fro mbloca f buffko " sandstone comparable wit sandstonee hth s used elsewher ford e th an t n ei 386 I SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983

FIG 2 Outline drawing of the Inveresk altar fragment (front), scale 2 :3

extramural settlement at Inveresk (Richmond & Hanson 1980, 303), the surviving portion represents the lower 0-45 m of an altar perhaps originally twice as high. At the base it measures greates0-3n i 4m t widt thickness shaf0-1e n d reduces i i th h an t 7m t i t a t 0-2o d t 0-0 bu y , 8; b 9m conditioe th inscriptione mouldinge th th f f bas o ne mentioframino o d t e th t ean di n so e no , gnth the state of the lettering itself, clearly indicates that it has not suffered lengthy exposure to the elements. Moreover, even the reuse of the stone for a second dedication has not grossly obscured MAXWELL: ROMAN STONE ARCHITECTURAD SAN L FRAGMENTS FROM SCOTLAN7 38 I D

FIG 3 The primary text of the Inveresk altar, scale 2:3

FIG 4 The secondary text superimposed on the primary text of the Inveresk altar, scale 2 :3

e originath l inscription; indeed e excellenth , t stat f preservatioeo e firsth t f no tex t makee th s second extremely difficul reao t t d (pi 25) poina , t which wil consideree lb d later. Of each text there survive only three complete lines and a few fragments of letters at the precedine th en f do g linelatee bees Th ha . rNV/NTIn takeX E read. o nt . .]LOA . . : R A / DIG AR. / POS . L . M, which may be expanded to ...]// ara ex nu / ntio dic(atam) ar(am) / pos(uii) l(aetus) l(ibens] m(eritd). Abou meanine th tlase th t f thrego e line littlse b ther en doubteca :- someoneun t ye s a , specified, 'as a result of a message (?from a god?) dedicated and set up this altar, gladly, willingly, and deservedly'. Though unique in Scotland, the formula ex mmtio is paralleled in several dedica- tions made elsewhere in Britain: ex iussu, or simply iussu, 'by (divine) precept' appears on altars set up at and Corbridge (RIB 153 and 760); while monitu, 'at the bidding of (a god)', and ex responsu, 'because of a reply (from the god)' are recorded in inscriptions from Caerleon (RIB 320) and Ribchester (RIB 587). The last two letters of line 1 and the first two of the succeeding line are not capable of 388 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 precise interpretation. Whil conceivabls i t ei e that together (-lara, r possiblo y -eara,firse th tf i surviving letter is an E) they form the ending of a woman's name-the masculine form Hilarus is recorded as a cognomen on an altar, possibly from Chesterholm on Hadrian's Wall (RIB 2062)- alsis ti o possible and, Professo BirleR rA y suggest lift},n s(i even likelier tha lettere tth s includea reference to the origin of the dedicator, ie Ara, the standard abbreviated form of Colonia Claudia Agrippinensisa Ar (Cologne). Agains lattee th t r interpretatio observee b y ma dt n i tha origo,e th t as distinct from nationality (eg RIB 2107 and 2142), does not appear on any other Roman inscrip- tion from Scotlan rars i northern ed i dan n Britain generally. Whoeve responsibls rwa re-dedicatinr efo g this altar littl,e b ther en doubeca a ts thawa t ti personal transaction involvin reus e stona g th f eo e whic longeo hn r commande reverencey dan , its original purpose having been fully served. In view of the identity of its former dedicator (see below) it may safely be presumed that an appreciable length of time had elapsed, or some radical alteration of circumstances had occurred, before the second use was contemplated. contexe histor e th forte th reveale s n th f I a ,1946-e f o ty o th y db 7 excavations e t wouli ,b t dno unreasonable to assign the reuse of the altar to the second Antonine period (c 158-63), whose commencement is marked by considerable structural alterations, involving large-scale relocation of the original fabric. observee b Finally y ma dt i , tha presente th t , almost illegible ,inscribe e statth f eo d panen o l the altar would appea mako unsightlt rn a t ei sureld yan y unacceptable respons e divinth o et e communication which brough t inti t o being. Consequently imaginy ma e e on ,that , once eth secondary text had been cut, the die would have been coated with a neutral shade of paint and letterw ne se picketh dcommos outwa s ,a n practice vermilionn i , . providentias i t I l thapreparatioe th t altae th receivo t rf no latee eth r inscriptiot no d ndi involve, as it might easily have done, more drastic treatment, for the primary text is one of peculiar historical significance t reads:...I . LVSIV/ . ]Q S SABINIA/ . PRO S V N C/ AVG. , whicy hma be expande o Q(uintus)dt / Lusius / Sabinian Procurator)s u / Aug(usti) . 'Quintu . . s Lusius Sabinianus, Imperial Procurator (set up this altar)'. We do not know precisely when Sabinianus held the procuratorship, exercising supreme financial control over the of (cf Birley 1981, 294), but the results of the 1946-7 excavations indicate have w es a ,alread y seen, tha woulunreasonablt e ti b t dno assigo et n the altar to the first Antonine period (c 140-58). The presence of such an august official at a fort on the northern fringes of the military zone calls for comment, particularly as there are only five previous instances of procuratorial inscriptions in the entire province (RIB 12, 1234, 1462, 2066, 2132). Even more worth commenf yo remarkable th s i t e coincidenc earliese th f eo thate on t accounts of Roman structures at Inveresk includes a reference to the discovery of an altar de- dicate Apollo dt o Grannu same th LusiueQ y sb s Sabinianus (Napier 1593) earliee Th . r inscrip- tion (RIB 2132) appear havo st e been discovere ruin e hypocausa th f so n di 1565n i t whicn o , h occasion it is recorded (Archaeol Scot, 1 (1823), 288-9, and ibid, 3 (1831), 294-5) that the authority of the Crown was used to commend the protection of the monument to the relevant department of local government; it will not surprise us in these enlightened days to learn that neither altar tracede r hypocausb no w .no Whe n tca n last seen (Sibbal kirkyarde th 1707 n i f s d,o 48) wa t i , St Michael's, Inveresk, showing evident sign damagf so resula s ea exposurf o t elementse th o et . r thiFo s reason alon woult ei safe daccepb o et t tha 156e tth 5 alta differens rwa t fro recentle mth y discovered stone, whose unworn condition has already been described. Moreover, the absence of any reference to confusion of lettering or alternative readings in the earlier accounts makes it clear that the early antiquaries were not dealing with a palimpsest. The indubitable presence on the same site of two altars dedicated by an Imperial procurator, MAXWELL: ROMAN STONES AND ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS FROM SCOTLAND | 389 unparalleled in the archaeology of , gives grounds for considerable speculation. doine Whah s Invereskgn i wa t purpose whath d dedication s s ,an hi e tf wa e case o th th f eo n I s? second question, our surmise must be limited to the earlier altar, devoted to Apollo Grannus. epithete Th , meaning 'long-haired' Germanis i , r Celtico origin ci n (Holder 1896 ,referd sv)an s to one of the features of the god portrayed most frequently in classical art. It is naturally impos- sibl determino et whicn ei h particula beins r wa capacit gd veneratego e yth r supplicated-ado sa god of healing, perhaps, and as a result of the incidence of, or recovery from, some illness. The veneration of the deity in this particular form was practised widely on the Upper Danube from the 2nd century onwards, but it is doubtful if this fact casts any useful light on the origin or career of Sabinianus, about which nothin knowgs i certainr nfo , apart fro evidence m th Inveres e th f eo k altars (cfBirley 1981, 294). answe e firse Th th t o questiot r probablns i y jus significane unattainables b a t y ma t i t t ,bu that all save one of the other extant inscriptions mentioning provincial procurators were found r norto , , Hadrian'hof on s earle Wall centuryd th y3r n I . t least,a t seem,i possibles thawa t i t , in times of emergency, for the Imperial procurator to assist the governor in the supervision of military workfrontiee th n i s r zone; such apparently . Oclatiniu rolM e f th e o s wa , s Adventus at the forts of Risingham and Chesters (RIB 1234 and 1462), and possibly M. Cocceius Firminus in the Brampton area (RIB 2066). On the other hand, it has been argued (Salway 1965, 180-91) tha procurator'e tth s authority extended ove wholprovince e rth th f eo e and, eve timn i peacef eo , he might have ample reaso operatine b frontiere o nt th n existence go Th . f imperiaeo l estates in these northern parts during the Antonine period is by no means impossible, whether or not they originate confiscatioa n di f territoryo n notorioue th s a , s passag Pausanian ei s (viii , 1-643 , ) describing Antoninus' treatmen Brigantee th f to bees sha n take implyno t . At Inveresk a quingenary ala fort was associated with what appears to have been one of the most extensive and developed extramural settlements anywhere N of Cheviot (Thomas 1979). positios It Romae th n i n road system, nea suitablra westere harbourth n o n d e fringth ,an f eo fertile coastal plain of Lothian, would have added significantly to its importance in the organiza- northere tioth f no n frontier equaf .O l weigh Roman ti n eyes, however, must have bee meane nth s of access it presented to the presumably philo-Roman local tribesmen, the , whose field d settlementan s s must e fornumerou e bulth m th f ko s cropmark sites recorder ai y db photography in the immediately surrounding countryside. To the native population the arrival oa Romaf n garrison would have provide incentivn da maximizo et productioe eth f foodno - stuffs and raw materials, while the existence of an organized transport system would have facili- tated an increase in trade. To the Romans, on the other hand, the forging of economic links would have bee invaluabln na e bonus, greatly assisting the mthein i r tas militarf ko politicad yan l control sucn I . hcontexta presence , th provincia e th f eo l procurato seey m rlittlma a e less remark- able.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many colleagues and friends for advice and assistance in the composition of this paper: firsforemosd an tr JoannD o t a Close-Brooks without whose persistence eth Ingliston milestone might still be a headless corpse; and equally to Mr David Robertson, superin- tenden t Michael'S f o t s Graveyard, Inveresk, whose diligenc s saveeha mano ds y fragmentf o s antiquity from destruction Miso t ; HeleE s n r laJackso ScotnhavM G o d wh et nan jointl y produce line-drawinge dth s that accompany thi Messrso t textd an ;s Geoffrey Quic lad nkan Lamer for the excellent photographs. 26 | SOCIET 0 ANTIQUARIE39 F YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1983 REFERENCES Barrow, G W S 1976 Robert the Bruce and the community of the realm of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birley, E 1966 Review of Collingwood, R G & Wright, R P, The Roman inscriptions of Britain, I, JRom Stud, 56 (1966), 226-31. Birley, A R 1981 The Fasti of Roman Britain. Oxford. Breeze Dobson& J D , B ,197 8 Hadrian's Wall. London. Cormack, E A 1969 'Three stones from Ingliston', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 101 (1968-9), 291-2. Davies, R W 1977 'Cohors I Cugernorum', Chiron, 7 (1977), 385-93. Frere S 197,S 4 Britannia: historya of Roman Britain. London. Gillam, JP 1975 'Possible changes in plan in the course of the construction of the Antonine Wall', Scottish Archaeol , 1 (1975), 51-6. Gordon, A 1726 Itinerarium Septentrionale. London. Hanson S 198W , 1 'Agricol Forth-Clyde th n ao e isthmus', Scottish Archaeol Forum, (1981)2 1 , 58-68. Hanson Maxwell& S S W , 198 G , 3 's North-west Frontier: Antoninee th Wall. Edinburgh. Haverfield, F J 1910 'Sir Robert Sibbald's "Directions for his honoured friend Mr Llwyd how to trac remarkd ean vestigee Romae th th f so n Wall betwixt Fort Clyde,d han " ' Proc Antiqc So Scot, 44 (1909-10), 319-27. Holder ,A 1896 Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz. Leipzig. WalkerKeppie& F J J 198J ,L , 1 'Fortlet Antonine th n o s e Wal t Seabega l s Wood, Kinneid an l ', Britannia (1981)2 1 , 143-62. Margary, I 1973 in Britain. London. Maxwell, G S 1983 'Recent aerial discoveries in Roman Scotland: Drumquhassle, Elginhaugh and Woodhead', Britannia, (1983)4 1 , 167-81. Napier ,J 159 PlaineA 3 Discovery wholee oth f Revelation of Saint John. Edinburgh. RCAMS 1929 Royal Commissio Anciene th Historican d no an t l Monument f Scotlandso , Inventory of monuments and constructions in the Counties of Midlothian and West Lothian. Edinburgh. B CollingwoodRI Romane Wright& Th , G P inscriptions,R R , of Britain, (1965)I . Oxford. Richmond, I HansonA& S 198W , 0 'A Roman for t Invereska t , Midlothian', Proc Antiqc So Scot, 110 (1978-80), 286-304. Salway, P 1965 The frontier people of Roman Britain. S 189SA 2 Societ f Antiquarieo y f Scotlando s , Catalogue e Nationalth f o Museum f Antiquitieso f o Scotland. SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Sibbald R ,169 7 Aitctarium Musaei Balfouriani ... Edinburgh. Sibbald R , 1707 Historical Inquiries concerning Romane th Monuments Northe th n i Part f Britaino called Scotland. Edinburgh. Thomas, G 1979 'Inveresk Vicus excavations', in Breeze, D J (ed), Roman Scotland: some recent excavations, Edinburgh, 8-10. Wright HassallC & 197 W P 3R ,M , 'Roman Britai 1972n ni I Inscriptions'I : , Britannia, (1973)4 , 324-37.