The All-Powerful Masses and the Limited Coterie: Problems of Popularity

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Introduction: The All-Powerful Masses and the Limited Coterie: Problems of Popularity

1. John Conrad, Joseph Conrad: Times Remembered (Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 167. 2. Ibid., pp. 31–2. 3. The Complete Works of George Orwell, 20 vols, vol. XIII, I Belong to the Left, 1945, ed. Peter Davison (London: Secker & Warburg, 2001), pp. 190–1, 200–1. The longer quotation is from Orwell’s letter to a friend who took issue with his earlier review in The Observer of wartime reprints of several novellas and short story collections in which he made clear his low opinion of Lord Jim. 4. Andrea White, Joseph Conrad and the Adventure Tradition: Constructing and Deconstructing the Imperial Subject (Cambridge University Press, 1993); Linda Dryden, Joseph Conrad and the Imperial Romance (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999). Among many shorter studies are Douglas Kerr, ‘Stealing Victory?: The Strange Case of Conrad and Buchan’, Conradiana 40.1 (Spring 2008), 147–63; Cedric Watts, ‘Conradian Eldritch: Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Joseph Conrad’s “The Heart of Darkness”’, The Conradian 37.2 (Autumn 2012), 1–18; Peter G. Winnington, ‘Conrad and Cutcliffe Hyne: A New Source for Heart of Darkness’, Conradiana 16 (1984), 163–82. 5. Tzvetan Todorov, Genres in Discourse, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 15. 6. Conrad described Wells in a letter to his cousin as a ‘romancier du fantastique’ (CL2 138). 7. In I Belong to the Left, pp. 347–51. 8. These examples are drawn from Roger Luckhurst, ‘The Public Sphere, Popular Culture and the True Meaning of the Zombie Apocalypse’, in David Glover and Scott McCracken (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Popular Fiction (Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 66–85. 9. Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory: An Introduction, second edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), p. 7. 10. Jacques Derrida, ‘The Law of Genre’, in W.J.T. Mitchell (ed.), On Narrative (University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 61. 11. Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 206–19. 12. Jeremy Hawthorn, ‘Conrad’s Half-Written Fictions’, in Morag Shiach (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Modernist Novel (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 152.

184 Notes to Introduction 185

13. See Cedric Watts, The Deceptive Text (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1984), pp. 36–8, and Keith Carabine, The Life and the Art: A Study of Conrad’s Under Western Eyes (Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1996), fn. p. 15. 14. For an excellent summary of these developments, see Sandra Kemp, Charlotte Mitchell and David Trotter, Edwardian Fiction: An Oxford Companion (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. ix–xviii. See also Peter Keating, The Haunted Study: A Social History of the English Novel 1875–1914 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1989), p. 340. 15. Keating, The Haunted Study, pp. 33–5. 16. Richard Ohmann, Selling Culture: Magazines, Markets, and Class at the Turn of the Century (London and New York: Verso, 1996), pp. 11–30. 17. Kemp et al., Edwardian Fiction, p. xv. 18. H.G. Wells, The War in the Air (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1973), p. 229. 19. John Sutherland, The Longman Companion to Victorian Fiction, second edition (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2009), p. 636. 20. Keating, The Haunted Study, pp. 25–6. See also Andrew Nash’s ‘The Production of the Novel, 1880–1940’, in Patrick Parrinder and Andrzej Gasiorek (eds), The Reinvention of the British and Irish Novel 1880–1940 (Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 3–19. 21. See David Glover, ‘Publishing, History, Genre’, in Glover and McCracken (eds), Cambridge Companion to Popular Fiction, pp. 24–5. 22. Nash, ‘The Production of the Novel’, p. 3. For the continuing domi- nance of libraries, see Nicola Wilson, ‘Libraries, Reading Patterns, and Censorship’, in Parrinder and Gasiorek (eds), The Reinvention of the British and Irish Novel, pp. 36–51. 23. ‘The Spirit of Place’, in D.H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 14. 24. Joyce Piell Wexler, Who Paid for Modernism: Art, Money, and the Fiction of Conrad, Joyce, and Lawrence (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1997), p. xii. 25. Ibid., p. 48. Wexler’s analysis takes Conrad’s assertions on trust, and fails to engage seriously with the fiction itself, so her account rarely gets beyond a superficial portrait of the professional artist. 26. See Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993), especially chapter 1 (pp. 29–74). 27. Peter D. McDonald, British Literary Culture and Publishing Practice, 1880–1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 24. 28. Ibid., pp. 24, 26–7. 29. Ibid., p. 27. 30. Nicholas Daly, Modernism, Romance and the Fin de Siècle: Popular Fiction and British Culture 1880–1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 4. 31. Henry James, for instance, described the reading public in 1898 as ‘really as subdivided as a chess-board’. See Wexler, Who Paid for Modernism, p. 125. 32. Stephen Donovan, ‘Conrad and the Harmsworth Empire: The Daily Mail, London Magazine, Times, Evening News, and Hutchinson’s Magazine’, Conradiana 41.2–3 (2009), 162. 186 Notes to Introduction

33. See James Hepburn, The Author’s Empty Purse and the Rise of the Literary Agent (Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 90, and Mary Ann Gillies, The Professional Literary Agent in Britain, 1880–1920 (University of Toronto Press, 2007), p. 94. 34. Hepburn, The Author’s Empty Purse, p. 192. 35. Stephen Donovan, Joseph Conrad and Popular Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 177. 36. Quoted in McDonald, British Literary Culture, p. 96. 37. See Max Saunders, Ford Madox Ford: A Dual Life, 2 vols, vol. 1 (Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 248–9. 38. Thomas C. Moser’s Joseph Conrad: Achievement and Decline (1957) is one of the most influential works to promote this paradigm, but earlier works advancing a similar thesis include M.C. Bradbrook’s Joseph Conrad: Poland’s English Genius (1941) and Albert J. Guerard’s Joseph Conrad (1947). See John G. Peters, Joseph Conrad’s Critical Reception (Cambridge University Press, 2013), especially pp. 35–57. 39. Todorov, Genres in Discourse, pp. 18–19. 40. Ibid., p. 19. 41. Quoted in John Frow, Marxism and Literary History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 10. 42. Gérard Genette, ‘The Architext’, in David Duff (ed.), Modern Genre Theory (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2000), p. 213. 43. Ernest A. Baker, ‘The Standard of Fiction in Public Libraries’, in The Library Association Record 1907 (Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1970), p. 70. 44. Ibid., p. 72. 45. Ibid., p. 77. 46. John Frow, Genre (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 102. 47. E.M. Forster, Aspects of the Novel (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1984), pp. 73–81. 48. Ohmann, Selling Culture, p. 24. 49. See David Glover, ‘Introduction’, in Edgar Wallace, The Four Just Men (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. x. 50. Edward Garnett (ed.), Letters from Joseph Conrad 1895–1924 (London: Nonesuch Press, 1928), p. 24. 51. Distant Reading is the title of Moretti’s collection of essays (London: Verso, 2013). See especially his essay ‘Style, Inc.: Reflections of 7,000 Titles’, pp. 179–210. 52. Arthur Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet (London: Pan Books, 1980), p. 49. 53. The Hound of the Baskervilles was serialized from August 1901 to April 1902, and published in volume form later that year. Conrad’s letter to Blackwood is dated 31 May 1902. For Conan Doyle’s ‘unprecedented’ fee of £100 per thousand words, see Andrew Lycett, Conan Doyle: The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007), p. 266. Notes to Chapter 1 187

1 ‘Armed with the defensive mandate of a menaced society’: Detectives, Professionalism and Liberty in The Secret Agent

1. ‘The Science of Deduction’ is the title of chapter 2 of A Study in Scarlet, and chapter 1 of The Sign of Four. 2. See Julian Symons, Bloody Murder: From the Detective Story to the Crime Novel: A History (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 66. Symons (pp. 35–42) provides an excellent synoptic account of the rise of detective fiction, which followed the emergence of investigative institutions in Britain, France and America. Martin Priestman’s Detective Fiction and Literature: The Figure on the Carpet (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990) is also useful, and takes a detour through ‘Heart of Darkness’ (pp. 140–2) as a narrative of detection. 3. ‘A.C.’, ‘Crime in Current Literature’, Westminster Review, April 1897, cited in McDonald, British Literary Culture, p. 160. 4. See Symons, Bloody Murder, p. 79 for Conan Doyle’s remuneration, and John Stape, The Several Lives of Joseph Conrad (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2007), p. 125 for Conrad’s. The sum of £200 in 1902 is equiva- lent to around £20,000 today, an indication of the remuneration available to a writer with a high reputation and low sales. 5. Andrew Glazzard, ‘“Some reader may have recognized”: The Case of Edgar Wallace and The Secret Agent’, The Conradian 37.2 (Autumn 2012), 19–34. 6. Watts, The Deceptive Text, pp. 36–8. 7. See Symons, Bloody Murder, p. 47. 8. Conrad’s ‘The Lagoon’ was published in the Cornhill Magazine (no. 445, January 1897, 59–71). The same issue carried ‘The Road Murder’ by J.B. Atlay, an account of Constance Kent’s murder of her half-brother, and the troubled investigation of the case by Jonathan Whicher. Atlay notes (94) that ‘it is impossible to doubt’ that Collins had Whicher and another detective, Foley, in mind when writing The Moonstone. For the background to the Road Murder and Whicher’s reputation, see Kate Summerscale, The Suspicions of Mr Whicher (London: Bloomsbury, 2008). 9. W.T. Stead, ‘The Police and Criminals of London’, The W.T. Stead Resource Site (www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/pmg/crim1.php) accessed 27 November 2010. 10. Arthur Conan Doyle, The Sign of Four (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 12. 11. Douglas Kerr, Conan Doyle: Writing, Profession, and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 41–4. 12. Doyle, Study in Scarlet, p. 36. 13. ‘The Adventures of Sherlaw Kombs’, in Robert Barr, The Triumphs of Eugène Valmont (Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 204. 14. Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (London: Pan Books, 1976), pp. 79–80. 188 Notes to Chapter 1

15. Ibid., p. 190. 16. Franco Moretti, Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in the Sociology of Literary Forms, trans. Susan Fischer (London: Verso, 1988), p. 142. 17. Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. xiii, 17–18. 18. Ibid., pp. 85–6. 19. See Haia Shpayer-Makov, The Ascent of the Detective: Police Sleuths in Victorian and Edwardian England (Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 257–8. 20. Barr, Triumphs of Eugène Valmont, pp. 108–10; R. Austin Freeman, John Thorndyke’s Cases (London: Chatto & Windus, 1909), p. 146. 21. Doyle, Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, p. 97; The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), p. 217. 22. C.E. Howard Vincent, A Police Code, and Manual of the Criminal Law (London: Cassell, Petter, Galpin, 1881), p. 253. 23. See Lycett, Conan Doyle, pp. 286–7. Melville is also presumably the model for the anti-anarchist detectives Chief Inspector Deveril in Helen and Olivia Rossetti’s A Girl Among the Anarchists (1903) and Superintendent Falmouth in Edgar Wallace’s The Four Just Men (1905). 24. Arthur Griffiths, Mysteries of Police and Crime: A General Survey of Wrongdoing and Its Pursuit (London: Casssell, 1898), pp. 131–2. For Melville as a source for Heat, see Norman Sherry, Conrad’s Western World (Cambridge University Press, 1971), pp. 303–13. 25. Haia Shpayer-Makov, ‘Explaining the Rise and Success of Detective Memoirs in Britain’, in Clive Emsley and Haia Shpayer-Makov (eds), Police Detectives in History, 1750–1950 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), p. 119. 26. Doyle, Study in Scarlet, pp. 155–6. 27. Griffiths, Mysteries of Police and Crime, p. 13. Griffiths’s book reproduced with minor variations ‘The Detective in Real Life’, Griffiths’s article under the pseudonym ‘Alfred Aylmer’ in Windsor Magazine I (May 1895), 499–510. Arthur Morrison’s Martin Hewitt story, ‘The Case of Laker, Absconded’, appeared in the same issue. 28. Griffiths, Mysteries of Police and Crime, pp. 36–7. 29. Doyle, Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, p. 97. 30. Arthur Morrison, Martin Hewitt, Investigator (London: Ward, Lock & Bowden, 1894), pp. 295–9; Chronicles of Martin Hewitt (London: Ward, Lock & Bowden, 1895), p. 196. 31. The quotation comes from ‘The Blue Sequin’ in Freeman, John Thorndyke’s Cases, p. 132, but similar statements can be found throughout the collection. 32. The Baroness Orczy, Lady Molly of Scotland Yard (London: Cassell, 1910), p. 292. 33. Quoted in Clive Emsley and Haia Shpayer-Makov (eds), Police Detectives in History, 1750–1950 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), p. 1. 34. John Carey, The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intelligentsia, 1880–1939 (London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1992), p. 8. Notes to Chapter 1 189

35. See Kerr, Conan Doyle, p. 128. 36. Morrison, Chronicles of Martin Hewitt, p. 19; R. Austin Freeman, The Red Thumb-Mark (Kelly Bray: House of Stratus, 2001), p. 127. 37. Doyle, Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, p. 15. 38. Jacques Futrelle, The Chase of the Golden Plate (London: Hesperus Press, 2012), pp. 89–90. 39. L.T. Meade, The Sorceress of the Strand (London: Ward, Lock, 1903); Algernon Blackwood, John Silence, Physician Extraordinary (London: Eveleigh Nash, 1908); Freeman, John Thorndyke’s Cases; E.W. Hornung, The Crime Doctor (London: Eveleigh Nash, 1914). 40. Freeman, John Thorndyke’s Cases, p. vii. 41. Ibid., p. 287. 42. For an authoritative account of the influence of forensic science on detective fiction, see Ronald R. Thomas, Detective Fiction and the Rise of Forensic Science (Cambridge University Press, 1999). 43. See McDonald, British Literary Culture, p. 158. 44. Doyle, Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, p. 221; The Hound of the Baskervilles (London: Pan Books, 1975), p. 19. 45. Morrison, Martin Hewitt, Investigator, p. 106. 46. Thomas, Detective Fiction, p. 4. 47. Quoted in ibid., pp. 35–6. 48. Arthur Conan Doyle, The Return of Sherlock Holmes (London: Pan Books, 1976), p. 308. 49. Israel Zangwill, The Big Bow Mystery (London: Henry & Co., 1892), pp. 162–6. 50. Joseph Conrad and Ford Madox Hueffer, The Nature of a Crime (London: Duckworth, 1924), p. 15. The 1924 volume reprinted the serial along with new prefaces by Conrad and Ford and an appendix on Romance. Conrad’s ‘vague, almost impalpable’ recollection of the collaboration is the starting point for his preface (p. 5). I shall return to this intriguing and neglected text in Chapter 5. 51. Robert Hampson, ‘Chance: The Affair of the Purloined Brother’, The Conradian 6.2 (1981), 5–15. 52. Joseph Conrad, ‘Chance: An Episodic Tale with Comments’, New York Herald, 18 February 1912, 42. 53. Some critics, however, regard the novel as endorsing a Darwinian or materialist-scientific world-view. See for example Allan Hunter, Joseph Conrad and the Ethics of Darwinism (London: Croom Helm, 1983), and Ludwig Schnauder, ‘The Materialist-Scientific World View’, in Allan H. Simmons and J.H. Stape (eds), The Secret Agent: Centennial Essays (Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2007), pp. 95–106. 54. See for example Robert Hampson, ‘“If you read Lombroso”: Conrad and Criminal Anthropology’, in Mario Curreli (ed.), The Ugo Mursia Memorial Lectures: Papers from the International Conrad Conference, University of Pisa, September 7th–11th 1983 (Milan: Mursia International, 1987), p. 327. 55. See Cedric Watts, Joseph Conrad: The Secret Agent (Penrith: Humanities E-books, 2007), p. 45. 190 Notes to Chapter 1

56. Thomas, Detective Fiction, pp. 23–4. Hampson (‘“If you read Lombroso”’, p. 334) points out Marlow’s ironic reference to himself as a ‘physiogno- mist’ before adding, ‘That science is farcical and therefore I am not serious’ (C 151–2). 57. Doyle, Hound of the Baskervilles, p. 115. 58. Freeman, John Thorndyke’s Cases, p. 147. 59. B. Fletcher Robinson, The Chronicles of Addington Peace (London: Harper and Brothers, 1905), pp. 17–18. 60. See Chapter 4 for more on the Aliens Act. 61. Jon Thompson, Fiction, Crime, and Empire: Clues to Modernity and Postmodernism (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993), p. 77. Thompson makes the important point that detective fiction has a hermeneutic as well as merely escapist or reassuring function: ‘it explores what it means to be caught up in the maelstrom of modernity’ (p. 8). 62. G.K. Chesterton, The Defendant (London: R. Brimley Johnson, 1901), p. 120. 63. Ibid., pp. 122–3. 64. Arthur Conan Doyle, His Last Bow: Some Reminiscences of Sherlock Holmes (London: Pan Books, 1976), pp. 49–50. 65. Emsley and Shpayer-Makov (eds), Police Detectives in History, p. 7. 66. Vincent, Police Code, pp. 105–6. 67. J.G. Littlechild, Reminiscences of Chief-Inspector Littlechild (London: Leadenhall Press, 1894), p. 76. 68. Marie Belloc Lowndes, The Lodger (Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 46. 69. Wallace, The Four Just Men, p. 85. 70. See Robert Hampson, ‘The Genie out of the Bottle: Conrad, Wells and Joyce’, in Peter L. Caracciolo (ed.), The Arabian Nights in English Literature: Studies in the Reception of The Thousand and One Nights into British Culture (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 218–43. Conrad may have read the Nights in Polish, French or English (in Richard Burton’s Library Edition of 1894). Conrad’s allusions to The Arabian Nights in ‘Autocracy and War’ (1905) are touched on in Chapter 3 below. 71. Rudyard Kipling, Plain Tales from the Hills (London: Macmillan, 1923), p. 27. 72. Ibid., pp. 28–9. 73. Colonial experience was, in fact, a feature of many real commissioners and assistant commissioners in the Metropolitan Police at around this time. Edward Henry, Assistant Commissioner from 1901 to 1903 and there after Commissioner, brought the tactic of fingerprinting from Bengal to London. His successor as Assistant Commissioner, Melville Macnaghten, had previously administered his family’s tea plantation in Bengal. Robert Anderson, Henry’s predecessor (and author of one of Conrad’s acknowledged sources for The Secret Agent), was unusual in having worked in an intelligence role in a more western part of the Empire: Ireland. 74. Con Coroneos, ‘Conrad, Kropotkin and Anarchist Geography’, The Conradian 18.2 (Autumn 1994), 17. Notes to Chapter 2 191

2 ‘An actor in desperate earnest’: Informers and Secret Agency

1. For background to the Parnell scandal and Inquiry, see Robert Hampson, Conrad’s Secrets (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), pp. 79–80. 2. Le Caron told his own story in a bestselling account, Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service (London: William Heinemann, 1892), which went through 18 editions in just three years. Le Caron confirms Anderson’s method of secrecy, to which he attributes his success – and survival – as an informer. 3. Sherry, Conrad’s Western World, pp. 288–90. 4. Robert Anderson, Sidelights on the Home Rule Movement (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1906), p. 89. 5. Hampson, Conrad’s Secrets, pp. 78–80, 85; Deaglan Ó Donghaile, ‘Conrad, the Stevensons, and the Imagination of Urban Chaos’, in Linda Dryden, Stephen Arata and Eric Massie (eds), Robert Louis Stevenson and Joseph Conrad: Writers of Transition (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2009), pp. 160–7. 6. Le Caron, Twenty-Five Years, pp. 274–5, 277. 7. Anderson, Sidelights, p. 91. 8. Inspector [Maurice] Moser and Charles F. Rideal, Stories from Scotland Yard (London: John Barker, 1890), p. 21; John Sweeney, At Scotland Yard: Being the Experiences during Twenty-Seven Years’ Service of John Sweeney, ed. Francis Richards (London: Alexander Moring, 1905), pp. 34–5. 9. Littlechild, Reminiscences, pp. 95–6; G.H. Greenman, Scotland Yard Experiences: From the Diary of G.H. Greenman, Late Chief Inspector, Criminal Investigation Department (London: George Routledge, 1904), p. 61. 10. Patrick McIntyre, ‘Scotland Yard: Its Mysteries and Methods’, Reynolds’s Newspaper, 3 February 1895, 5. McIntyre was presumably justifying his own dismissal from the force on the grounds of financial impropriety, but his comment is echoed in the Assistant Commissioner’s ‘propensity to exercise his considerable gifts for the detection of incriminating truth upon his own subordinates’ (SA 129). 11. McIntyre, ‘Scotland Yard’, 3 February 1895, 5; 28 April 1895, 5. 12. For McIntyre’s account of the Greenwich bombing, see Reynolds’s Newspaper, 28 April 1895, 5. 13. Sherry reprints the pamphlet in Conrad’s Western World (pp. 379–94). For two valuable analyses of Conrad’s knowledge of the background to the bombing, see David Mulry, ‘Popular Accounts of the Greenwich Bombing and Conrad’s The Secret Agent’, Rocky Mountain Review (Fall 2000), 43–64, and Michael Newton, ‘Four Notes on The Secret Agent: Sir William Harcourt, Ford and Helen Rossetti, Bourdin’s Relations, and a Warning Against Δ’, The Conradian 32.1 (Spring 2007), 129–48. Conrad’s denial of having previously read Nicoll’s pamphlet is in his letter to Ambrose G. Barker of 1 September 1923 (CL8 165). 14. Reprinted in Sherry, Conrad’s Western World, p. 394. 192 Notes to Chapter 2

15. See Mary Burgoyne (comp.), ‘Conrad among the Anarchists: Documents on Martial Bourdin and the Greenwich Bombing’, in Allan H. Simmons and J.H. Stape (eds), The Secret Agent: Centennial Essays (Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi 2007), p. 155. 16. See Newton, ‘Four Notes’, pp. 134–5. 17. For Conrad’s meeting with the Rossettis, see Sherry, Conrad’s Western World, p. 213. For Ford’s knowledge of the anarchist milieu, see Ford Madox Ford, Return to Yesterday (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1999), pp. 59–106, and also Hampson, Conrad’s Secrets, pp. 89–93, Mulry, ‘Popular Accounts’, and Newton, ‘Four Notes’. 18. Mulry, ‘Popular Accounts’. See also Sherry, Conrad’s Western World, p. 213, and Hampson, Conrad’s Secrets, pp. 93–7. 19. Hampson, Conrad’s Secrets, p. 94. 20. Isabel Meredith, A Girl Among the Anarchists (London: Duckworth, 1903), pp. v–vi. 21. Ibid., pp. 49–50. 22. Ibid., p. 55. 23. Ibid., p. 71. 24. I have excluded a potential fourth – Birdie Edwards in Conan Doyle’s Holmes novel The Valley of Fear (1915) – on the grounds that he is an undercover detective employed by Pinkerton’s to penetrate the Masonic labour union known as the Scowrers. 25. Joseph A. Kestner, Sherlock’s Men: Masculinity, Conan Doyle, and Cultural History (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997), pp. 100–1. 26. Doyle, Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, p. 178. 27. William Le Queux, The Seven Secrets (London: Hutchinson, 1903), p. 13. 28. Ibid., p. 296. 29. Ibid., pp. 276–7. 30. See Glazzard, ‘“Some reader may have recognized”’. 31. See Daphna Erdinast-Vulcan, The Strange Short Fiction of Joseph Conrad: Writing, Culture, and Subjectivity (Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 119–27. 32. Vincent, Police Code, p. 202. 33. See Sherry, Conrad’s Western World, pp. 286–95. 34. Anderson, Sidelights, p. 89. 35. Griffiths, Mysteries, pp. 133–4. 36. ‘Hasty legislation’ alludes topically to the Aliens Act, which had passed through Parliament in 1905 and became law in early 1906, just as Conrad was beginning ‘Verloc’. For more on the Aliens Act, see Chapter 4. An earlier Aliens Bill was moved and then withdrawn by Lord Salisbury in 1894: it is this Bill to which Nicoll alludes in his pamphlet of the same year. 37. Reynolds’s Newspaper, 7 April 1895, 6. 38. See Bruce Merry, Anatomy of the Spy Thriller (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1977), especially pp. 25–9. For a useful survey of the history, themes and forms of espionage fiction see David Seed’s chapter ‘Spy Fiction’, in Martin Priestman (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction (Cambridge University Press, 2003). Notes to Chapter 2 193

39. For an excellent examination of early espionage fiction, see David A.T. Stafford, ‘Spies and Gentlemen: The Birth of the British Spy Novel, 1893–1914’, Victorian Studies 24.4 (Summer 1981), 489–509. 40. Ibid., 507. The more broadly drawn Official Secrets Act of 1911 was a direct product of late-Edwardian fears, partly created by fictional narratives, of Britain’s vulnerability to espionage from Germany in particular. 41. E. Nesbit, The Railway Children (London: Penguin Books, 1995), p. 156. 42. See Seed, ‘Spy Fiction’, p. 117. In a subtle analysis of Conrad’s use of material from espionage fiction to perform a philosophical function – that of rejecting the genre’s assumptions of human agency, free will and causality – John Attridge remarks that espionage and invasion-scare fictions often draw attention to their status as ‘secret history’. See his ‘Two Types of Secret Agency: Conrad, Causation, and Popular Spy Fiction’, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 55.2 (Summer 2013), especially 131–3. 43. Doyle, His Last Bow, p. 129. 44. Rudyard Kipling, Kim (Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 129 and n. See also Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game (Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 1. 45. Kipling, Kim, pp. 224, 169. 46. Ibid., p. 21. 47. R.S.S. Baden-Powell, Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship (London: C. Arthur Pearson, 1908), p. 7. In this, one of the biggest-selling books of the twentieth century, Kim and Sherlock Holmes are frequently identified as good citizens who employ techniques of irregular warfare in defence of country and empire. Kipling’s and Conan Doyle’s narratives were thus used as contributions to a blueprint, which originated from a concern over military fitness and racial degeneration, for an educational programme that would make Britain’s youth fit for the challenges of the twentieth century. 48. Stafford, ‘Spies and Gentlemen’, 507. 49. William Le Queux, Whoso Findeth a Wife (London: F.V. White, 1897), pp. 105, 79, 81; Le Queux, England’s Peril (London: F.V. White, 1899), pp. 167, 295. 50. Erskine Childers, The Riddle of the Sands (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978), p. 280. 51. Ibid., pp. 107–8. 52. Symons, Bloody Murder, p. 238. 53. William Le Queux, The Great War of 1897 (London: Tower Publishing, 1894), pp. 29–30. 54. Edgar Wallace, The Council of Justice in Wallace, The Four Just Men (Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 136, 151. 55. Ibid., p. 145. The Council of Justice was published in August 1908, The Secret Agent in September 1907. 56. For a compelling account of the Dreyfus Affair and its dramatic effects on French politics and society, see Ruth Harris, The Man on Devil’s 194 Notes to Chapter 3

Island: Alfred Dreyfus and the Affair that Divided France (London: Allen Lane, 2010). The false allegation against Father in The Railway Children is another clear echo of Dreyfus in the period’s fiction. 57. William Le Queux, The Man from Downing Street: A Mystery (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1904), p. 165. 58. Sherry (Conrad’s Western World, p. 323) suggests that ‘Δ’ derives from its use by the executive of the Fenian group Clan-na-Gael, described by Le Caron (Twenty-Five Years, pp. 219–20). The Cambridge editors disagree, seeing the delta as deriving ‘from forces internal to the novel’ and the change from B/β as ‘thematic’: see Bruce Harkness and S.W. Reid, ‘The Texts: An Essay’, in Joseph Conrad, The Secret Agent (Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 417. 59. Attridge goes further, seeing the irony of the novel’s title being directed, most fundamentally, at Verloc’s own lack of agency (‘Two Types of Secret Agency’, p. 130). 60. David Trotter, The English Novel in History 1895–1920 (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 174. 61. Baden-Powell, Scouting for Boys, pp. 261–5. 62. Kipling, Kim, p. 220. 63. See Trotter, The English Novel in History, p. 174. Attridge (‘Two Types of Secret Agency’, p. 147) sees the regeneration pattern of the Edwardian espionage novel as another feature subverted in The Secret Agent. 64. For an authoritative account of the genesis of the novel, see Carabine’s The Life and the Art (pp. 185–6 for the revisions alluded to here). 65. For an extensive discussion of the novel’s treatment of betrayal, see Robert Hampson, Joseph Conrad: Betrayal and Identity (London: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 168–91. Hampson also examines the use of a genre model – the Gothic – to chart Razumov’s psychological development. 3 ‘The inciter behind’: Spymasters and the Eastern Logic of Russia

1. For further explanation of the background to this intriguing case, see C.T. Watts (ed.), Joseph Conrad’s Letters to Cunninghame Graham (Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 171. 2. Henry James, The Art of Fiction and Other Essays (Oxford University Press, 1948), p. 14. 3. David Stafford, The Silent Game: The Real World of Imaginary Spies (London: Viking, 1989), p. 15. 4. William Le Queux, Of Royal Blood: A Story of the Secret Service (London: Hutchinson, 1900), p. 3. 5. Ibid., pp. 12–13. 6. Ibid., p. 99. 7. Stafford, The Silent Game, p. 7. 8. See Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London: Penguin, 2010), pp. 8–21. Notes to Chapter 3 195

9. William Le Queux, The Great War in England in 1897 (London: Tower Publishing, 1894), p. 4. For journalist-authors in these genres, see I.F. Clarke (ed.), The Tale of the Next Great War, 1871–1914 (Liverpool University Press, 1995), pp. 21–2. 10. William Le Queux, Secrets of the Foreign Office, Describing the Doings of Duckworth Drew, of the Secret Service (London: Hutchinson, 1903), p. 158. 11. Le Queux, Of Royal Blood, p. 200. 12. Le Queux, England’s Peril, pp. 105–6. 13. Ibid., pp. 167, 97–8. 14. Ibid., pp. 167, 75. 15. In Hugh Greene (ed.), The Rivals of Sherlock Holmes (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), p. 170. 16. Christopher GoGwilt, The Invention of the West: Joseph Conrad and the Double Mapping of Europe and Empire (Stanford University Press, 1995), pp. 178–9. 17. See, for example, ibid., pp. 28–33. 18. See Charles Emmerson, 1913: The World Before the Great War (London: Vintage Books, 2013), p. 110. 19. Andrzej Busza, ‘Rhetoric and Ideology in Conrad’s Under Western Eyes’, in Norman Sherry (ed.), Joseph Conrad: A Commemoration: Papers from the 1974 International Conference on Conrad (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976), pp. 105–18. 20. Archibald S. Hurd, ‘The Battle of the Sea of Japan’, The Fortnightly Review 463 (July 1905), 22–34; F. St John Morrow, ‘The Marquis of Lansdowne’, ibid., 60–74; ‘R.L.’, ‘Peace and Internal Politics: A Letter from Russia’, ibid., 136–50; Alfred Stead, ‘The Battle of the Sea of Japan and Peace’, ibid., 190–5. Alex Houen discusses the debate over Britain’s rapprochement and alliance with Russia in the second half of the Edwardian decade as an important context of Under Western Eyes in his Terrorism and Modern Literature: From Joseph Conrad to Ciaran Carson (Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 67–71. 21. J.W. Gambier, ‘A Plea for Peace – An Anglo-Russian Alliance’, The Fortnightly Review 408 (December 1900), 998–1008. 22. See, for example, Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (London: Penguin, 2013), pp. 136–41. 23. Conrad read John Galsworthy’s contribution to the debate over the entente, ‘The Alliance: An Allegory’ (Daily Chronicle, 8 June 1907), while expanding The Secret Agent into volume form (CL3 454). 24. Rudyard Kipling, Life’s Handicap, Being Stories of Mine Own People (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 97. 25. Ibid., p. 97. 26. Ibid., pp. 107–8. 27. Nesbit, The Railway Children, pp. 79–80. For Nesbit’s relationship with Stepniak, see Julia Briggs, A Woman of Passion: The Life of E. Nesbit 1858–1924 (London: Hutchinson, 1987), p. 243. 28. Nesbit, The Railway Children, p. 75. 196 Notes to Chapter 3

29. Ibid., p. 85. The London Magazine later carried four pieces by Conrad: ‘London’s River’ (1906), ‘The Black Mate’ (1908), ‘A Smile of Fortune’ (1911) and ‘Freya of the Seven Isles’ (1912). 30. Fletcher Robinson, Chronicles of Addington Peace, p. 18. 31. Le Queux, The Man from Downing Street, pp. 241–2. 32. Ibid., pp. 264–5. The Third Section of the Russian Imperial Chancellery had actually been abolished in 1880 and replaced by the Okhrana, but clearly the name persisted to denote the Tsar’s intelligence organizations. 33. Ibid., p. 267. 34. For Gapon, who sought refuge with Ford’s mother after the failure of the revolution (at least according to Ford), see Ford, Return to Yesterday, p. 106. 35. William Le Queux, The Czar’s Spy (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1905), pp. 285–6. De Plehve was clearly a notorious figure for Edwardians: he also appears in A.C. Fox-Davies’s detective novel The Mauleverer Murders (London: John Lane, 1907), in which he unashamedly explains the arbitrary nature of Russian justice. 36. Le Queux, The Czar’s Spy, pp. 376–7. For Apollo Korzeniowksi’s description of Vologda, see Zdzisław Najder, Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle (Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 17. 37. Le Queux, The Czar’s Spy, p. 267. 38. Charles H. Eden, George Donnington. Or, In the Bear’s Grip, 3 vols (London: Chapman & Hall, 1885), vol. I, p. 172. 39. Joseph Hatton, By Order of the Czar: The Tragic Story of Anna Klosstock Queen of the Ghetto, 3 vols (London: Hutchinson, 1890), vol. I, pp. 76, 248. 40. J.E. Muddock, For God and the Czar (London: George Newnes, 1905), p. 40. Another novel of the same year, Guy Boothby’s In Spite of the Czar (London: John Long), was presumably attempting to take commercial advantage of the vogue for novels about Russian autocracy: however, far from being a political or topical novel, it uses Russia merely as background to a slight tale of treasure-hunting. 41. Arthur R. and Mary E. Ropes, On Peter’s Island (London: John Murray, 1901), p. 7. 42. Ibid., p. 10. 43. Ibid., p. 11. 44. Ibid., p. 12. 45. NLL 71. The epigraph was not included however in the Fortnightly Review, and appears to have been excised after Conrad approved the proofs (NLL 413). See also Najder, Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle, p. 309. 46. Trepov was well known to readers of journals like the Fortnightly Review: ‘R.L.’s ‘Letter from Russia’ in the edition which also carried ‘Autocracy and War’, for example, recorded Trepov’s move to St Petersburg and the rumour that he had been selected to head a ‘police dictatorship’ of all Russia following the failed revolution, but ‘the courage to spring this detested measure suddenly upon the nation was apparently lacking’ (142). For Trepov as a likely source for General T—, see Richard Curle, Joseph Notes to Chapter 3 197

Conrad and his Characters: A Study of Six Novels (London: Heinemann, 1957), p. 22. 47. Le Queux, The Man from Downing Street, p. 267. 48. See Paul Kirschner’s annotation in Joseph Conrad, Under Western Eyes (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996), p. 277. 49. There is also a complementary theme of eavesdropping, which Mikulin alludes to when he says: ‘Listening is a great art’ (76), and which concludes at the novel’s climax when Razumov is deafened by Nikita. 50. Carabine, The Life and the Art, p. 244 51. For a compelling account of Conrad’s association with the English Review, see Jason Harding, ‘“The Right Accent”: Conrad and the English Review’, Conradiana 41.2/3 (2009), 221–43. 52. As Carabine notes, Conrad could have read a French translation of the novel published in 1884, or even an inferior, bowdlerized English version published by Henry Vizetelly in 1886. See his ‘Introduction’ in Joseph Conrad, Under Western Eyes (Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. xli. 53. Carabine, The Life and the Art, p. 50. 54. See Robert Gomme, ‘Soskice, David Vladimirovich (1866–1941)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, January 2008, www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50761, accessed 29 July 2014. 55. See Jocelyn Baines, Joseph Conrad: A Critical Biography (London: Weidenfeld, 1993), p. 371, Harding, ‘The Right Accent’, p. 231, and Carabine, The Life and the Art, p. 179, and ‘Introduction’, pp. xxxvi–xxxix. 56. See Richard J. Johnson, ‘Zagranichnaia Agentura: The Tsarist Political Police in Europe’, Journal of Contemporary History 7.1/2 (January–April 1972), 221–42. 57. D.S. [David Soskice], ‘The Russian Spy System. The Azeff Scandals in Russia’, English Review, March 1909, 817–18. 58. Ibid., 823–4. 59. Ibid., 830. 60. Ibid., 828. 61. Of the many studies commenting on the relationship between Crime and Punishment and Under Western Eyes, those that mention Porfiry’s resemblance to Mikulin include Aaron Fogel, Coercion to Speak: Conrad’s Poetics of Dialogue (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 196–9; Beth Sharon Ash, Writing in Between: Modernity and Psychosocial Dilemma in the Novels of Joseph Conrad (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 256–74; and Carabine, The Life and the Art, p. 244. Curle, who also comments on Mikulin’s resemblance to Porfiry, confirms that Conrad had read Crime and Punishment, ‘for we once discussed the characters, but I cannot say when he had read it’ (Joseph Conrad and his Characters, p. 169). 62. Fogel, Coercion to Speak, p. 198. 63. See Busza, ‘Rhetoric and Ideology’, p. 111. 64. Richard Curle, The Last Twelve Years of Joseph Conrad (London: Sampson Low, 1928), p. 29. 198 Notes to Chapter 4

4 ‘The cowardly bomb-throwing brutes’: The Many Types of Conrad’s ‘Terrorists’

1. For a historical overview of anarchist terrorism, see Oliver Hubac- Occhipinti, ‘Anarchist Terrorists of the Nineteenth Century’, and Yves Ternon, ‘Russian Terrorism, 1878–1908’, in Gerard Chaliand and Arnaud Blin (eds), The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007), pp. 113–31, 132–74. 2. For an illuminating interpretation of many of these contexts, see Hampson’s Conrad’s Secrets. 3. Ford claimed, in his memoir of Conrad, to have provided the latter with ‘literature, with memoirs, with introductions’ (Joseph Conrad: A Personal Remembrance (London: Duckworth, 1924), p. 231). Norman Sherry uncovered evidence that Conrad met Helen Rossetti twice, probably in 1903–4 (Conrad’s Western World, p. 213). More recent work in the same area includes Mulry, ‘Popular Accounts’, Newton, ‘Four Notes’, and Hampson, Conrad’s Secrets, pp. 87–91. Newton’s essay is dismissive – in my view, overly so – of Hueffer’s claims to inside knowledge. See pp. 112, 114–15 for the Garnetts’ links to Russian anarchist-terrorism. 4. Barbara Arnett Melchiori, Terrorism in the Late Victorian Novel (Beckenham: Croom Helm, 1985). 5. Curle, Joseph Conrad and his Characters, p. 16. 6. Robert Louis Stevenson and Fanny Van de Grift Stevenson, More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter (New York: Henry Holt, 1885), pp. v–vi. 7. Deaglan Ó Donghaile, Blasted Literature: Victorian Political Fiction and the Shock of Modernism (Edinburgh University Press, 2011), p. 8, and see chapters 1 and 2. 8. See, for example, Conrad’s reprimand to Garnett for categorizing him as a ‘Slav’ rather than a ‘Pole’ (CL3 492–3). 9. See Najder, A Chronicle, p. 252, and Cedric Watts, ‘Stepniak and Under Western Eyes’ (Notes and Queries, November 1966), 411. For Stepniak’s reception in left-wing circles in Britain, see John Slatter, ‘Bears in the Lion’s Den: The Figure of the Russian Revolutionary Emigrant in English Fiction, 1880–1914’, The Slavonic and East European Review 77.1 (1999), 35. 10. See Thomas Moser, ‘An English Context for Conrad’s Russian Characters: Sergey Stepniak and the Diary of Olive Garnett’, Journal of Modern Literature 11.1 (1984), 15–17. The New Review published Conrad’s The Nigger of the ‘Narcissus’ in 1897. 11. For Stepniak’s presence in Conrad’s library, see Hans van Marle, ‘A Novelist’s Dukedom: From Joseph Conrad’s Library’, The Conradian 16.1 (1991), 73. 12. See Watts, ‘Stepniak and Under Western Eyes’. 13. Stepniak, Underground Russia: Revolutionary Profiles and Sketches from Life (London: Smith, Elder, 1883), pp. 3–4. 14. Ibid., pp. 42–5. 15. Stepniak, The Career of a Nihilist (London: Walter Scott, 1889), pp. 3–4. 16. Ibid., p. 41. Notes to Chapter 4 199

17. Ibid., p. 253. 18. Ibid., p. 320. 19. Meredith, A Girl Among the Anarchists, pp. 22–3. 20. Ibid., p. 18 21. Ibid., p. 188. 22. Ibid., pp. 25–6, 29–30. 23. Ibid., p. 225. 24. Ibid., p. 268. 25. Ibid., p. 271. 26. Ibid., pp. 272–4. 27. For a compelling analysis of Haldin’s mysticism and its probable sources in both Dostoevsky and Apollo Korzeniowski, Conrad’s father, see Carabine, The Life and the Art, pp. 64–96. Carabine notes the ‘vatic, ecstatic tone’ and ‘Christian metaphors of martyrdom, crucifixion, the grave and resurrection’ in Korzeniowski’s ‘mystical and messianic’ writ- ings and concludes, persuasively, that Under Western Eyes is, in part, an ‘agonized critique’ of Korzeniowski’s values. 28. For other possible Biblical allusions in the novel, see Dwight H. Purdy, Joseph Conrad’s Bible (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), pp. 75, 102. 29. See Jeremy Hawthorn and Keith Carabine, ‘Explanatory Notes’, in Joseph Conrad, Under Western Eyes (Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 610. 30. Stepniak, Career of a Nihilist, p. 290. 31. Ibid., p. 252. 32. H. Barton Baker, Robert Miner, Anarchist (London: Ward, Lock, 1902), p. 114. 33. For a Kantian reading of voyeuristic presentations of punitive violence in the period’s fiction, see Houen, Terrorism and Modern Literature, pp. 62–6. Trotter’s crisper account is in The English Novel in History, p. 172. 34. George Griffith, The Angel of the Revolution: A Tale of the Coming Terror, ed. George Locke (London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1998), pp. 107, 108–9. 35. Susan Jones, Conrad and Women (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), pp. 64–5. 36. Frank Kermode’s reading of the narrator as literally ‘diabolical’ has prompted particular controversy, Carabine’s response being that Kermode ‘entirely misreads the novel’ (The Life and the Art, p. 243). This controversy has perhaps obscured the fact that diabolical qualities or labels are applied to several characters, including Razumov – who avoids ‘with dif- ficulty a burst of Mephistophelian laughter’ when talking to Haldin after the betrayal (53) – as well as Mikulin, as mentioned in Chapter 3. 37. Carabine, The Life and the Art, p. 153. 38. See Moser, ‘An English Context’. 39. For an explanation of the slight difference between the epigraph and Miss Haldin’s actual speech, see Hawthorn and Carabine, ‘Explanatory Notes’, p. 601. 40. Jones, Conrad and Women, p. 64. 41. See Sherry, Conrad’s Western World, p. 213, and Hampson, Conrad’s Secrets, p. 93. 200 Notes to Chapter 4

42. For Conrad’s views on the title, see CL3 305. 43. Barton Baker, Robert Miner, pp. 85–6. 44. Ibid., p. 87. 45. G.K. Chesterton, The Man Who Was Thursday, in A G.K. Chesterton Omnibus, containing The Napoleon of Notting Hill, The Man Who Was Thursday, The Flying Inn (London: Methuen, 1936), pp. 260–1. 46. Henry James, The Princess Casamassima (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1977), p. 214. 47. Ibid., p. 208. 48. Barton Baker, Robert Miner, pp. 85–6. 49. Coulson Kernahan, The Red Peril (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1908), p. 102. 50. Meredith, A Girl Among the Anarchists, p. 134. 51. Chesterton, The Man Who Was Thursday, p. 207. 52. See Sherry, Conrad’s Western World, p. 249. 53. See Bernard Gainer, The Alien Invasion: The Origins of the Aliens Act of 1905 (London: Heinemann, 1972), Jill Pellew, ‘The Home Office and the Aliens Act, 1905’, The Historical Journal (June 1989), 369–84, and Alison Bashford and Jane McAdam, ‘The Right to Asylum: Britain’s 1905 Aliens Act and the Evolution of Refugee Law’, Law and History Review 32.2 (May 2014), 309–50. This latter article notably corrects the widespread view that the Act was wholly illiberal: its codification of the right to asylum, which was somewhat against the grain of political agitation on immigration, set a major national and international precedent. For the debate’s resonances in the period’s fiction, see David Glover, Literature, Immigration, and Diaspora in Fin-de-Siècle England: A Cultural History of the 1905 Aliens Act (Cambridge University Press, 2012). For the biographical dimension in The Secret Agent, see Hampson, Conrad’s Secrets, pp. 99–101. 54. Quoted in Joseph A. Kestner, The Edwardian Detective, 1901–1915 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000), p. 281. 55. W. James Wintle, ‘Haunts of our Alien Invaders’, London Magazine (July 1906), 535. 56. E. Philips Oppenheim’s The Secret (1908), for example, imagines the German Waiters’ Union in Old Compton Street to be the centre of a net- work of nearly 200,000 German agents. See Stafford, The Silent Game, p. 8, and Nicholas Hiley, ‘Decoding German Spies: British Spy Fiction 1908–18’, in Wesley K. Wark (ed.), Spy Fiction, Spy Films and Real Intelligence (London: Frank Cass, 1991), pp. 55–77. 57. Wallace, The Four Just Men, p. 10. 58. Ibid., p. 22. 59. Letters dated 12 September 1906, 7 November 1906, 7 October 1907 (CL3 354, 371, 491). 60. Barton Baker, Robert Miner, pp. 156–7. 61. Meredith, Girl Among the Anarchists, p. 188. 62. Ropes and Ropes, On Peter’s Island, p. 79. 63. Coulson Kernahan, Captain Shannon (London: Ward, Lock, 1897), p. 16. 64. See Soskice, ‘The Azeff Scandals’, p. 822, and Saunders, Ford Madox Ford, vol. 1, p. 218. Notes to Chapter 5 201

65. Ó Donghaile, Blasted Literature, p. 15. 66. Trotter, The English Novel in History, p. 255. 67. Le Queux, The Czar’s Spy, pp. 307–8. 68. Houen, Terrorism and Modern Literature, p. 31; Grant Allen, For Maimie’s Sake: A Tale of Love and Dynamite (London: Chatto & Windus, 1886), pp. 25–6. Houen notes that Allen was also a popular science author, whose book on physics, Force and Energy: A Theory of Dynamics, was published in 1888. 69. E. Douglas Fawcett, Hartmann the Anarchist; or, The Doom of the Great City (London: Edward Arnold, 1893), pp. 65, 84. 70. J.S. Fletcher, The Three Days’ Terror (London: John Lang, 1901), pp. 72, 117. 71. John Buchan, The Power-House (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1916), p. 75. 72. H.G. Wells, Complete Short Story Omnibus (London: Gollancz, 2011), p. 8. 73. Anthony Fothergill eloquently describes Conrad’s rhetoric in this letter as ‘aesthetic (and political) mischief-making with linguistic transgression’. See ‘Connoisseurs of Terror and the Political Aesthetics of Anarchism’ in Carola M. Kaplan, Peter Mallios and Andrea White (eds), Conrad in the Twenty-First Century: Critical Approaches and Perspectives (New York and London: Routledge, 2005), p. 140. 74. Stevenson and Stevenson, The Dynamiter, p. 178. 75. John Gray, ‘Joseph Conrad, Our Contemporary’, in Heresies: Against Progress and Other Illusions (London: Granta Books, 2004), p. 103.

5 ‘The perpetrator of the most heartless frauds’: Swindlers, the New Economy and the Limits of Narrative

1. Baines, Joseph Conrad, p. 277. 2. From Conrad’s Preface to The Nature of a Crime (London: Duckworth, 1924). This edition was, as Conrad implies, published at Ford’s instiga- tion. For Ford’s self-deprecating verdict, see Saunders, Ford Madox Ford, vol. 1, p. 211. 3. Morrison, Chronicles of Martin Hewitt, p. 187; Meade, The Sorceress of the Strand, p. 7. 4. Trotter, The English Novel in History, p. 52. 5. Grant Allen, An African Millionaire: Episodes in the Life of the Illustrious Colonel Clay (London: Penguin Books, 2012), p. 75. 6. Embezzlement also features in ‘The Planter of Malata’ (1914) whose plot is driven by the hunt for Felicia Moorsom’s fiancé Arthur, who has absconded after being wrongly accused of embezzlement. As the clerk who has committed the crime remains ‘off-stage’, however, this story is not considered here. 7. Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit (London: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 292. Dickens introduced Merdle into the novel two days after Sadleir’s suicide. See Mary Poovey, Genres of the Credit Economy (University of Chicago 202 Notes to Chapter 5

Press, 2008), pp. 375–7 for a useful discussion (although Poovey consistently misspells Sadleir as ‘Sadlier’). 8. For Grant, see George Robb, White-Collar Crime in Modern England: Financial Fraud and Business Morality, 1845–1929 (Cambridge University Press, 1992). For Balfour, see David McKie, Jabez: The Rise and Fall of a Victorian Rogue (London: Atlantic Books, 2005). 9. See Cedric Watts, Joseph Conrad: A Literary Life (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989), p. 118, and Hampson, Conrad’s Secrets, pp. 121–4. 10. Robb, White-Collar Crime, p. 96. 11. Quoted in David Kynaston, City of London: The History (London: Chatto & Windus, 2011), pp. 179–80. 12. J.A. Hobson, The Evolution of Modern Capitalism: A Study of Machine Production, new and revised edition (London and Felling-on-Tyne: Walter Scott Publishing, 1906), p. 237. 13. Charles Feinstein, ‘Britain’s Overseas Investments in 1913’, Economic History Review 43.2 (1990), quoted in Emmerson, 1913, p. 29. 14. Hobson, Evolution of Modern Capitalism, p. 237. 15. Najder, A Chronicle, p. 186. For background to the boom, see Kynaston, City of London, pp. 161–71. 16. The figure comes from the 1911 census. See Kynaston, City of London, p. 258. 17. See E.F. Benson, Mammon & Co. (London: Heinemann, 1899), p. 208. 18. Hobson, Evolution of Modern Capitalism, pp. 241–2. 19. Harold Frederic, The Market-Place (Toronto: William Briggs, 1899), p. 91. 20. Patrick Brantlinger, Fictions of State: Culture and Credit in Britain, 1694–1994 (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1996), p. 171. Brantlinger is discussing Melmotte in The Way We Live Now. 21. George Gissing, The Whirlpool (London: Hogarth Press, 1984), pp. 216, 249. 22. The two founding texts of Distributism by what Bernard Shaw named ‘the Chesterbelloc’ were Chesterton’s What’s Wrong with the World (1910) and Belloc’s The Servile State (1912). 23. Hilaire Belloc, Emmanuel Burden, Merchant, of Thames St., in the City of London, Exporter of Hardware: A Record of His Lineage, Speculations, Last Days and Death (London: Methuen, 1904), p. 72. See also J.A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, revised edition (London: Archibald Constable, 1905). 24. Harley Granville-Barker, The Voysey Inheritance (London: Heinemann, 1967), p. 39. 25. ‘Skelton Kuppord’ was the pseudonym of the academic Sir John Adams. 26. Cedric Watts, Literature and Money: Financial Myth and Literary Truth (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990), p. 3. 27. E.F. Benson, The Money Market (London and Edinburgh: T. Nelson, 1915), pp. 64, 153, 258. 28. All three were serialized in popular monthly magazines before book publication, in The Strand (1896), The Windsor (1900–1) and The Captain (1909) respectively. Notes to Chapter 5 203

29. Morley Roberts, The Colossus: A Story of To-day (London: E. Arnold, 1899), p. 9. 30. Max Pemberton, Wheels of Anarchy (London: Cassell, 1908), p. 20; ‘The Gold Wolf: The Story of a Man and His Money’, Windsor Magazine, vol. XVI (June–November 1902), 73. 31. E. Phillips Oppenheim, A Millionaire of Yesterday (London and Toronto: Ward Lock, n.d.), p. 56. 32. Frederic, The Market-Place, pp. 204–5. 33. Ibid., p. 229. 34. Ibid., pp. 382–3. 35. Ibid., pp. 220–1, 316. 36. Hobson, Evolution of Modern Capitalism, pp. 238, 251, 243. 37. Ibid., p. 252. 38. For the resemblance between the captain’s speech patterns and Conrad’s, as rendered by Wells in his Experiment in Autobiography (1934), see Robert Hampson, “‘Not a Bad Frenchman”: Conrad and National Identity’, in Paul Goring, Domhnall Mitchell and Jakob Lothe (eds), Each Other’s Yarns: Essays on Narrative and Critical Method for Jeremy Hawthorn (Oslo: Novus Press, 2012), pp. 279–89. 39. Laurence Davies, ‘Conrad, Chance, and Women Readers’, in Andrew Michael Roberts (ed.), Conrad and Gender (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993), p. 75. 40. Ohmann, Selling Culture, p. 82. For an incisive discussion of the relationship between magazines, advertising and fiction, see Donovan, Joseph Conrad and Popular Culture, chapter 4. 41. Barry Pain, Deals (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1904), p. 99. 42. Arthur Morrison, The Dorrington Deed-Box (London: Ward, Lock & Co, 1897), pp. 153–4. 43. E.F. Benson, Mammon & Co. (London: Heinemann, 1899), p. 11. 44. Hobson, Evolution of Modern Capitalism, p. 247. Hobson also criticized the application of literary skill to the prosecution of war and imperialism during the Boer War in his Psychology of Jingoism (1901). 45. H.G. Wells, Tono-Bungay (London: Everyman, 1994), p. 138. 46. Ibid., p. 121. 47. See Donovan, Joseph Conrad and Popular Culture, pp. 139–43. 48. For other references, see ibid., p. 148. 49. Wells, Tono-Bungay, p. 134. 50. See Donovan’s elegant discussion of the story, which elaborates several of these points, in Joseph Conrad and Popular Culture, p. 147. 51. Erdinast-Vulcan, Strange Short Fiction, pp. 115–16; see also Donovan, Joseph Conrad and Popular Culture, p. 154. 52. Wells, Tono-Bungay, p. 198. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid., p. 197. 55. Ibid., p. 245. For Lea Park, see n., p. 357. 56. Ibid., pp. 198–9. 57. Ibid., p. 197. 204 Notes to Conclusion

58. Ibid., pp. 197–8. 59. Ibid., p. 350. 60. Ibid., p. 251. 61. Thimblerig was a ‘swindling game played with three thimbles and a pea […] the sharper then challenging the bystanders to guess under which the pea had been placed, and to bet on their choice’ (OED). 62. Wells, Tono-Bungay, pp. 192–3. 63. Brantlinger, Fictions of State, p. 144. 64. Ibid., p. 168. 65. Poovey, Genres of the Credit Economy, p. 9. 66. H.G. Wells, An Englishman Looks at the World (Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1914), p. 168. 67. John Attridge, ‘“The Yellow-Dog Thing”: Joseph Conrad, Verisimilitude, and Professionalism’, English Literary History 77.2 (Summer 2010), 273. 68. For the letter, see Hampson, ‘Chance: The Affair of the Purloined Brother’. Susan Jones points out that Flora is more present – and less of a ‘gap’ – in the serial version. See ‘Modernism and the Marketplace: The Case of Conrad’s Chance’, College Literature 34.3 (Summer 2007), 101–19. 69. Wells, Tono-Bungay, p. 119. 70. Kynaston, City of London, p. 259. 71. For further allusions to Shakespeare in the novel, see John Batchelor, ‘Conrad and Shakespeare’, L’Époque Conradienne 18 (1992), 124–51. 72. Perhaps the first critic to remark on the melodrama of the novel’s climax was Walter de la Mare, in a fulsome notice for the Times Literary Supplement (‘The Novels of Mr Conrad’, 15 January 1914). De la Mare also noted the spectral nature of Mr Smith’s presence on the Ferndale (CR3 187–8). 73. For an elaboration of this point, see Jones, ‘Modernism and the Marketplace’.

Conclusion: Cooking the Books

1. Cedric Watts, ‘Marketing Modernism: How Conrad Prospered’, in Ian Willison, Warwick Gould and Warren Chernaik (eds), Modernist Writers and the Marketplace (London: Macmillan, 1996), p. 84. See also Jeremy Hawthorn, Joseph Conrad: Narrative Technique and Ideological Commitment (London: Edward Arnold, 1990), pp. 133–55; Jakob Lothe, Conrad’s Narrative Method (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 35–44; John G. Peters, ‘“Let that Marlow talk”: Chance and the Narrative Problem of Marlow’, The Conradian 39.1 (Spring 2014), 130–46. 2. David Trotter, Paranoid Modernism: Literary Experiment, Psychosis, and the Professionalization of English Society (Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 166. Edward Garnett was the first to attribute Chance’s success to the figure of the lady on the jacket (Letters from Joseph Conrad, p. 15). 3. Jones, ‘Modernism and the Marketplace’, 104–6. See also Jones’s Conrad and Women. Notes to Conclusion 205

4. Helen Chambers, ‘“Fine-weather books”: Representations of Readers and Reading in Chance’, The Conradian 39.1 (Spring 2014), 101. 5. Wells, An Englishman Looks at the World, p. 150. Marlow also assumes that Captain Anthony uses reading ‘as an opiate against the pain of his magnanimity’ (416). 6. In ‘The New Novel’ (1914), in Henry James, The Art of Fiction and Other Essays (Oxford University Press, 1948), pp. 202–3. 7. See Donovan, Joseph Conrad and Popular Culture, pp. 117–18. 8. Conrad tended to be infuriated by Lynd’s reviews; despite Lynd’s dec- laration that Chance was ‘one of the most original and fascinating of novels’ (CR3 178), this one was no exception. Lynd’s suggestion that the story could have been told in 200 pages, rather than 406, clearly stuck in Conrad’s mind, as he archly alludes to this criticism in the ‘Author’s Note’. 9. No less than four early reviewers identified Zola as an inspiration: W.H. Chesson in The Daily Chronicle, the anonymous author of Country Life’s scathing and scandalized notice, The Sketch’s reviewer and ‘Cygnus’ in The Times of India (CR2 343, 353, 393, 443). 10. Hawthorn, ‘Joseph Conrad’s Half-Written Fictions’, p. 152. 11. Todorov, Genres in Discourse, p. 197. 12. Watts, The Deceptive Text, pp. 36–8. 13. Chesterton, The Defendant, p. 8; James, ‘The Art of Fiction’, p. 8. Bibliography

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Academy, The, 27 Baker, Ernest A., 18–19 Adorno, Theodor, 4 Baker, H. Barton adventure fiction, 2–3, 17, 154–5 Robert Miner, Anarchist, 23, 121–2, advertising, 142–3, 158–3, 170–1 127, 129, 134–5 Alexandra of Denmark, Queen Balfour, Jabez, 148, 149 Consort of Edward VII, 87 Balzac, Honoré de, 19 Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, 111 Barings Bank, 150 Aliens Act 1905, 19, 47, 132, 181–2 Barrie, J.M., 4, 20 Allen, Grant, 3–4, 9, 10, 19, 20, Barr, Robert, 11, 23, 30 182–3 ‘Adventures of Sherlaw Kombs, African Millionaire, An, 146, 147, The’, 30 153 Triumphs of Eugène Valmont, The, ‘Episode of the Bertillon Method, 31, 53 The’, 41 Baxter, Katherine, 2 For Maimie’s Sake, 138 Beach, Thomas Miller see Le Caron, anarchism, 112, 130, 134, 141 Major Henri Anderson, Alder, 41 Becke, Louis, 20 Anderson, Robert, 33, 73 Beerbohm, Max, 10 Sidelights on the Home Rule Belloc, Hilaire, 20, 152, 153, 158 Movement, 60–2, 63, 67, 72–3 Emmanuel Burden, 151, 152, 155, Anglo-French Entente 1904, 95 157, 163 Anglo-Russian Convention 1907, 95 Mr Clutterbuck’s Election, 152, Arabian Nights, The, 55, 93, 106 156 Aschendrof, Baron Ignatz von Bennett, Arnold, 12, 20 (pseudonym of Joseph Grand Babylon Hotel, The, 154–5 Conrad and Ford Madox Benson, E.F., 153, 158 Ford) see Conrad and Ford, Mammon & Co., 151, 157, 159 ‘The Nature of a Crime’ Money Market, The, 153 Ashdown, Clifford (R. Austin Bergson, Henri Freeman and J.J. Pitcairn) Le Rire, 177 Romney Pringle saga, 53, 75 Bertillon, Alphonse, 41–2, 46 ‘Submarine Boat, The’, 75, 90 Besant, Walter, 31 Attridge, John, 170 Bismarck, Otto von, 94 Austen, Jane, 169 Blackwood, Algernon Autonomie Club, 63, 74 Dr John Silence saga, 40 Azeff, Eugene (Erno), 107–9, 136 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 10, 13, 22, 133, 175 Baden-Powell, Robert Blackwood, William, 2, 10, 12, 25, Scouting for Boys, 76, 79, 80–1 183 Baines, Jocelyn, 107 Board of Trade, 171

219 220 Index

Boothby, Guy, 13, 19, 20, 23, 86, 91 Conrad, Joseph Dr Nikola series, 23 collaboration with Ford, 4, 12, 44, In Spite of the Czar, 196n 64, 107, 144 Prince of Swindlers, A, 53 correspondence with J.B. Pinker, Boots Booklovers’ Library, 7 12–15, 19 Bourdieu, Pierre, 9, 10, 13 immigrant status, 132 Bourdin, Martial, 63, 64 need for money and recognition, Bovril, 160 9–10, 13–16 Boy’s Own Annual, 1, 11, 24 political views, 92–5, 107–8, Boy’s Own Paper, 1 109–10, 115, 134, 143 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, 19 reading tastes, 1, 60, 149 Brantlinger, Patrick, 151, 169 share ownership, 150, 172 Buchan, John, 2, 20 theory of literature, 8–9, 87, 177–9 Power-House, The, 139 work for popular publications, 10, Busza, Andrzej, 94, 109 12, 13–14, 86–7, 158, 175 works: Caine, Henry Hall, 4, 9, 10, 15, 19, Almayer’s Folly, 8, 9, 10, 15 182–3 ‘Anarchist, An’, 111, 141–3, 150, Captain, The, 202n 160, 161 Carabine, Keith, 5, 103–5, 107, 124 ‘Autocracy and War’, 86, 92–5, Carey, John, 38 100, 106, 110 Cassell’s Magazine, 23 ‘Black Mate, The’, 196n Chace Act 1891, 7 ‘Books’, 9 Chamberlain, Joseph, 112 Chance, 2, 15–16, 22, 44, 143, 148, Chambers, Helen, 176 149, 150, 157–74, 175–83 character, 22 reception, 175–6, 178–9 Chesson, W.H., 9, 86, 205n serial version, 44, 175–6 Chesterton, G.K., 20, 152 ‘End of the Tether, The’, 133 ‘Defence of Detective Stories, A’, ‘Freya of the Seven Isles’, 196n 49–50 ‘Gaspar Ruiz’, 10 ‘Defence of Penny Dreadfuls, A’, ‘Heart of Darkness’, 22, 162–3 180 ‘Informer, The’, 14, 60, 65, 67, Man who was Thursday, The, 24, 68–71, 80, 111, 126–9, 141 127–8, 130 Inheritors, The (with Ford), 4, 148, Childers, Erskine, 77, 80, 83 150, 180 Riddle of the Sands, The, 24, 77–8, ‘London’s River’, 133, 196n 81–2, 90 Lord Jim, 1, 5, 10, 133 ‘city comedies’, 21, 147, 153–4 Mirror of the Sea, The, 10, 12, 76, 133 Collier’s Weekly, 27 ‘Nature of a Crime, The’ (with Collins, Wilkie Ford), 44, 144–8, 152, 157 Moonstone, The, 28–9, 42, 44 Nigger of the ‘Narcissus’, The, 8–9, Commonweal, The, 63–4 10, 15, 163, 170 Conrad, Jessie Nostromo, 1, 14, 22, 150, 154 Handbook of Cookery for a Small Notes of Life and Letters, 92 House, A, 160 ‘Partner, The’, 148, 160–1, 162–3 Conrad, John, 1, 24–5 Personal Record, A, 14, 170 Index 221

‘Planter of Malata, The’, 201n Daily Mail, 10, 12, 23, 27, 183 Preface to Jessie Conrad, A Daily News, 27 Handbook of Cookery for a Daily News and Leader, 179 Small House, 160 Daly, Nicholas, 11 Razumov see Under Western Eyes Dark, Sidney, 2 ‘Return, The’, 10 Davies, Laurence, 158 Romance (with Ford), 12–13 de Brunnow, Janina (Baroness), 8 Secret Agent, The, 5, 14, 18, 19, 25, de la Mare, Walter, 204n 26, 27–8, 34–6, 44–7, 48–51, de Plehve, Vyacheslav, 98, 108 54–8, 59–60, 71–4, 84, 85–7, Derrida, Jacques, 5 89, 101, 104, 106, 130–5, 136, detective fiction, 2–3, 5, 6, 17, 18, 137, 138–40, 141, 143, 157, 21, 26–32, 37, 41–2, 45–6, 179, 180, 181, 182 49–50, 60, 70, 74, 146–7, 179, reception, 2, 27, 86–7, 132–3 180, 181, 182 textual history, 57–8, 60–2, 65, Dickens, Charles, 28, 151, 158, 174, 67–8, 72–3, 79, 87, 91–100, 176 110, 111 Bleak House, 28 Set of Six, A, 69 Dombey and Son, 135 ‘Smile of Fortune, A’, 196n Great Expectations, 135 Some Reminiscences, 14 Little Dorrit, 148, 171 ‘Typhoon’, 13, 27 Donovan, Stephen, 12, 13, 160, Under Western Eyes, 1, 5, 82–4, 86, 162–3 100–10, 112, 114–15, 118–21, Dostoevsky, Fyodor 122–6, 136–7, 141, 179–80 Crime and Punishment, 86, 107, textual history, 82–3, 107, 124 109–10 ‘Youth’ (1898), 2 Doubleday, F.N., 175 Youth (1902), 10, 22 Doyle, Arthur Conan, 17, 20, 23, 27, Consols (bonds), 162 32, 41, 51, 153, 182 Cooper, James Fenimore, 20 Sherlock Holmes saga, 25, 26–7, Corelli, Marie, 4, 9, 10, 19, 20, 29–31, 35–6, 37, 39–42, 45, 182–3 49, 51, 55, 66, 75 Cornhill Magazine, 10 works: Coroneos, Con, 57 ‘Abbey Grange, The’, 42 Cosmopolis, 10, 13 Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, The, Country Life, 205n 146 Crane, Stephen, 11 ‘Black Peter’, 146, 147 Criminal Investigation Department ‘Boscombe Valley Mystery, The’, (CID), 29, 52; see also 32, 36 Metropolitan Police ‘Bruce-Partington Plans, The’, 75 Cromie, Robert, 89 ‘Cardboard Box, The’, 50 Cunninghame Graham, R.B., 20, 86, ‘Charles Augustus Milverton’, 51, 114, 134, 140, 143, 163 52 Curle, Richard, 20, 112 ‘Empty House, The’, 180 ‘Gloria Scott, The’, 146 Daily Chronicle, 205n Hound of the Baskervilles, The, 23, Daily Express, 2 25, 42, 46, 52 222 Index

Doyle, Arthur Conan – continued Fenian movement, 61, 73, 113 ‘Man with the Twisted Lip, The’, Field, Charles, 28 51, 52 Flaubert, Gustave, 9 Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, The, 146 Fletcher, J.S. ‘Naval Treaty, The’, 32, 33, 42, Three Days’ Terror, The, 139 74, 75 Fogel, Aaron, 109 ‘Norwood Builder, The’, 41 Ford, Ford Madox (né Hueffer), 44, ‘Red Circle, The’, 41 60, 64, 112, 114, 137, 144 ‘Red-Headed League, The’, 30 Fifth Queen trilogy (The Fifth ‘Resident Patient, The’, 65–6 Queen, Privy Seal, The Fifth Return of Sherlock Holmes, The, 146 Queen Crowned), 65, 67, 104 ‘Scandal in Bohemia, A’, 39–40, Good Soldier, The, 180 51, 52 Inheritors, The (with Conrad), 4, Sign of Four, The, 26, 29 148, 150, 180 ‘Speckled Band, The’, 30 ‘Nature of a Crime, The’ (with ‘Stockbroker’s Clerk, The’, 146, Conrad), 44, 144–8, 152, 157 147 Romance (with Conrad), 12–13 Study in Scarlet, A, 26, 30, 33, Forster, E.M., 22 34–5, 41 Fortnightly Review, 92, 94–5 Valley of Fear, The, 192n Fox-Davies, A.C. Dreyfus, Alfred, 79 Mauleverer Murders, The, 196n Dryden, Linda, 2, 11, 21 France, Anatole, 14 ‘dynamite novel’ see terrorist novel Frankfurt School, 5 Frederic, Harold Eagleton, Terry, 5 Market-Place, The, 151, 153, 156, 158 Eden, Charles H. Free Russia, 107 George Donnington, 98, 135 Freeman, R. Austin Edward VII, King of the United John Thorndyke saga, 39, 40–1, 45 Kingdom, 111 John Thorndyke’s Cases, 41 Edwardian novel of finance, 3, 147 ‘Moabite Cipher, The’, 32, 47 Eliot, George, 169 Red Thumb-Mark, The, 37, 146 Ellis, Havelock see also Ashdown, Clifford Criminal, The, 42 Frow, John, 20 English Review, The, 14, 44, 107, 124, Futrelle, Jacques 144, 157 Chase of the Golden Plate, The, 40 Entente Cordiale see Anglo-French Thinking Machine, The, 40 Entente Erdinast-Vulcan, Daphna, 70, 162–3 Galsworthy, Ada, 95 espionage fiction, 2–3, 5, 60, 74–80, Galsworthy, John, 20, 111, 134 80–4, 87–90, 97, 180 Galton, Francis, 41–2, 46, 95 Evening Standard and St James’s Gambier, J.W., 95 Gazette, 83 Gapon, George, 98, 107, 108, 137 Garnett, Constance, 107, 112, 114, Fashoda Incident, 88–9 115 Fawcett, E. Douglas Garnett, Edward, 9, 20, 23, 107, 110, Hartmann the Anarchist, 138–9 112, 114, 115, 178, 204n Index 223

Garnett, Olive, 115, 124 Houen, Alex, 138 Genette, Gérard, 17–18 Household Words, 28 genre, 4–6, 16–24, 179–82 Hudson, George, 148 George V, King of the United Hueffer, Ford Madox see Ford, Ford Kingdom, 111 Madox Germany, 79, 133 Hyne, Cutcliffe, 2 Gissing, George, 11, 12, 158 Whirlpool, The, 148, 152, 153 Ibsen, Henrik Gladstone, William Ewart, 113 John Gabriel Borkman, 152 GoGwilt, Christopher, 92 Idler, The, 23 Gothic novel, 136–7, 173, 176, 194n Illustrated London News, 175 Grant, Albert (né Gottheimer), 148 invasion-scare fiction, 2–3, 60, 74, Granville-Barker, Harley 88–9 Voysey Inheritance, The, 152 Ireland, 60–1 Gray, John, 140 Irish Republican Brotherhood, 113; Greenman, G.H., 62 see also Fenian movement Greenwich bombing, 32, 60, 61, 63, 64, 112 James, Henry, 11, 12, 20 Greer, Tom, 114 ‘Art of Fiction, The’, 87, 180 Griffith, George, 89, 122, 135, 136 Princess Casamassima, The, 5, Angel of the Revolution, The, 122, 128–9, 141 124, 182 Jameson, Fredric, 5 Griffiths, Arthur, 32, 33, 34 Jameson Raid, 154, 177 Mysteries of Police and Crime, 73 Jane, F.T., 89 Jauss, Hans Robert, 16 Haggard, H. Rider, 8, 11 John Grafton, 137 Hampson, Robert, 44, 61, 64, 149, joint-stock companies, 149–51, 160, 181 182 Harcourt, William, 61–2, 72, 132 Jones, Susan, 122, 125, 170, 175 Harmsworth, Alfred (Lord Joyce, James, 5, 9, 13 Northcliffe), 12, 89, 97, 133, 167 Keating, Peter, 6 Harper’s Magazine, 14, 111 Kemp, Sandra, 24 Hatton, Joseph Kent, Constance, 29 By Order of the Czar, 98–9, 122 Kernahan, Coulson Hawthorn, Jeremy, 5, 175, 180 Captain Shannon, 135 Henley, W.E., 10, 115 Red Peril, The, 129 Henry, Edward, 190n Kerr, Douglas, 29 Hichens, Robert, 20 Kestner, Joseph, 66 Hobson, J.A., 150, 151, 157, 159, Kipling, Rudyard, 4, 8, 10, 25, 76, 168 80, 83, 182 Hoggart, Richard, 4 Kim, 23, 76, 79, 81, 82 Home Office, 60 ‘Man Who Was, The’, 95–6, 98 Hornung, E.W. ‘Mark of the Beast, The’, 57 Amateur Cracksman, The, 146–7 ‘Miss Youghal’s Sais’, 55–6 Dr John Dollar saga, 41 Knopf, Alfred A., 175 224 Index

Kravchinsky, Sergei see Stepniak Lukács, Georg, 17 Kropotkin, Peter, 118, 122 Lynd, Robert, 178–9 Kuppord, Skelton ( John Adams) Fortune from the Sky, A, 153 Macnaghten, Melville, 33, 73, 190n Marriott-Watson, H.B., 11 Lansdowne, Andrew, 32 Marryat, Frederick, 20 Lansdowne, 5th Marquess of (Henry Marsh, Richard, 20 Petty-Fitzmaurice), 94 Mary, Queen Consort of George V, Lawrence, D.H., 9, 13 111 Leavis, Q.D., 4 Mason, A.E.W., 11 Le Caron, Major Henri (Thomas Maugham, W. Somerset, 20 Miller Beach), 61–2, 63 McDonald, Peter D., 9–12 Leopold II, King of the Belgians, 152 McIntyre, Patrick, 62–3, 64–5, 66, Le Queux, William, 19, 27, 70, 77, 71, 74 80, 86, 88–9, 91, 102, 182 Meade, L.T. Czar’s Spy, The, 97–8, 138, 181, Eric Vandaleur saga, 40 182 Sorceress of the Strand, The, 146 England’s Peril, 77, 88–9, 90 Melchiori, Barbara Arnett, 112, Great War of 1897, The, 78, 89 113 Invasion of 1910, The, 23, 89 Meldrum, David, 10 Man from Downing Street, The, 77, Melville, William, 32, 33 79, 97, 102 Merchant Shipping Act 1854, 171 Of Royal Blood: A Story of the Secret Meredith, George, 4 Service, 75, 88, 89–90 Meredith, Isabel (Helen and Olivia Sealed Script and a Singular Secret, Rossetti) 75 Girl Among the Anarchists, A, 64, Secret Service: Being Strange Tales of 68, 117–19, 126–9, 130, 135, a Nihilist, A, 75 141 Secret Sin, A, 5 Mesentsev, General N.V., 115 Secrets of the Foreign Office, 75, 89 Methuen, Algernon, 87, 134 Secret Square, The, 75 Metropolitan Police, 29–30, 32–3, Seven Secrets, The, 66–7 36–8, 50, 51–2, 59, 62, 66; Whoso Findeth a Wife, 74, 77 see also Criminal Investigation limited companies see joint-stock Department companies Mitchell, Charlotte, 24 Literary World, 179 Montpellier, 79, 111 Littlechild, J.G., 32, 52, 62 Moore, George, 4 Lombroso, Cesare, 45–6, 132 Moretti, Franco, 24, 30–1 L’uomo delinquente, 45 Morning Post, 183 London Magazine, 12, 97, 133, 175 Morral, Mateo, 111 London, Jack, 20 Morris, William, 63 Lopukhin, A.A., 107 Morrison, Arthur, 153, 158 Lothe, Jakob, 175 ‘Affair of the Avalanche Bicycle Lowndes, Marie Belloc, 13 and Tyre Co., Limited, The’, Lodger, The, 53–4 158–9 Lucas, E.V., 132–3 ‘Affair of the Tortoise, The’, 34 Index 225

‘Case of the Dixon Torpedo, The’, Orczy, The Baroness (Emma) 75 Lady Molly of Scotland Yard, ‘Case of Laker, Absconded, The’, 37–8 36–7 Orwell, George, 2, 4 ‘Case of Mr Foggatt, The’, 42 Outlook, The, 100 Dorrington Deed-Box, The, 53 Martin Hewitt saga, 34, 36–7, 39, Pain, Barry, 13, 147, 157 42, 75, 146 ‘Bluff’, 158 Moser, Maurice, 32, 62 Deals, 153–4 Moser, Thomas, 124, 125–6 Pall Mall Magazine, 13 Muddock, J.E., 19 Paris Commune, 115 For God and the Czar, 23, 99, 122 Parnell, Charles Stewart, 60–1, 113 Mudie’s circulating library, 7 Parnell Inquiry, 60–1 Pearson’s Magazine, 10, 23 Nash, Andrew, 8 Pemberton, Max, 23, 154, 157 National Political Union, 51–2 Gold Wolf, The, 154 National Review, The, 149 Wheels of Anarchy, 122, 154 Naturalism, 153, 156, 179 Perkin, Harold, 31 Nesbit, E. (Edith) Perovskaia, Sophia, 121 Railway Children, The, 21, 75, Peters, John G., 175 96–7, 181, 182 Pett Ridge, William, 20 New Review, The, 10, 115, 175 Phillpotts, Eden, 20 New York Herald, 22, 175 Phoenix Park murders, 113 Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 125 Pinker, Eric, 12 Nicoll, David, 63–5, 71, 74 Pinker, J.B. (James Brand), 12–15, ‘Greenwich Mystery!, The’, 63, 65 19, 95 Nihilism, 115–16 Poe, Edgar Allan, 17, 29, 44 Nisbet, Hume ‘Murders in the Rue Morgue, The’, Great Secret, The, 138 42 Nobel, Alfred, 113 ‘Purloined Letter, The’, 44 Nordau, Max Police Code, The, 29, 31, 32, 36, 52, Degeneration, 177 72 North American Review, 92 Poovey, Mary, 169 Northern Newspaper Syndicate, 14 Popay, William, 51–2 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, O’Connor, T.P., 14 108 Ó Donghaile, Deaglan, 61, 114, Pugh, Edwin, 11 137 Punch, 29, 178 Official Secrets Act 1889, 75 Ohmann, Richard, 6 Queensbury, 9th Marquess of ( John Okhrana, 107–8 Sholto Douglas), 32 Oppenheim, E. Philips, 23, 77, 157 Anna the Adventuress, 151 Ratchkovsky, Pyotr Ivanovitch, Maker of History, A, 74 107–9 Millionaire of Yesterday, A, 155–6 Raymond, Walter, 19 Secret, The, 200n Reading Experience Database, 20 226 Index

Revolutionary Socialists, 115 Shpayer-Makov, Haia, 33 Reynolds’s Newspaper, 62 Simenon, Georges, 17 Rhodes, Cecil, 154 Sketch, The, 179n Richelieu, Cardinal, 62 Smiles, Samuel Ridgway’s Magazine, 14, 57, 79, 87 ‘Thrift’, 162 Roberts, Morley, 64 Smith, Herbert Greenhough, 41 Colossus, The, 154 Socialist League, 63 Robinson, B. Fletcher, 23 Social Revolutionary Party, 108 Chronicles of Addington Peace, The, Soskice, David, 86, 107, 137 37, 38, 47 ‘Russian Spy System, The’, 107–9 ‘Story of Amaroff the Pole, The’, South Africa, 146, 150, 154, 172 47–8, 97, 133 Sprigge, S. Squire, 27 Rodin, Auguste, 12 Stafford, David, 75, 77, 87, 88 Ropes, Arthur, and Ropes, Mary Stead, Alfred, 94 On Peter’s Island, 99, 135 Stead, W.T., 29, 32 Rossetti, Helen, 63–4, 67, 71, 126–7; Stepniak (Sergei Kravchinsky), 96, see also Meredith, Isabel 114–21, 122 Rossetti, Olivia, 63–4, 71, 126–7; Career of a Nihilist, The, 115, see also Meredith, Isabel 116–17, 121 Rossetti, William Michael, 64, 126 Underground Russia, 115–16, 117, Royal Geographical Society, 90 121 Russell, W. Clark, 20 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 8, 10 Russia Catriona, 84 1904–5 Russo-Japanese War, 19, Dynamiter, The (with Fanny van 92–3, 94, 97, 112, 181–2 de Grift Stevenson), 24, 1905 Revolution, 19, 92–3, 97–8, 113–14, 140 107, 137 Stoker, Bram, 2 espionage practices, 59–60, 86 Strand Magazine, 10, 25, 26–7, 30, national character, 85–6, 92, 39, 41, 182 93–100, 105–6, 182 Stutfield, Hugh, 149 Sudan, 88–9 Sadleir, John, 148 Sweeney, John, 32, 62 Salisbury, 3rd Marquess of (Robert Symons, Julian, 78 Gascoyne Cecil), 88 Samuels, H.B., 63, 64 Tacitus, 100 Savoy, The, 10, 13 Tasso science fiction, 4, 112, 114, 139 Jerusalem Delivered, 173, 176 Scotland Yard see Metropolitan Taylor, Tom Police Ticket-of-Leave Man, The, 51 Scott James, R.A., 27 terrorist novel, 2–3, 5, 6, 112–14, Seliwertsow, General, 86 128–9, 139, 140–1, 143, 179 Shakespeare, William Thomas, Ronald R., 42 Othello, 173, 176 Thomson, Jon, 49 share ownership see joint-stock three-volume novel, 7 companies Timbuktu, 90 Sherry, Norman, 61, 72, 126, 130 Times of India, The, 205n Index 227

Times, The, 38, 60–1 Watts, Cedric, 5, 28, 149, 153, 175, Todorov, Tzvetan, 2, 16–17, 180 180 Tolstoy, Leo, 122 Waugh, Evelyn, 4 Torch, The, 115, 126 Weekly Sun, The, 27 T.P.’s Weekly, 14, 22 Wells, H.G., 4, 7, 11, 20, 96 Tracy, Louis, 89 ‘Contemporary Novel, The’, Trepov, Dmitri Fedorovich, 101–2, 169–70, 177 107, 121 ‘Stolen Bacillus, The’, 139, 140 Trepov, General Fyodor, 121, 174 Tono-Bungay, 148, 149, 151, Trollope, Anthony, 153 157–72, 182 Way We Live Now, The, 148, 155, Wexler, Joyce, 9 158 Whicher, Jonathan, 28–9 Trotter, David, 24, 80, 81, 122, 138, Whistler, James McNeill, 12 147, 175 White, Andrea, 2, 11, 21 Turgenev, Ivan, 19 Whitechapel Murders, 29 W.H. Smith’s circulating library, 7 Unwin, T. Fisher, 9 Wiggin, Kate Douglas, 19 Wilde, Oscar, 32 Victoria Eugenie, Princess of Williams, Lloyd, 27 Battenberg, 111 Williamson, A.M. and C.N., 20 Victoria, Queen of the United Windsor Magazine, 23, 33, 153, 182 Kingdom, 29 Wintle, W. James, 133–4 Vidocq, Eugène François, 62 Wodehouse, P.G., 147, 157 Vincent, Howard, 29, 31 Psmith in the City, 153 Vizetelly, Henry, 197n Swoop, The, 89 Volkhovsky, Felix, 114, 118 Wright, James Whitaker, 149, 164

Wagner, Richard, 12 Zagórska, Aniela, 3, 8 Wallace, Edgar, 23, 70, 182 Zangwill, Israel, 20, 23 Council of Justice, The, 78 Big Bow Mystery, The, 23, 33, 36, Four Just Men, The, 23, 28, 47–8, 42–3 53–4, 66–7, 133–4, 135–6 Zola, Émile, 179