Advances in Fingerprint Technology SECONDSECOND EDITIONEDITION CRC SERIES IN FORENSIC AND POLICE SCIENCE BARRY A. J. FISHER, Series Editor L.A. County Sheriff’s Department TECHNIQUES OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION Sixth Edition Barry A. J. Fisher SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS Revised Edition Ordway Hilton ADVANCES IN FINGERPRINT TECHNOLOGY Second Edition Henry C. Lee R. E. Gaensslen INSTRUMENTAL DATA FOR DRUG ANALYSIS Second Edition, Volumes 1–4 Terry Mills, III J. Conrad Roberson INSTRUMENTAL DATA FOR DRUG ANALYSIS Second Edition, Volume 5 Terry Mills, III J. Conrad Roberson H. Horton McCurdy William H. Wall INSTRUMENTAL DATA FOR DRUG ANALYSIS Second Edition, Volumes 6-7 Terry Mills, III J. Conrad Roberson William H. Wall Kevin L. Lothridge William D. McDougall Michael W. Gilbert Advances in Fingerprint Technology SECONDSECOND EDITIONEDITION EDITED BY Henry C. Lee and R. E. Gaensslen CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 0923 FmFrame Page iv Wednesday, May 16, 2001 12:10 PM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Advances in fingerprint technology / edited by Henry C. Lee, R.E. Gaensslen.--2nd ed. p. cm -- (CRC series in forensic and police science) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-0923-9 (alk. paper) 1. Fingerprints. 2. Fingerprints--Data processing. I. Lee, Henry C. II. Gaensslen, R. E. (Robert E.) III. Series. HV6074 .A43 2001 363.25'8--dc21 2001025816 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-0923-9/01/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0923-9 Library of Congress Card Number 2001025816 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper 0923 FmFrame Page v Wednesday, May 16, 2001 12:10 PM Preface The first edition of this book was published as a volume in the Elsevier Series in Forensic and Police Science. Elsevier’s book business has since been acquired by CRC Press LLC and CRC has supported and extended their forensic science program. We thank CRC for the opportunity to revise Advances in Fingerprint Technology to this second edition. Fingerprints is an area in which there have been many new and exciting developments in the past two decades or so, although advances in DNA typing have tended to dominate both the forensic science literature and popular information about advances in forensic sciences. Particularly in the realm of methods for developing latent prints, but also in the growth of imaging and AFIS technologies, fingerprint science has seen extraordinary breakthroughs because creative applications of principles derived from phys- ics and organic chemistry have been applied to it. Fingerprints constitute one of the most important categories of physical evidence. They are among the few that can be truly individualized. Fingerprint individuality is widely accepted by scientists and the courts alike. Lately there have been some modest challenges to whether a firm scientific basis exists for fingerprint individuality, based on the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1993 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. decision [113 S.Ct. 2786 (1993)] in which new standards for the admissibility of scientific evidence were articulated for the first time. The issues underlying these challenges are treated in Chapters 9 and 10. A perspective on the history and development of fingerprinting and the fundamentals of latent print identification are treated in Chapters 1 and 2, revised from the first edition. Latent fingerprint residue chemistry, on which every latent print detection technique is ultimately based, is covered in detail in a new Chapter 3. Chapter 4, the survey of latent print develop- ment methods and techniques, has been revised and updated. Chapter 5 on ninydrin analogues has been revised and updated. New chapters on physical developers (Chapter 7) and photoluminescent nanoparticles (Chapter 6) are added. AFIS system technology and fingerprint imaging are now widespread and may be considered mature. They are covered in a new Chapter 8. 0923 FmFrame Page vi Saturday, May 19, 2001 2:20 PM The first edition of this volume was dedicated to the memory and lifetime work of Robert D. Olsen, Sr., who wrote the original Chapter 2, but passed away unexpectedly before the book could be published. That chapter has been revised and retained in this edition. We want to thank all the contributors to this revised edition for their outstanding work and cooperation in bringing this work to completion. We also thank the staff at CRC, especially our acquisitions editor, Becky Mc Eldowney, for making the task comparatively painless. Again we thank our wives, Margaret and Jacqueline, for their continued love and patience with us and our work habits. 0923 FmFrame Page vii Wednesday, May 16, 2001 12:10 PM Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Ms. Nancy Folk, Ms. Cheng Sheaw-Guey, Mr. Hsieh Sung-shan, and Mr. Kenneth Zercie in the prepara- tion of the original Chapter 3 of the first edition. We particularly thank Ms. Erin Gould, a M.S. graduate of the University of Illinois at Chicago forensic science program, for her significant help with revised Chapter 4 for this present edition. We also thank Robert Ramotowski of the U.S. Secret Service Forensic Services Division for helpful commentary on and additional infor- mation for the revised Chapter 4. 0923 FmFrame Page ix Wednesday, May 16, 2001 12:10 PM Contributors Joseph Almog, Ph.D. James L. Johnson Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry Forensic Services Division Hebrew University of Jerusalem U.S. Secret Service Jerusalem, Israel Washington, D.C. [email protected] John Berry, FFS, BEM Henry C. Lee, Ph.D. Fingerprint Examiner and Historian Connecticut State Police Forensic (Retired) Science Laboratory South Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England Meriden, Connecticut Antonio Cantu, Ph.D. E. Roland Menzel, Ph.D. Forensic Services Division U.S. Secret Service Center for Forensic Studies Washington, D.C. Texas Tech University [email protected] Lubbock, Texas [email protected] R. E. Gaensslen, Ph.D. Forensic Science, College of Pharmacy Sharath Pankanti University of Illinois at Chicago IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Chicago, Illinois Hawthorne, New York [email protected] [email protected] Robert J. Hazen Spotsylvania, Virginia Clarence E. Phillips Anil K. Jain, Ph.D. Department of Computer Science Robert Ramotowski and Engineering Forensic Services Division Michigan State University U.S. Secret Service East Lansing, Michigan Washington, D.C. [email protected] [email protected] David A. Stoney, Ph.D. McCrone Research Institute Chicago, Illinois and Clinical Professor Forensic Science University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois [email protected] 0923 FmFrame Page xi Wednesday, May 16, 2001 12:10 PM Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments The Editors Contributors 1 History and Development of Fingerprinting John Berry and David A. Stoney 2 Identification of Latent Prints Robert D. Olsen, Sr. and Henry C. Lee 3 Composition of Latent Print Residue Robert S. Ramotowski 4 Methods of Latent Fingerprint Development Henry C. Lee and R. E. Gaensslen 5 Fingerprint Development by Ninhydrin and Its Analogues Joseph Almog 6 Fingerprint Detection with Photoluminescent Nanoparticles E. Roland Menzel 0923 FmFrame Page xii Wednesday, May 16, 2001 12:10 PM 7 Silver Physical Development of Latent Prints Antonio Cantu and James L. Johnson 8 Automated Fingerprint Identification and Imaging Systems Anil Jain and Sharath Pankanti 9 Measurement of Fingerprint Individuality David A. Stoney 10 The Expert Fingerprint Witness Robert J. Hazen and Clarence E. Phillips 0923Ch01Frame Page 1 Monday, May 14, 2001 1:34 PM History and Development of Fingerprinting 1 JOHN BERRY DAVID A. STONEY* Contents Introduction Evolution and the Elliptical Whorl (1976) Neolithic Bricks (7000 B.C.) Prehistoric Carvings (3000 B.C.) Mummies Finger Imprints on Artifacts in Antiquity (circa 3000 B.C.) Grauballe Man (A.D. 400) Philosophical Transactions (1684) De Externo Tactus Organo (1686) William of Orange (1690) Thomas Bewick (1753–1828) Concerning the External Physiological Examination of the Integumentary System (1823) Fingerprint Classification Dr. Ivan Vucetich (1858–1925) The Henry System Sir Edward Henry and Sir William Herschel Dr.