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A Summary of the Use of Electronic Tagging to Provide Insights Into Salmon Migration and Survival

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A Summary of the Use of Electronic Tagging to Provide Insights Into Salmon Migration and Survival See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257556558 A summary of the use of electronic tagging to provide insights into salmon migration and survival Article in Environmental Biology of Fishes · February 2012 DOI: 10.1007/s10641-012-0098-y CITATIONS READS 6 63 4 authors, including: Robert Bruce Macfarlane P. T. Sandstrom University of California, Santa Cruz University of California, Davis 58 PUBLICATIONS 1,569 CITATIONS 19 PUBLICATIONS 248 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Steven Thomas Lindley University of California, Santa Cruz 103 PUBLICATIONS 3,850 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Green Sturgeon Population Monitoring View project Coupled physical-biological models for understanding how water management and habitat restoration affect anadromous fish populations. View project All content following this page was uploaded by Robert Bruce Macfarlane on 21 July 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Environ Biol Fish (2013) 96:419–428 DOI 10.1007/s10641-012-0098-y A summary of the use of electronic tagging to provide insights into salmon migration and survival A. Peter Klimley & R. Bruce MacFarlane & Phillip T. Sandstrom & Stephen T. Lindley Received: 5 November 2012 /Accepted: 27 November 2012 /Published online: 12 December 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012 Introduction knowledge and understanding of mortality and the migratory behavior of salmonids on the western coast The status of Pacific salmon populations has been of of North America. Firstly, these electronic tags have increasing concern for many decades, with many pop- been reduced in size sufficiently to fit into the peritoneal ulations now under legal protection. The causes of cavity of smolts (ocean-ready juveniles). Secondly, the their declining status are manifold and untangling signals emitted from these beacons are unique so that them has been difficult due to the complex life histo- each tagged fish can be recognized by its code, which ries, which involve migrations among freshwater, es- enables recording movement patterns and mortality of tuarine, and marine habitats. Finding solutions to individual fish. This has been accomplished with two salmon management problems requires understanding types of coding, pulse interval modulation or frequency how salmon respond to threats in these different envi- phase shifting (McMichael et al. 2010). Thirdly, auto- ronments. Telemetry provides an attractive approach mated monitors have been developed that identify and to monitoring salmon as they move among these envi- record the passage of individual fish from the unique ronments, and advances in miniaturization and mass signals emitted from these beacons (Klimley et al. production have made it feasible to monitor salmon 1998). The cost of these autonomous receivers has been throughout their life cycle. reduced sufficiently to permit the establishment of large Recent advances in acoustic telemetry have provid- scale arrays that can monitor salmon throughout their ed for the first time an opportunity to greatly expand migratory cycle. These advances have led to a burst in telemetry studies of Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus). A. P. Klimley (*) : P. T. Sandstrom Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, Until recently, the movements and mortality patterns University of California, of juvenile salmonids were determined by a series of One Shields Ave., cross-shelf arrays of tag-detecting monitors that were Davis, CA, USA established along the continental shelf, from Point e-mail: [email protected] Reyes in northern California to Prince William Sound : R. B. MacFarlane S. T. Lindley in Alaska (Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Program - Fisheries Ecology Division, POST; Welch et al. 2002). Additionally, monitors have Southwest Fisheries Science Center, been deployed in many of the estuaries and rivers along National Marine Fisheries Service, 110 Shaffer Rd., this coastline. Coded tags and the POST array have been Santa Cruz, CA, USA used to determine the overall survival of salmon smolts 420 Environ Biol Fish (2013) 96:419–428 as they migrate downstream in large rivers with and resolution reach-specific survival of late-fall run without dams (Welch et al. 2008) and during early ocean Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)and life (Welch et al. 2009). Balfry et al. (2011)recordedthe steelhead trout (O. mykiss) smolts from California’s survival of hatchery raised steelhead smolts released in Central Valley. This array has been used since 2006 by the Seymour River as they migrated through the estuary consortium researchers for various studies related to and along the continental shelf over a 4 year period human and natural sources of mortality and alterations using the POST array. in migration pathways throughout the Sacramento A large array of acoustic monitors has been estab- River-Delta-San Francisco Estuary corridor (Table 2). lished along the length of the Sacramento River, Telemetry researchers from California and other Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, and San Francisco locales convened a symposium on 20–21 May 2010 Estuary (Fig. 1) by the California Fish Tracking at the University of California’sBodegaMarine Consortium (Table 1) and is used to determine high Laboratory. This two-day meeting was made possible Fig. 1 Array of tag-detecting monitors deployed in the mainstem of the Sacramento River, the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, and San Francisco Estuary. Monitor locations indicate with solid circles; release sites with clear circles with center dot Environ Biol Fish (2013) 96:419–428 421 Table 1 Geographical regions with tag-detecting monitors maintained by members of the California Fish Tracking Consortium Source Agency Maintaining Geographical Region Type of Monitorsa Number of Monitors CALFED UC Davis Sacramento River VR1, 2, 2w 70 ERP UC Davis Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta VR1, 2, 2w 60 US ACE UC Davis San Francisco Bay VR2w 120 US ACE NOAA Golden Gate VR2w 19 POST NOAA Point Reyes VR3 12 CDWR CDWR Feather River VR2 12 CALFED California Bay-Delta Authority, CDWR California Department of Water Resources, ERP Ecosystem Restoration Program, POST Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project, UC Davis University of California, Davis US ACE U.S. Army Corps a Acoustic monitors from Vemco, Amirix Systems, Inc., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada with funds from CALFED, a state-federal collabora- Survival was 100 % for all treatments and there were tion with the mission to improve California’s water no significant differences in growth over a period of supply and the ecological health of the San Francisco 160 days; but the incisions with the absorbable sutures Bay/Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. The pur- healed more rapidly and with less inflammation than pose of the symposium, entitled “Electronic tagging the incisions with non-absorbable sutures. The results studies of salmon migration,” was to provide an up- of this study indicate that acoustic transmitters, when date of recent salmonid telemetry findings. Forty talks ≤5.6 % of body weight, can be effectively used in one- were organized into four sessions: 1) tagging technol- year old Chinook salmon to study their migratory ogy and its limitations and capabilities, 2) behavior movements. and physiology of tagged fish, 3) movement and mi- Steelhead trout are known to expel acoustic tags, gration patterns, and 4) survival estimates and detec- and this action can negatively bias population survival tion probabilities. Twenty-one articles have originated estimates. Further, implanted tags may impede the from this meeting. We briefly summarize the results of development and compromise the behavior of smolts, these articles under each category as a conclusion for thereby impacting the results of population and behav- this Special Issue. At the end, we will make some ioral studies. Sandstrom et al. (2013) found that 20 % recommendations for future studies in the Sacramento/ of the tags implanted in Sacramento River steelhead San Joaquin watershed and other rivers on the West were expelled over 143 days, with larger tags (9 mm Coast of North America. diameter) expelled at a greater rate than smaller tags (7 mm). Sandstrom et al. tested two techniques to adjust survival estimates for tag expulsion or failure, Tagging technology and its limitations individual censorship in Program MARK and ATLAS, and capabilities during outmigration through the Sacramento River and found adjusted survival estimates were not signif- Ammann et al. (2013) examined the effects of placing icantly different from the unadjusted rates. This indi- acoustic transmitters in the peritoneal cavity of late- cated that it may be more important to focus on fall Chinook salmon smolts. There were no significant improving surgical techniques to reduce tag expulsion differences in the relative growth or survival of smolts rather than adjusting survival estimates dependent on carrying passive integrated transponders (1) without the study. any surgical operation, (2) with surgery without tag Premature electronic tag failure can cause a nega- implantation, and (3) with the implantation of the tive bias in fish survival estimates because tag failure electronic tag during a 221-day experiment. A second is interpreted as fish mortality. Holbrook et al. (2013) experiment was conducted with smolts with trans- used mark-recapture modeling to adjust estimates of ponders (1) without a
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