abhimanu magazine Gist April 2019 1

What Makes It Different Some Features of Abhimanu’s magazine

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● Precisely Chosen Articles: We do not copy paste every Article of the magazine rather than choose the most relevant article from perspective of civil services preparation. So that you can identify the important articles in course of your preparation.

● Focus on Language: The articles are presented in the original language rather than oversimplifying them. Because such spoon feeding will harm your preparation given to the unexpected nature of UPSC.

● Special Directives after every article: about how to utilize the article, its relevance in essay, prelims exam and mains exam.

● Assignments: are after every article so that you can check your understanding of the article. Even here we have not provided unnecessary questions. Every assignment is unique because every article has its own importance.

● Beyond the Magazine: wherever needed it is mentioned that you need to go beyond the scope of this article.

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abhimanu

Magazine April 2019 (The gist of the most important articles from Yojana, Frontline, EPW and Kurukshetra) For bridging the gap between knowledge and wisdom

by abhipedia

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“ “Knowledge is knowing that a tomato is a fruit. Wisdom is not putting it in a fruit salad." ” abhimanu’s wisdom

Whenever an aspirant starts preparation of civil services, one of the first advice she gets is to read magazines like Yojana and Frontline.

It is true that these magazines help you to gain knowledge, which is one of the most important aspects civil services preparation.

However, certainly it is not enough. But Unfortunately, by taking this single dimension of knowledge almost every institute in the field of civil services preparation is providing summary of Yojana etc. These summaries can only provide information but civil services preparation needs more than just information. it needs the art to process the information unto wisdom, which can help an aspirant to tackle anything which UPSC throws at her.

To bridge this gap between knowledge and wisdom, abhimanu IAS through its online platform abhipedia is bringing you a fortnightly document which is to guide you how to read Yojana and Frontline along with articles from other sources like newspaper. It is to be noted here that this document is not a replacement of these magazines. The sole purpose of this summary is to make you learn the “the art of reading and going beyond knowledge”.

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Table of Contents

Contents abhimanu’s wisdom ...... 3 Table of Contents ...... 4 Lead Story :Handicrafts & Textiles - The Pride of ...... 6 Article 1: VARIOUS CRAFTS IN INDIA ...... 8 High Focus Article for Prelims 2019 for Art and Craft ...... 8 Zari ...... 8 Carpet ...... 8 Handloom ...... 8 Textile Hand Embroidery: ...... 9 Textile Hand Printing: ...... 9 Cane and Bamboo: ...... 9 Filigree and Silverware: ...... 9 Metal Ware: ...... 9 Jewellery ...... 9 Pottery and Clay Objects: ...... 10 Folk Painting: ...... 10 Coir Twisting: ...... 10 Theatre, Costumes and Puppets: ...... 10 Grass, Leaf, Reed and Fibre: ...... 10 Article2 . AYUSHMAN BHARAT: Path to privatization ...... 11 Reference Article: Cover Story from Frontline by Vikhar Ahmed Sayeed ...... 11 Context ...... 11 About Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) ...... 11 Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana: Shadow or substance ...... 11 Other issues with Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana ...... 11 AYUSHMAN BHARAT: Path to privatization? ...... 12 Conclusion ...... 12 www.abhimanuias.com , [email protected] Corporate office: Dainik Bhaskar Building, 2nd Floor, Sector 25-D, Chandigarh abhimanu magazine Gist April 2019 5

ASSIGNMENTS ...... 12 Article 3. CHILD WELFARE ...... 13 Reference Article: Left in the lurch from Frontline VIKHAR AHMED SAYEED ...... 13 Issue at hand ...... 13 What is ICDS ...... 13 Significance of ICDS ...... 14 Declining Budgetary Allocation ...... 14 Reason for decline in Budget ...... 14 ICDS: An imperative for development ...... 14 Assignments ...... 15 Article 4. MANUAL SCAVENGING? ...... 16 Reference Article: Feet of clay from Frontline ...... 16 Context ...... 16 Law Against Manual Scavenging ...... 16 Implementation of law ...... 16 Clash between Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA and fight against Manual Scavenging ...... 17 Rehabilitation as a solution ...... 17 Challenges in rehabilitation ...... 17 Still, Rehabilitation is possible ...... 17 Way Forward ...... 17 Assignments ...... 18 Article 5. MAGIC OF GIFTED HANDS: EMPOWERING HANDICRAFT ...... 18 Reference Article: From Yojana by Shantmanu ...... 18 Introduction ...... 18 Statistics ...... 19 Export Scenario: ...... 19 Challenges of Handicrafts Sector ...... 19 Government Efforts: ...... 20 Assignment ...... 20 Article 6. CONTRIBUTING TO ECONOMIC GROWTH...... 21 www.abhimanuias.com , [email protected] Corporate office: Dainik Bhaskar Building, 2nd Floor, Sector 25-D, Chandigarh abhimanu magazine Gist April 2019 6

Reference Article: by Shisir Sinha from Yojana...... 21 Introduction ...... 21 Contribution of This Sector in Economy: ...... 21 Handicrafts Sector ...... 21 Cotton ...... 22 Challenges for Textile Sector: ...... 22 Steps Taken by Government: ...... 22 Article 7. RURAL TOURISM- SHOWCASING INDIA’S RURAL HERITAGE...... 23 Reference Article: Energizing India from Kurukshetra by Vikas Rustogi ...... 23 Introduction ...... 23 Relationship Between Tourism and Its Cultural Assets ...... 23 Need for Promoting Rural Tourism ...... 24 Opportunities ...... 24 Steps Taken and Success Stories ...... 24 Challenges ...... 25 Way Forward ...... 25 Assignments ...... 26 Article 8. SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF RURAL TOURISM ...... 26 Reference Article: From Kurukshetra by Dr Anupama Shrivastava ...... 26 Introduction ...... 26 Rural Tourism ...... 26 Positive Impact in Building Rural Societies ...... 27 Challenges ...... 28 Conclusion ...... 29 Assignments ...... 30

Lead Story :Handicrafts & Textiles - The Pride of India

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Every region in India has its unique handicraft tradition, mostly using locally available material. Being a labour intensive sector, it supplies employment to lakhs of artisans all over the country.

Womenfolk in farm families also use this as a means of gainful employment after their menfolk go to the fields. The handicrafts and textiles sector is a major source of livelihood throughout rural India.

The sector is also an important foreign exchange earner, as it has very high export potential. Indian handicrafts and textiles are in great demand abroad with their unique motifs and colourful textures. Indian handicraft products like shawls, jewellery, bags, wooden carvings, embroidered material are all popular at international levels as well.

Every student of Indian history knows about the artefacts that were found at the site of the famous Mohenjo-daro and Harappan civilizations. The statue of the dancing girl, the jewellery - all are testimony to the fact that handicrafts have been part of Indian tradition since the period of the Indus Valley civilization, if not earlier Subsequent races und dynasties continued this glorious tradition, incorporating their individual styles and using specific materials, be it wood artefacts of Saharanpur, bidri work in Andhra Pradesh, the floral motifs of the Indo-Persian style, the rich zari work found in Kanchipuram silks the puppets of Rajasthan, et al.

The heritage of Indian textiles also goes back to the Indus Valley civilization, where homespun cotton was used to weave clothes. Every region has its typical textile tradition. The rich Kanchipuram silk sarees of the South, the muga and tussar silks of the north cast, the grand Banarasi sarees, the cotton and silks, the pashmina and shahtoosh shawls of Kashmir, the brightly embroidered textiles of Rajasthan and Kutch, the phulkari work of Punjab, all epitomize the richness of India's textile tradition. Indian silk and jute garments are famous all over the world and in global demand.

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Skilling of artisans has been receiving focused attention. Skilling helps to familiarize the artisan with latest technology and designs and helps upgrade the product international standards, thus, leveraging the sector's inherent strength as a macro-economic driver.

Women form a very big chunk of workers in this sector. Their skilled hands help produce very delicate handicraft and textiles - be it the Channapatna wooden toys, embroidery work on textiles, carpet weaving - women form the backbone of this sector. Empowering them economically and socially is, therefore, crucial.

As an ancient tradition, many of these artisans have learnt their skill from their forefathers and have attained a very high level of skill and specialization in their art. This is what makes this industry so unique as compared to other sectors where skills and techniques can largely be learnt in a college or academy in a formal way. It, thus, becomes even more imperative that this ancient tradition is not allowed to die. The relevant stakeholders need to ensure that this ancient art flourishes and its skilled hands are economically self-sufficient.

Article 1: VARIOUS CRAFTS IN INDIA High Focus Article for Prelims 2019 for Art and Craft

Zari: • Zari is an even thread traditionally made of fine gold or silver used in traditional Indian, Pakistani and Persian garments and curtains, etc. • is the home of zari industry in India. Other clusters producing zari are Bareilly, , , , , , Lathur, , Barmer etc.

Carpet: • Major centers of carpet production are Bhadohi, Varanasi, Mirzapur, Agra, Jaipur, Bikaner, Kashmir, and Panipat, , West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Karnataka and Elluru in Andhra Pradesh.

Handloom: • India is a major handloom producer in the world, accounting for 85 per cent of the total production globally. • Major clusters in India are Bahraich, Bhuj, Karimnagar, Patan, Varanasi, Nawan, Shaher, Boudh, etc.

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• Handloom industry is the second largest employment generator in India, next only to agriculture. Textile Hand Embroidery:

• In textile hand embroidery, embellishment is made on fabric with threads and sometimes with other materials. • There are many popular embroidery clusters such as chikankari and zardozi of Lucknow, katha of Bengal, pulkari of Punjab, kutchi embroidery of Gujarat and kashidakari of Kashmir. Textile Hand Printing:

• Hand printed textiles is a craft in which cloth is dyed with hand or printed using shapes. Various types of hand printing practiced in India are block printing, batik, kalamkari (hand printing by pen) and bandhani (tie and die). Cane and Bamboo:

• Assam and Tripura are recognized as prominent places for caneand bamboo products both nationally as well as internationally. Other major cane and bamboo handicraft centers are Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh in North Eastern region, West Bengal, Kerala and Odisha. Filigree and Silverware:

• Filigree is an extremely ancient technique dating back to 4000 years ago. Filigree work is performed on silver and involves significant precision and technicality. Two major clusters of silver filigree in India are Karimnagar in Andhra Pradesh and Cuttack in Odisha. Metal Ware:

• Different categories of handicrafts that come under metal ware are, brass metal ware of Moradabad,metal bidri work and bell metal in , Odisha, and so on. • India is the largest brassware producer in the world. Major clusters of brassware are Moradabad, Murshidabad, , Salem, Cuttack and Haryana. • Bidriware is a metal handicraft that originated in Bidar, Karnataka. The term ‘Bidriware’ originates from the township of Bidar, which is still the main centre of the unique metal ware. It is a form of encrusted metal ware, where one metal is inlaid on to another. • It travelled from Iran to Ajmer in Rajasthan in the 13th century AD, and from there to Bijapur and flourished during the reign of the Deccan Sultanate. • It is also practiced in district in the state of Maharashtra and Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh. The basic metal used for Bidri is the alloy of zinc and copper.

Jewellery:

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• India has well-established capabilities for hand-made jewellery, both in traditional and modern designs. • Major centers of handmade jewellery are , Moradabad, Sambhal, Jaipur, Kohima (Tribal), • Nellore, , Nalgonda, Nizamabad, etc. Pottery and Clay Objects:

• Most popular forms of pottery include blue pottery, black and red pottery, roulette ware, and dull red and grey water. • Asharikandi in Assam is the largest cluster in India, where terracotta and pottery crafts is found. Other clusters are Bhadrawati, Bulandshahar, Nizamabad, , Chandrapur, etc. • The main raw material for this craft is ordinary clay, derived from the beds of water bodies. Folk Painting:

• Indian Folk paintings are pictorial expression of village painters which are marked by the subjects chosen from epics. • The Gond tribe of Madhya Pradesh is engaged in floor and wall painting. • Warli is vivid expression of daily and social events of Warli tribe in Maharashtra. • Rajasthan is famous for Phad painting done on cloth. • Other types of paintings are pithora painting in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, Madhubani painting of Bihar, Chitrakar painting of West Bengal, Patachitras in Odisha, and Kalamkari in Srikalahasti, Andhra Pradesh. Coir Twisting:

• Coir is natural, eco-friendly, water proof and exceptionally tensile fibre extracted from the nuts of coconut palms. • This craft is primarily produced in Odisha (Sakhigopal, Puri, Pipli, Bhubaneswar, Batamangala and Kendrapara). It is also produced in Kerala (Ernakulam). Theatre, Costumes and Puppets:

• There are four types of puppets – glove, rod, shadow and string. These are produced in several states including Odisha (Kundheri nach, Kathi Kandhe, Ravanachhaya), Karnataka (Gombeyatta, Togalu Gombeatta), Andhra Pradesh (Tholu Bommalata), Tamil Nadu (Thol Bommalattam, Tolpavaikoothu), Rajasthan (Kathputli), Bihar (Yampuri) and Kerala (Tolpavakoothu, Pavakathakali). Grass, Leaf, Reed and Fibre:

• Different parts of the plants are used for preparing various handicrafts such as footwear, basketry, mats, chiks, bags, lampshades and boxes.

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• Major centers of this craft are Almora and Dehradun in Uttarakhand, Goa, Ernakulam in Kerala, Kullu in Himachal Pradesh, Midnapur in West Bengal, etc.

Article2 . AYUSHMAN BHARAT: Path to privatization Reference Article: Cover Story from Frontline by Vikhar Ahmed Sayeed Context

• ON September 23, 2018, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Ayushman Bharat- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) in . About Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)

• It is biggest “government-sponsored health care system in the world”. Targeted at poor, deprived rural families and specific occupational categories of urban workers’ families. • Its stated aim is to provide them secondary and tertiary care such as advanced surgical interventions. • The scheme, with a cover of Rs.5 lakh a family, is to benefit 10.74 crore families, approximating 50 crore beneficiaries. Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana: Shadow or substance

• In the five months that the scheme has been operational, besides gaps in its implementation, serious flaws have been detected that may eventually lead to large private hospitals and private insurance companies benefiting, with the government acting as a broker. • Even when the scheme was launched, there was criticism by many opposition-ruled States. Karnataka, for instance, had a successful health coverage system under 10 separate schemes that had come into force over the past 15 years. Thus, these states are reluctant to join the scheme. Other issues with Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

• Middle-class patients who availed themselves of health care benefits under the various schemes in the past were unable to get the benefits of ABAK as they needed a referral from a government hospital, which is hard to come by. • The second problem was that the beneficiaries were unaware of the fine print of the AB- PMJAY. “They think that any treatment or surgery up to Rs.5 lakh is free, but this is not true. For example, if a woman undergoes a caesarean section while delivering a baby, the compensation is only Rs.7,000, which is unimaginably low. • The third and perhaps the most serious problem is that some ailments or parts of treatment that were covered earlier have been removed under the ABAK.

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AYUSHMAN BHARAT: Path to privatization?

• A significant point of worry with schemes like the AB-PMJAY is that with the encouragement of health insurance models, governments move away from their responsibility of strengthening public health institutions. • The move towards the insurance model is worrying as it weakens the public delivery system and promotes utilization of facilities at private hospitals. • There is an overdose of medicalization as the patients are insured. This only leads to a maximization of profit of private hospitals and private insurance companies without strengthening the public health system. • The argument that under health insurance schemes such as the AB-PMJAY, access to private hospitals would provide a larger number of health facilities. “This is a flawed argument as the nearest empaneled private hospital in a rural area is usually at the district headquarters and at least 50 to 100 kilometers away. Conclusion

• In the present form the Ayushman Bharat falls short of the PM Modi promise of increasing the access, improving the quality and lowering the cost” of health services with the goal of providing “Health assurance to all Indians and to reduce the out of pocket spending on health care. • The goals of Ayushman Bharat are novel, however privatization of everything does not help in achieveing these novel goals. • The Union Government rather than air dropping a new should try to supplement and replicate successful health programs of some states like Karnataka (Arogya Karnataka), Kerala (Karunya Arogya Suraksha Paddhati (KASP) etc. Keynotes/Keywords from Article: • The article presents a critique of Ayushman Bhart Programme. • If you want to make complete use of this article than try to rewrite in a shorter format without losing the essence. • This Article is very important for essay paper. As it helps to think in 360 degree. ASSIGNMENTS Question for Mains: Goals of Ayushman Bharat are novel, however privatization of everything does not help in achieving these novel goals. Comment (250 words). • First, focus on word comment. You need to take a side here. • Introduce by stating objectives and goals of Ashman Bharat. • Then explain how it is encouraging privatization of health industry.

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• Bring some negative points of privatization of healthcare. • You can mention about responsibility of state for taking care of health of citizens. • Finally conclude by giving some suggestions like developing health infrastructure by state. Need to increase the no of qualified doctors, introduction of diploma in primary healthcare. MCQ Consider the following statements National Health Authority: 1. It replaced the National Health Agency. 2. National Health Authority as an attached office to Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. 3. It is created for implementation of Pradhan Mantri - Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY). Which of the above statements are Correct?

a) 1 only

b) 1 and 2 only

c) All of the above

d) None of the above Answer: C Explanation: For better implementation of Pradhan Mantri - Jan Arogya Yojana (PM- JAY)."National Health Agency" has been dissolved and will be replaced by National Health Authority as an attached office to Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.

Article 3. CHILD WELFARE Reference Article: Left in the lurch from Frontline VIKHAR AHMED SAYEED Issue at hand

• Anganwadis, which provide crucial support to children belonging to economically backward and marginalized communities, have been hit hard by the reduction in budgetary support for the ICDS by the Central government. What is ICDS

• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme under the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development is the provision of care to prevent malnutrition in children in the age group of 0-6 years.

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• A total of 13.63 lakh anganwadis (at the end of May 2018) are spread all over the country and these are the nodal centers that provide this care. Significance of ICDS

• For children of economically and socially backward parents who live in rural India and cannot afford private preschool education, the anganwadi is a precious space. • This is the place where they are assured of at least one hearty meal a day. • In Karnataka, for instance, a child is given milk and a healthy snack, apart from a meal of freshly prepared rice and sambar. Twice a week, an egg is added to the lunch as a nutritional supplement. • These centres also provide non-formal preschool education which scores low on quality but prepares the children for school. The anganwadi also maintains a record of immunisations administered and the overall health of the children. • Pregnant women and lactating mothers are also given a meal at the anganwadi and referral services are provided when needed. Declining Budgetary Allocation

• If we look at the core allocation to anganwadi services in the Union Budget between 2014-15 and compare it with later Budgets, we see the declining trend clearly. • In 2014-15, Rs.16,562 crore was allocated, which declined to Rs.15,484 crore in 2015-16. It was further reduced to Rs.14,561 crore in 2016-17. • There was a marginal increase in the subsequent two years: Rs.15,245 crore (2017-18) and Rs.16,335 crore (2018-19), but this just about matched the allocation in the last Budget of the previous United Progressive Alliance government (Rs.16,058 crore in 2013-14). Reason for decline in Budget

• After the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission (implemented in April 2015), the share of States in Central taxes went up from 32 per cent to 42 per cent. This meant that the allocation for Centrally sponsored schemes, including the ICDS, went down. • This has hit poorer States much more than richer States and this could have an adverse impact on indicators such as wasting, stunting and early education. • In a glaring change in policy at the end of 2017, the Centre, which used to contribute 60 per cent for a wide array of expenses such as school and medicine kits and administrative costs, cut its contribution to 25 per cent. So, while the relatively richer States have made up for the shortfall in Central allocation through an increase in State budgetary allowances, poorer States have been hit hard. ICDS: An imperative for development

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• ICDS is imperative because India is ranked 103 on the Global Hunger Index and has the largest number of malnourished children in the world. • Considering the important role that the anganwadis play in alleviating child malnutrition, it would make sense if the budgetary allocation for the ICDS is increased every year, if only to factor in inflation. • Finally, it must be pondered upon how a country will secure her interest on world stage if half of its future workforce is stunted or malnourished. Keynotes/keywords • The article presents importance of ICDS. • Data on budget is only for reference purpose, all you need to know is ICDS is not getting budgetary allocation as per need. • You must read everything about 14th finance commission. • Also note down the ranking in Global Hunger index and which agency publishes it.

Assignments Question for Mains: Anganwadi centres are the pillar on which healthy India for future can developed however these centres are facing multiple issues? Discuss. • First of all, Introduce the Anganwadi Centre by mentioning ICDS. • Establish, how these centre contribute in development of Child. • Discuss the issues these centres are facing, Eg: Financial Issue, lack of infra,low salary of Anganwadi workers etc. • Present solutions conclude by again stating importance of Anganwdi Centres. MCQ

ICDS is concerned with development of children between age group of:

a) 6 to 14 years b) 0 to 6 years c) 0 to 14 years d) 6 to 13 years Answer: b Explanation: Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme under the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development is the provision of care to prevent malnutrition in children in the age group of 0-6 years.

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Article 4. MANUAL SCAVENGING? Reference Article: Feet of clay from Frontline Context

• The theatrics of Prime Minister Narendra Modi washing the feet of sanitation workers in Prayagraj notwithstanding, the report card of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government has been dismal with regard to manual scavengers. • During Modi’s tenure, one worker died every third day while being engaged in the inhuman activity of manual scavenging • As many as 366 people were killed in sewer-related deaths over 1,744 days of the BJP’s rule at the Centre. This number is verifiable through documents collected by the Safai Karmachari Andolan from the family members of the deceased. Law Against Manual Scavenging

• In 2013, the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act decisively put an end to the inhuman practice of any form of manual cleaning, carrying, disposing or handling of human waste. • While the local authorities resisted change after the 1993 ban on manual scavenging, there should have been proactive measures taken after 2013 to ensure the provisions of the Act were not violated yet again. Implementation of law

• According to the 2013 Act, central monitoring committees were to be formed at the State, district and block levels, but only 13 or 14 States and not more than 100 districts have achieved that to date. • Often, State governments allege that they find it difficult to implement laws as the Central government does not cooperate with them and vice versa. • Although the 2013 Act had clearly laid down the provisions to deal with violations of the law, not a single person has been prosecuted so far despite many deaths. The Act authorises both imprisonment and fine as ways to deal with offenders who employ manual scavengers. But the police have not implemented the law properly. • Often, first information reports are not written down, and when they are after community and activists’ intervention, incorrect sections of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) are mentioned. Instead of Section 302 of the IPC, the police apply Section 304 (A) which indicates death by negligence. • These are not accidental deaths. Not even in a single case has the employer been charge- sheeted, nor any punishment been meted out.

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Clash between Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA and fight against Manual Scavenging

• The toiletisation taking place under flagship scheme of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is indirectly promoting manual scavenging. • The more the septic tanks, the more the workforce required to clean them. In the absence of any other provision, a person will be sent down to clean the sewer, putting his life at risk. This proportionately increases the risk factor. • In the entire Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) campaign, there was not a single effort made towards the prevention of deaths of scavengers. Rehabilitation as a solution

• While experts in the field of social justice have long since been advocating a community- centric model with regard to the rehabilitation of manual scavengers, their recommendations have repeatedly been ignored by the government. Challenges in rehabilitation

• When an individual from a vulnerable community is rehabilitated, the odds are that there will be someone else who will step in to do the job, given the overall deprivation of the community. • With the expansion of urban spaces, manual scavengers who reside in housing colonies in cities, and whose children go to government schools nearby, find that if they voluntarily leave their jobs, they may be displaced to resettlement slum clusters outside the city. In order to retain the houses, someone from the family is forced to follow the generations-old practice of manual scavenging. Still, Rehabilitation is possible

• Provisions should be made to give the community, which is entirely landless, some land and business opportunities. • Their children be encouraged to find employment in technology-related areas or in sports Way Forward

• Since this is a historic injustice, there must be a plan for generational shift. It has been going on before the time of Gandhi. It is a shame that it still exists. Training in sewing and knitting is pointless in India. There must be a proper plan for rehabilitation. • It is also a historical stigma that society has normalised and people of the community have internalized. Without systematic government intervention, the community will not be able to come out of the practice.

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Keynotes/keywords • Article should be read in an Apolitical manner. • Note down the data and use it as a hook in introduction of your essays. Assignments Question for Mains: Manual Scavenging is the biggest social injustice in independent India. Enumerate the reasons why it’s still in practice and what should be done to eliminate it. • First, Explain Manual scavenging. • Use some of the data given in the introduction. • Give answer to why it is still in practice. You can write about society, caste and non- implementation of laws. • Give solution present in the article. MCQ Bezwada Wilson won Magsaysay award for:

a) For excellent contribution towards women development.

b) For freeing bonded labour.

c) For working to eliminate practice of Manual scavenging.

d) None of the above Answer: c Explanation: Bezwada Wilson (born 1966) is an Indian activist and one of the founders and National Convener of the Safari Karmachari Andolan (SKA), an Indian human rights organization that has been campaigning for the eradication of manual scavenging, the construction, operation and employment of manual scavengers which has been illegal in India since 1993

Article 5. MAGIC OF GIFTED HANDS: EMPOWERING HANDICRAFT Reference Article: From Yojana by Shantmanu Introduction

• Handicraft is rightly described as craft of the people and in India it is not just an industry but is the aesthetic expression of the artisans. www.abhimanuias.com , [email protected] Corporate office: Dainik Bhaskar Building, 2nd Floor, Sector 25-D, Chandigarh abhimanu magazine Gist April 2019 19

• The definition of handicrafts as per Honourable Supreme Court in Louis Shoppe judgment decided in 1995 says “it must be predominantly made by hand. It does not matter if some machinery is also used in the process. It must be graced with visual appeal in the matter of ornamentation or inlay work or some similar work lending it an element of artistic improvement. Such orientation must be of a substantial nature and not a mere presence”. Importance of Handicrafts • It provides employment to a vast segment of craftsperson’s in rural and semi urban areas. • It generates substantial foreign exchange for the country, while preserving its cultural heritage. • Handicrafts have great potential, as they hold the key for sustaining not only the existing set of millions of artisans spread over the length and breadth of the country, but also for the increasingly large number of new entrants in the crafts activity. • 56% of the artisans are female. • In non-agricultural or lean seasons, handicrafts become an alternative means of subsistence for this population and safeguards them from food insecurity. • Handicrafts add value to the tourist spots and attract tourists providing an income for local artisans and other petty vendors/service providers in the surroundings.

Statistics: • There are approximately 70 lakh handicraft artisans in the country practicing various types of crafts. • Out of these, 35 crafts have been recognized as “Endangered Crafts” such as Assamese Jewellery, Rogan Painting, Sanjhi Crafts, Ganjeefa Cards and Chamba Rumal and 92 crafts have been registered under “Geographical Indication Act” like Ganjifa cards of Mysore, Kashmir Paper Machie, Madhubani paintings, Kathputlis of Rajasthan, Odisha pattachitra, Varanasi Glass beads and Warli painting of Maharashtra. Export Scenario:

• India has been a large exporter of handicrafts over the years and the exports trend has been increasing year by year. • The top ten countries contributing to export of handicrafts items during the last five years are USA, U.A.E., United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, France, Australia, Italy, Canada, Latin American countries, Japan and Switzerland. • India is the world’s largest producer and exporter of handmade carpets since 2013-14. • India is the only country that makes handmade carpets that start from 16 knots per square inch to 2500 knots per square inch and also uses more than 10 types of raw materials and makes carpets in all sizes, shapes and colors. Challenges of Handicrafts Sector www.abhimanuias.com , [email protected] Corporate office: Dainik Bhaskar Building, 2nd Floor, Sector 25-D, Chandigarh abhimanu magazine Gist April 2019 20

• The handicraft sector has challenges of working capital, poor exposure to new technologies, absence of full market intelligence and institutional framework. Government Efforts:

• The office of Development Commissioner (Handicrafts) is the nodal agency in the Government of India for craft and artisan-based activities. • The office supports the artisans and the sector through its six regional offices at , , Lucknow, , Guwahati, and New Delhi. • Domestic marketing platform is provided by organizing Gandhi Shilp Bazaar, Crafts Bazaar, etc. and organizing handicraft exhibitions in prominent shopping malls of the country. • International Marketing platform is being provided to awardee artisans through participation in international marketing events. • The handicraft awards namely Shilp Guru Award, National Award, National Merit Certificates and Design Innovation award are amongst the highest awards to give recognition for encouragement to outstanding craftspersons to maintain excellence in craftsmanship and keeping alive our old traditions. • As recognition of India’s contribution, India was made the Partner Country in the world’s oldest and one of the best exhibitions “Ambiente” 2019, Germany. • National Handicrafts & Handloom Museum at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi is popularly known as Crafts Museum. Keywords and Keynote from the article • This article along with the Article 6 present a complete info and analysis about Handicraft industry. • You should use this information while writing about economic development, rural development and women empowerment.

Assignment Question for Mains Handicraft industry has huge potential but has challenges of working capital, poor exposure to new technologies. Substantiate • Use data to introduce the answer. • You can also use the Definition of Handicrafts given in Introduction. • Then use info given in article to substantiate each point asked in question. MCQ “Ambiente” 2019, Germany is an event related to: a) Textile Industry b) Consumer good trade fair

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c) Conference on Artificial Intelligence. d) None of the above Answer: b Explanation: India was made the Partner Country in the world’s oldest and one of the best exhibitions “Ambiente” 2019, Germany

Article 6. CONTRIBUTING TO ECONOMIC GROWTH. Reference Article: by Shisir Sinha from Yojana Introduction

• Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh) and Raghurajpur (Odisha) are separated by over 1100 kilometres but one thing brings them closer and that is their association with project of linking ‘Textiles with the Tourism’. • These are the first two centres chosen for a project aiming to give textiles and handicrafts a new dimension. • This initiative has helped, even in a limited way, the traditional sector to get a face lift. Contribution of This Sector in Economy:

• The textile sector has been one of the oldest industries in India currently estimated at around US$ 150 billion and expected to reach US$ 250 billion soon. • It contributed seven per cent of the industry output (in value terms), 15 per cent in export earnings and over two per cent in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of India in 2017-18. • This industry is now on the way to becoming the second largest manufacturer and exporter in the world, after China. • Textiles and handicrafts have been a key source of employment. As per the latest available Annual Survey of Industries data, number of persons employed in the organized Textile and Wearing Apparel Sector is around 26,94,280 in 2016-17. • Further, the handloom sector provides direct and indirect employment to 43 lakh weavers and allied workers. Handicrafts Sector

• It is mainly an un-organised and diversified sector with estimated 70 lakh artisans 32 broad crafts categories throughout the country. • To organize and standardize the Indian handicrafts, approximately 22.85 lakhs artisans have been trained under ‘Pahchan’ initiatives.

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• For standardization of carpets, carpet rating scheme has been formulated. • In an effort to establish authenticity of handmade products there is a scheme of handicraft mark. • Any handicraft artisan registered under ‘Pachchan’ can utilize this portal for marketing their products. Cotton: • In order to protect the interest of cotton farmers, the Minimum Support Price (MSP) has been increased for 2018-19 by 28 per cent and 26 per cent for Medium Staple Cotton and Long Staple Cotton respectively. • Also, to pass on the benefit of MSP and to ensure remunerative price to a large section of cotton farmers, there is a nodal agency called Cotton Corporation of India (CCI). Challenges for Textile Sector:

• Growth of the textile sector depends not just upon the domestic market, but equally on the export market. • Manufacturing costs of textile sector in India is higher due to the fragmented structure of the industry and presence of MSMEs. • One of the key challenges which India faces is duty disadvantage of up to 9.6 per cent in important consuming markets like the European Union as compared to competing countries viz. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Turkey and Pakistan which have zero duty access. Steps Taken by Government:

• Now, in order to meet these challenges, there is a package for garments and made-ups sectors. • It offers Rebate of State Levies (RoSL) and labour law reforms and relaxation of Section 80 JJAA of Income Tax Act. • Products such as fibre, yarn and fabric in the textile value chain are being strengthened and made competitive. • Assistance is been provided to exporters. Also, interest equalization rate for pre and post shipment credit for the textile sector has been raised from 3 per cent to 5 per cent Keywords and Keynote from the article • Note down the terms like “Duty Disadvantage”, if you use such terms you can fetch 1 or two marks extra. • Use data like Indian textile industry is now on the way to becoming the second largest manufacturer and exporter in the world, after China.

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Question for Mains Growth of the textile sector depends not just upon the domestic market, but equally on the export market. (250 words). • Introduce by providing data on textile industry, which is amply given in this article. • Make an infographic about problems of the Textile industry in India present at least 6 to features. • Then come to the point of how we need export market to sustain growth in textile industry. • Present the challenges and how to overcome it to capture export market. MCQs Consider the following regarding “Pehchan Initiative” 1. Under this initiative pehchan cards are issued to register and provide Identity (ID) cards to handicraft artisans and link them to a national database. 2. It is an initiative of Union Ministry of Textile. Which of the above statement is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 only d) Neither one nor two Answer: C Explanation: Self Explanatory Article 7. RURAL TOURISM- SHOWCASING INDIA’S RURAL HERITAGE Reference Article: Energizing India from Kurukshetra by Vikas Rustogi Introduction

• India’s tourism attractions are large and varied. Our culture, which is both syncretic and dates back to ancient times, is our most visible attraction. • The great monuments ranging from that symbol of eternal love, Taj Mahal to the great temples of South India, the majestic forts of Rajasthan as well as the wide and varied landscape of snowcapped mountains, golden beaches, rich forests and verdant deserts all make India an ‘Incredible’ destination. • Be it Medical and Wellness Tourism, be it Golf courses and be it Adventure Sports, India has it all. Relationship Between Tourism and Its Cultural Assets

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• India has a unique cultural heritage in which lies its competitive strength. It has vast array of arts and craft spread through the length and breadth of the state. • The conservation, preservation and integrated development of the areas around these art and craft not only provides an additional opportunity for growth and expansion of rural and heritage tourism in India but also enhances the experience of the tourist visiting such sites. • While tangible heritage has been in the mainstream of tourism development in India, the intangible or living tourism has tremendous scope for increasing India’s tourism offering not only to the world, but also to its own citizens. (The intangible heritage includes folklore, cuisine, customary practices, etc.)

Need for Promoting Rural Tourism

• The villages and the rural economies also have practitioners of unique arts and crafts in their original forms that are hard to come by in the cities. • Rural areas are mostly farming communities and in many cases the incomes are not as good as they are in cities. • Many young men and women are increasingly migrating to the cities looking for better opportunities. This has also led to some of the arts and crafts traditionally being practiced in the rural communities dying a slow death. • Rural Tourism is one of the solutions which can cater to all the above questions. • Rural Tourism focuses on the visitor actively participating in a rural lifestyle. The tourist travels to a rural location and experiences the life while taking part in the daily activities of the village. • Many cases of rural tourism also include voluntourism in which the tourists spend some time in volunteering and giving back to the community they visit in the form of teaching at local schools, helping out in the farming activities, etc. • As a result, the National Tourism Policy of India recognizes that special thrust should be imparted to rural tourism. Opportunities

• Increasing levels of awareness, growing interest in heritage & culture, improved accessibility and environmental consciousness are some of the factors responsible for shifting the trend towards rural tourism. Steps Taken and Success Stories

• Recognizing the potential of Rural Tourism in the country, Rural Circuit has been identified as one of the 13 thematic circuits to provide a unique experience to travellers visiting the country and, develop lesser known destinations located in remote areas of the country.

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• The development of Bhititharwa, Chandrahia & Turkaulia in Bihar and Malanand Malabar Cruise Tourism Project in Kerala has been undertaken under Rural Circuit theme. • In compliance with the UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015, Rural Tourism Scheme was launched in 2002 in partnership of UNDP. • Rural tourism was identified as means for generating rural employment and promoting sustainable livelihood. In the selected sites, community managed village Tourism Development Committees were formed to develop rural tourism initiatives. • Community ownership and management is central to the alternative models of endogenous tourism developed across India. • There have now been many success stories of the Rural Tourism model and many of the projects have achieved financial viability. • Notable among them is the Shaam-e-Sarhad project in the village of Hodka in Gujarat, Shaam-e- Sarhad is a tourist camp, built, owned, and managed by the Hodka community. • The award-winning Kerala Responsible Tourism projects in Kumarakom, Wyanad and other locations combine a unique model of involving the local community and getting the visitor experience the village life with the local stakeholders as the storytellers. • Another success story is in Sikkim which has empowered many village communities to develop tourism experiences including homestays thus spreading the tourism product evenly and away from the traditional destinations. • The projects in Rajasthan including in Samode and Mandawa have come up on a public- private model. • A noteworthy mention is of the Govardhan Eco-Village in Maharashtra which won the UNWTO Ulysses Award for Innovation. Challenges

• Chief amongst the challenges are that of marketing. With the lack of sufficient marketing infrastructure, those projects which are not very well linked with the traditional tourism circuits have not been able to do well. Way Forward

• The Rural Tourism Kerala Mission is an example of successful marketing effort by the State Government of Kerala. • Awareness Needs to be spread about the various products and destinations including Rural Tourism amongst the trade and consumers by participating in exhibitions and by organizing roadshows etc. as part of ongoing promotional activities. Keywords and Keynote from the article • Whenever you write an essay or an answer on rural you can have a point on Rural Tourism. www.abhimanuias.com , [email protected] Corporate office: Dainik Bhaskar Building, 2nd Floor, Sector 25-D, Chandigarh abhimanu magazine Gist April 2019 26

• The same goes for rural development and women empowerment. • Read this article along with article 8 Assignments Question for mains Rural tourism adds a new dimension India’s tourism attraction which are already large and varied. Discuss. • Introduce with general information about tourism industry in India. • Make infographic about different types of tourism which India offers. • Then come on rural tourism and discuss its prospects, challenges and way forward. • Also use successful mission of States like Kerala etc. MCQ The Shaam-e-Sarhad project relates to:

a) Rural tourism

b) Eco tourism

c) Educational project for school students

d) None of the above Answer: a Explanation: Shaam-e-Sarhad project in the village of Hodka in Gujarat, Shaam-e- Sarhad is a tourist camp, built, owned, and managed by the Hodka community. Article 8. SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF RURAL TOURISM Reference Article: From Kurukshetra by Dr Anupama Shrivastava Introduction

• Today tourism is recognized as one of the largest industries of the world. It contributes to employment generation, enhances income and enables fair distribution of wealth from an economic perspective. • Simultaneously it provides a ground for cultural exchange, enhances tolerance and mutual respect amongst different cultures and promotes international friendship. • It is also one of the surest and economical means of gaining exchange income. Rural Tourism

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• Rural tourism can be defined as the country experience which encompasses a wide range of attractions and activities that take place in agricultural or non-urban areas. • Prerequisites of rural tourism that lend a unique experience to tourists are that the destination should be: a) Located in a rural area b) Functionally rural c) Traditional in character, growing organically, and connected with local families. • Rural tourism must be in balance with other rural needs and a long-term protection of rural resources. • Rural community-based tourism is small scale tourism in rural areas, where the local people are actively involved in tourism development. • It is often perceived as a sustainable and responsible form of tourism. • However, in practice, the planning and evaluation of the tourism development is often concentrated only upon rapid economic and environmental impacts and the socio-cultural significance is left without proper attention. Positive Impact in Building Rural Societies

• Its contribution can be expressed not only in financial terms, but also in terms of jobs, contributions towards funding conservation and encouragement to the adoption of new working practices. • The rural society through tourism can overcome their complete dependence on agriculture for revenue. • Tourism can also build a sense of pride amongst the rural community in their heritage and traditions. • The rural community is also exposed to the urban world directly and interactions between the two can lead to encouraging mutual respect. • It contributes to the social benefits in several ways. It leads to the maintenance and support of public transport. • It can also aid in preventing the youngsters of these communities to shift to urban centres as they are now exposed to an array of alternate income through tourism. • The role of women can also gain momentum. • One of the major positive impacts on the rural society is the resurgence of cultural, traditional environment for conservation and sustainable management of local and indigenous culture, arts and crafts. • However, a systematic and integrated approach to planning and managing rural tourism is necessary. The fundamental and dominant land use in rural areas in agriculture and this is a fragile resource highly susceptible to environmental and social change.

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• It is vital therefore that the very characteristics that attract tourists are not degraded due to excessive tourism development. • It is important to address the negative implications of tourism so that these can be countered before they impact and socio-cultural structure of the rural society. Challenges

Acculturation: • Acculturation is a process of adaptation and adjustment. It is the change that one culture has on another. • Typically, in tourism, the community being acculturated is the destination community, which then experiences dramatic shifts in social structure. • These changes over a period of time severely dent the original rural structure. Cultural Commodification: • Cultural commodification results in the transformation of value - from sacred to profane and from real to the unauthentic. • Tourism collects various cultural components and then sometimes adds something artificial to make it eye catching. This is then packaged and sold to tourists. Tourism can turn local cultures into sellable items or commodities. • This results in what is now termed as ‘reconstructed ethnicity’. The actual and sacred significance of a ritual or tradition loses meaning even to those who had been following them religiously. This endangers the social customs of the community. Demonstration Effect: • The demonstration effect is the occurrence of rural communities and cultures adopting western style and behaviour that they have observed in visiting tourists through interaction. • This can lead residents to adopt tourist’s demonstrated behaviour. Standardization: • Standardization of cultural tourist areas means bringing recognizable features such as food, hotels, and movies to exotic destinations to make the tourist feel more comfortable in their surroundings. Standardization also means taking a culture and changing it to appeal to the tourist. • This can severely damage the appeal of the rural area in the long run. At the same time, it also further damages the local produce as the host community is forced to adapt to the tastes of the tourists.

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Staged Authenticity: • Tourists are thwarted in experiencing reality and the authentic truth due to the commercial role of the tourism industry. Subsequently, ‘staged authenticity’ in tourism settings seems to discourage modern tourists to search for authentic experiences. • Adopting cultural expressions to the tastes of tourists or performing shows as if they were ‘real life’ constitutes staged authenticity. Cultural Erosion: • Tourists on their visits to rural destinations seek to purchase the local arts, crafts and cultural manifestations as a souvenir. • The local craftsmen then respond to these demands but keeping up with the tastes and requirements of the tourists make changes in design of their products to bring them more in line with the demands. This leads to cultural erosion. Cultural Clashes: • As the local rural population feels threatened by the constant flow of tourists due to the changing pattern of their world, anti-tourist attitudes may begin to manifest amongst the rural population. Ethical Issues: • Other negative social influences of tourism of rural societies can be felt in rise in prices of basic commodities which are hiked due to the tourists but impacts the local community. • Crime rates may typically increase with growth of tourism activities in the rural area affecting the local population. • Another concern due to growing tourism in rural areas is the employment of children as they work for low pay. • Rural areas may also experience a surge in flesh trade as these bring easy money. Conclusion

• Since the positive and negative outcomes of tourism depend on human factors, including the attitude and behaviour of tourists and hosts during the interaction, so tourists, tourism and hosts are jointly responsible not solely. • In Indonesia, local people agreed to stage dance and music, but disagreed to stage rituals because they did not want to commodity their core value. The success of rural tourism lies in creating a balance between the positive and negative impacts of tourism and maintaining a healthy rural environment. Keynotes/Keywords from the article • Combined both article 7 and 8 to have complete information and analysis about rural tourism. • You can use this article to list down challenges of rural tourism. www.abhimanuias.com , [email protected] Corporate office: Dainik Bhaskar Building, 2nd Floor, Sector 25-D, Chandigarh abhimanu magazine Gist April 2019 30

• Interestingly, most of these challenges can be used in general for questions on tourism. Assignments Topic for Essay Can rural tourism be the next big thing for Inclusive development. Discuss • Use information of both article 7 and 8 to write this essay. MCQ What do you understand by term ‘’reconstructed ethnicity’’? a) Adding something artificial to original customs. b) Change in religious structure over period of time. c) Change in customs for good like equal rights for women. d) None of the above Explanation: ‘reconstructed ethnicity’ means loss of actual and sacred significance of a ritual or tradition due to addition of something artificial in social customs to make it eye catching for activities like cultural tourism.

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