teaching guide

xplore the Efascinating story of Katherine Howard and life at Henry the Eighth’s court through the eyes of maid of honour, Eliza Rose

From much-loved TV historian, and Chief Curator of Historic Royal Palaces,

watch lucy introduce the story! bit.ly/ElizaRosetrailer QUICK START IDEAS!

• Learn about Henry VIII’s wives Using extracts from the novel, discuss and make notes on how each of Henry VIII’s wives are portrayed and thought of by those at court. Individually or in groups, create a giant poster about the wives.

• Life at Court Make a list of the different roles of people at Tudor court in the book and what jobs they do. Choose one and write a series of diary entries from their point of view

• Make a Tudor masque! Chapter 18 describes Eliza taking part in a Tudor masque. As a class, write your own Tudor Masque. Pick an event from the reign of Henry VIII and assign different parts to each group of pupils. Some pupils can provide the music, using recorders or any instruments they can play. After practising, the whole class perform the Tudor Masque, perhaps even in assembly to the rest of the school or to parents one morning.

• Execute or spare Katherine? Using the novel, make a list of reasons why Katherine Howard should and shouldn’t be executed. As a class, script and act out the trial of Katherine with cases for defence and prosecution. Cast your vote!

Read on for more activity and discussion ideas! 

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2 Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth The King’s Great Matter

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To understand the importance • Individually or in groups, • Why was it so important for of a male heir to Henry VIII create a booklet, PowerPoint Henry to have a male heir? presentation or giant poster on Henry’s wives. • Did Henry marry for love or the need for an heir? • Draw a table of Henry’s wives and include the • Which was Henry’s following key details: favourite wife and why? when they became queen; KEY QUESTION Why were some of Henry’s any children they had; what • wives executed and others happened to them and why. Why did Henry VIII have not? so many wives? • Create a short rap, chant or song about Henry’s wives. You can either make it serious or funny! • Which wife was Henry’s favourite? State who you FURTHER RESEARCH USING THE BOOK think it was and then explain why. http://tudorhistory.org/wives/ The book discusses a number of Henry’s queens: , Jane Seymour, and of course Katherine Howard. Using extracts from the novel, discuss and make notes on how each of the wives are portrayed and thought of by those at court.

Teaching notes: Henry was not meant to be king: families and allies and it could his older brother Arthur was going have been disastrous for England to inherit the throne but he died if Henry had executed them. Anne The Wars of the Roses had raged shortly after marrying the Spanish Boleyn and Katherine Howard did for 30 years, between 1455 and princess, Catherine of Aragon. not have such powerful ties. 1485, before Henry’s father, Henry Henry was being prepared for a Tudor, united the country to career in the church but when become the first Tudor monarch: Arthur died, this all changed. Henry VII. The lack of a male heir So Henry would have realised for Henry VIII could result in an the importance of having more outbreak of war again between than one male heir in the line of rival families. succession. Although at the time of the novel I imagine Henry got away with Henry had a son, Edward, he was executing those wives that he a sickly child and Henry needed could, without landing England to have other sons; after all, he in a war. Catherine of Aragon was only king himself because his and Anne of Cleves had powerful older brother Arthur had died.

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth Tudor fashion

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To understand how the • Using passages from the • How much has fashion different classes dressed in book, write a description changed since the 1500’s? Tudor times of the king, queen, a courtier, nobleman and • Do you think Tudor clothes maid of honour – imagine were comfortable to wear? you are seeing them for the first time. • Draw and label some of the KEY QUESTION characters from the book. If you could be any character How did the different sections • in the book, which would FURTHER RESEARCH of Tudor society dress and act? you be and why? Would you do anything differently to http://primaryfacts.com/1714/ how they act in the story? tudor-clothes-costumes-and- fashion/ • Design your own Tudor wardrobe. USING THE BOOK • Investigate the makeup that Tudor women wore. There are many references to fashion and clothes in Eliza Rose. Make a list of the different things that Eliza wears. Contrast this with what Anne of Cleves and Katherine wear. Also, take notes of what Ned, who is not a lord or a noble, wears.

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth Beauty in Tudor times

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To investigate what • Describe Katherine and • Look at paintings of famous characteristics Eliza and compare their people from Tudor times; viewed as beautiful physical similarities and why do many of them look differences. physically big/strong? • Look at Holbein’s picture • Are the paintings good of Anne of Cleves; how or not? would you describe her? • Why did famous people KEY QUESTION have paintings done?

Were Tudor ideas and views of beauty different to ours?

FURTHER RESEARCH

http://www.npg.org.uk/ USING THE BOOK collections/explore/by-period/ tudor.php There are many references to how people should look, especially women: Aunt Margaret frequently reminds Eliza that she is too thin; Eliza herself references her figure and notes towards the end of the book that she is starting to have more curves; the characters discuss the portrait of Anne of Cleves; and Henry has his own impression of the German queen! Teaching notes: Strength and power were evident in many portraits; for instance, a picture of a strong and powerful Although Henry did not find monarch meant that England was Anne of Cleves attractive, her strong and powerful. The strength portrait, at least to our modern and power of a country was standards, does not make her look reflected in its monarch. unattractive. Also, there were no other reports at the time about her being described as ‘ugly’. Perhaps she just wasn’t Henry’s type!

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth The English Reformation

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To understand how and • Make three columns: Heir; Power; • Why wouldn’t the Pope why there was an English Money. List reasons why each of grant Henry a divorce from them were important to Henry. reformation Catherine of Aragon? • Research the Act of Supremacy and Act of Succession; make a list • Which was the most of their main points and state why important reason for the they were so important. English Reformation: the need for an heir, money or • Research how wealthy the church was at the start of Henry’s reign. power? KEY QUESTION What role did the church have in society other than the spiritual • Was Henry right to make Why did Henry make himself concerns of the community? himself Head of the Church? Present an argument for Head of the Church in England? • Write a speech for Henry, explaining to Parliament about each side. the Act of Supremacy, then act How concerned was Henry it out; Parliament can question • the fearsome monarch without with religion? the threat of punishment, though!

• Research Henry’s stance on FURTHER RESEARCH USING THE BOOK religion; what were his views? • Find out what former church http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/ The book mentions Anne buildings and property were lost sommerville/361/361-08.htm Boleyn a number of times; to the church in the dissolution she was the queen Henry of the monasteries but are still http://.primaryhomeworkhelp. was finally able to marry after here today as houses or hotels. co.uk/tudors/religion.htm splitting from the Pope and Rome. His continued search for a male heir saw him wed Jane Seymour, Anne of Teaching notes: Making himself Head of the Church they gambled, drank, cavorted (with help from Archbishop of with women and kept riches for and themselves. Cleves, Katherine Howard and Henry made himself Head of the ) meant Henry Church for three main reasons; to get Catherine Parr. could make Parliament pass his own By gaining control of the church in an heir; for money; and for power. law and divorce Catherine. England, Henry had more control than the Pope over religion in the The Pope would not grant Henry a Due to expensive wars, Henry needed country. This gave Henry more power divorce for a few reasons: Charles V, money and the church had loads! By in his own country and meant people the Holy Roman Emperor, had sacked dissolving the monasteries, he got could not take the Pope’s authority Rome and held the Pope almost a his hands on huge amounts of land, more seriously than the king’s. prisoner. Charles was Catherine of money and buildings and melted Aragon’s nephew and would not down any precious metal. He also stand for her being cast out and sold many of the abbeys to nobles divorced. Also, the previous Pope who converted them into grand had granted a special dispensation houses that are still visible today. so that Henry could marry his dead brother’s widow for state reasons; Many people were also fed up with how could he now allow Henry to paying taxes to the church and tired divorce her, also for state reasons? of the extravagant life that some The Pope could not be seen to make abbots and monks led; instead of such mistakes. being devout followers of Christ and living a spartan, simple life,

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth Life at court

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To understand what life was • Investigate the roles of • Why did so many people like at a Tudor royal court people at a Tudor court want to gain favour and be under Henry and the jobs part of the court? they did. • Why was it potentially a • Assign each pupil a Tudor dangerous place? job at court for them to research and do a project or • Would you have liked to be KEY QUESTION presentation on. part of the court in Henry’s time? Design a Tudor menu fit for Why did people want to be • Henry himself! involved in court life? • Imagine you are a member of Henry VIII’s court during the time of the novel. Write a series of diary entries about what you see each FURTHER RESEARCH day. Include Eliza in your USING THE BOOK diary; have the characters http://www.tudorbritain.org/ interact with you! court/courtlife.asp The whole book centres around Eliza and her life both • Write and perform sketches preparing for, and being at set in a Tudor court. court. Throughout the novel, • Listen to some Tudor court we hear about her excitement music and make up some at what goes on and what lyrics to go with it and she wants to happen. Also, perform to the class. we see characters more involved at court than Eliza, • In groups, design a and others who are prevented PowerPoint presentation from rising any further in their about life at Henry’s court. station. There is fascination, excitement and a promise of riches, yet ever-present danger at court; an addictive but treacherous mix.

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth Tudor masque

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS ACTIVITY IDEAS

To investigate and recreate a • Research some of the • In music, write and perform Tudor masque masques that were your own Tudor music to performed during the reign accompany a Tudor Masque. of Henry VIII, including those in which Henry took • Listen to some Tudor music part himself! and use it to inspire the pupils to write their own • Prepare, plan, write and story that could be KEY QUESTION perform a Tudor Masque performed for Henry VIII. showing Henry VII’s victory What went on at a Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth, masque and why? thus establishing the Tudor reign and the House of Lancaster winning over the House of York. DISCUSSION IDEAS As a class, write your • • Why were masques so own Tudor Masque. Pick popular? an event from the reign of USING THE BOOK Henry VII or Henry VIII • Did any of the masques and assign different parts to have hidden meaning? Chapter 18 of the book each group of pupils. describes Eliza taking part in a They can write and • Who took part in the masque, including rehearsals. rehearse their part of the masque? She is very excited by this Masque. Some pupils can opportunity and is determined provide the music, using to leave a lasting impression recorders or any with her performance. instruments they can play. After practising, the whole class perform the Tudor FURTHER RESEARCH Masque, perhaps even in assembly to the rest of http://www.sixwives.info/ the school or to parents one masque.htm morning. • Design your own mask to use in a Tudor Masque.

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth Tudor punishments

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To understand how and why • Research the different punishments • Why did crowds turn out to treason was punished harshly for nobility and common people and how they differed. watch executions? • Present a number of cases before • If the punishments were the court (the rest of the class) with so horrible, why did people several people accused of different crimes. Decide on their different commit treason? punishments, explaining clearly why you have chosen that particular one. • Why were Tudor punishments so gruesome? • Create and illustrate a table showing KEY QUESTION the different punishments, giving each a mark from 1–10 for gruesomeness, • Should such punishments pain and audience enjoyment! exist today? Would they What was treasonable in deter potential criminals Tudor times? • In groups, design a poster showing some of the punishments in Tudor from committing crimes? times and the crimes for which they could be dished out.

• Create a PowerPoint presentation on Tudor punishments and present to the rest of the class. • Write a story that involves some FURTHER RESEARCH USING THE BOOK traitors plotting, getting caught and finally being executed in Henry VIII’s reign. Base it on real events or use http://resources.woodlands- There are a couple of instances your imagination. junior..sch.uk/homework/ where we hear characters talk • Design a poster as Henry VIII’s tudors/other.htm negatively about the king, but advisor, advising people not to commit even talking of the possibility treason and illustrating what will http://tudorelp.weebly.com/ of the king dying could be happen if they do! crime-and-punishment.html seen as treason. To speak badly of the king, or to refer to him in anything less than glowing terms, (as Anne does Teaching notes: their fate would be if they did a Following the Act of Supremacy, similar act. Henry passed the Treasons Act in chapter 44 when she calls in 1534. This made it treason for At this time, monarchs were seen as When Robert Aske, the leader of anyone to deny any of the king’s Henry an ‘old man’), could be God’s appointed ruler on earth, with the Pilgrimage of Grace, (a failed titles. Not only that, but any ill will or people believing in ‘divine right’. punished by death! ‘rebellion’ in 1536), pleaded with view to the king or queen was also Henry not to punish him as a traitor, Even speaking ill of the king could treasonable. (hung, drawn and quartered), Henry see you in trouble. promised to simply hang Aske until Nobles had a lot to lose. As well as he was dead. This he did, but not in losing their life, their land, property the way Aske thought: Henry hung and titles could be taken, affecting him in chains over the walls of York their whole family for generations castle and he died slowly, exposed to to come. the elements and people below until crows pecked at his weakening body. The very public execution of traitors, as well as serving up gruesome After the Act of Succession, Henry entertainment for the crowds, made made people swear an oath agreeing an example of those who committed to the terms. Those who didn’t were treason and let others know what accused of treason.

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth Execute or spare Katherine?

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To look at reasons for and • Research the actual charges • Was there a way that against the execution of against Katherine at the Katherine could have Katherine Howard time. been spared had she behaved differently? • Read the part in the novel where Will mentions • The king had plenty of Cranmer handing Henry mistresses and in some the letter detailing cases children from Katherine’s indiscretions. extramarital relationships; KEY QUESTION Rewrite this section as a play but the queen was executed script and perform to the rest for doing the same. Is that Should Katherine have been of the class. fair, or is this imbalance to executed? be expected from a king? • As a class, script and act out the trial of Katherine • Should Katherine have Howard. Prepare a case distanced herself from her for the defence as well as lover and not appointed him the prosecution and include secretary? key witnesses before voting USING THE BOOK whether Katherine is guilty or not. If found guilty, what Throughout the novel, we will her punishment be? see how Katherine behaves concerning her dalliances with men and her behaviour FURTHER RESEARCH doesn’t change when she marries Henry, and she falls http://englishhistory.net/tudor/ from grace spectacularly monarchs/catherine-howard/ after being unfaithful to the king. However, she is made queen whilst still a very young Teaching notes: Katherine’s interest in Dereham no mention of the pre-contract, woman; one who may seem cooled and she turned to the more therefore losing her one (slim) dashing , a chance of escaping with her life. There is no doubt that Katherine was very confident and sure but favourite of Henry’s. a confident and flirtatious young Her affair with Culpeper was also does not know how to behave lady; there were a number of stories Katherine continued seeing Culpeper revealed, as was a letter she had properly in such a serious circulating about her antics well and eventually word got around written to him. Her fate was sealed. before she arrived on Henry’s radar. of her earlier relationship with public position. It is impossible Dereham. This was relayed to Henry After some attention from her in a letter delivered by Thomas music teacher, an older man called not to feel some sympathy for Cranmer. her as she nears her execution. Henry Mannox, Katherine had a relationship with . If Katherine had admitted to having Indeed, it was thought that they had a marriage pre-contract with planned to marry and they often Dereham, then her marriage to called each other ‘husband’ and Henry would not have been legal ‘wife’. There may have been a pre- and she might have been simply contract for them to marry. sent away in disgrace. However, she argued that she was forced, making

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth Henry’s injury

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To understand the affect • Research what Henry was like as a • Why does Henry not want Henry’s injury had on his mood young man; describe and illustrate the activities and sports he enjoyed. people to know he is pain or and life discomfort from the ulcer? • Create a PowerPoint presentation on the pastimes the young Henry • Why does Henry only allow enjoyed. a few people in to see him • Research medicine and the role of when he is having his ulcer doctors in Tudor times. treated? Research what happened when • Think of something you KEY QUESTION Henry had his jousting accident • 1536. In groups, write a script and enjoy doing; now imagine perform it. that you cannot do it any Why did Henry’s personality more and never could again. seem to change after 1536? • Write a creative story describing Henry’s accident and include How would you respond? the panic at court while he was unconscious for a couple of hours. What would it have meant for his subjects if he had died?

• Create a timeline for the years 1536–1537 and record the events in USING THE BOOK Henry’s life that may have altered his personality. Illustrate each major FURTHER RESEARCH event with a cartoon. There are many references to Henry’s ulcer and the • Write a short play set in 1536, http://www.theanneboleynfiles. unpleasant smell and pain it showcasing the main events in com/24-january-1536-serious-jousting- Henry’s life. It can either be serious accident-henry-viii/ gives him or a comedy! http://www.independent.co.uk/ • Write a poem or song about these news/uk/this-britain/the-jousting- events. accident-that-turned-henry-viii-into-a- tyrant-1670421.html

Teaching notes: when a lance hit him above the eye. jousting accident; he executed his This resulted in migraines for the wife, Anne Boleyn and he faced a rest of his life. serious uprising in the form of the Henry was a talented and sporty Pilgrimage of Grace. young man who liked jousting, Jousting at Palace in hunting, (he would wear out a January 1536, Henry was unseated number of horses in a day), tennis from his armoured horse which and wrestling. He was very religious, then fell on top of him. Henry was (attending Mass a number of times unconscious for a couple of hours a day), spoke numerous languages, and people feared he would die. was tall and good looking. 1536 turned out to be an annus Henry had a number of injuries from horribilis for Henry. Consider: he jousting: the first serious one in 1524 had a serious and life-changing

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth Tudor games and activities

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To understand the types of • Research the different games • Which Tudor game would games and pastimes enjoyed enjoyed by Tudors. you most like to have during Tudor times • Create an A3 poster, with ‘Rich’ on played? one side and ‘Poor’ on the other. Then list and illustrate the games • Why did people in Tudor enjoyed by each section of Tudor times enjoy things we society. would term barbaric, like • Look at how some games are still cock fighting and bear played today; trace how they have baiting? changed over the years. (Football for KEY QUESTION instance) • Would people still watch • Write a story set in Tudor times such pastimes today? What sort of games and where you witness a cock fight or pastimes did people enjoy in bear baiting. Tudor times? • Design a poster advertising a joust at Hampton Court.

• Write a story that takes place at a royal joust. Think of all the characters you will include, using FURTHER RESEARCH Eliza Rose to help you. USING THE BOOK • Create a PowerPoint presentation http://primaryfacts.com/497/ showing and describing some tudor-games-and-sports-facts- games and pastimes from Tudor and-information/ Chapter 27 shows Eliza times. Show it to the rest of the enjoying herself during a class. http://onthetudortrail.com/ game of bowls. This was a Blog/resources/life-in-tudor- game enjoyed by rich people england/tudor-games-indoor- in Tudor times. pastimes/

Teaching notes: Sides were comprised of many individuals, and there were few rules.

Rich people in Tudor times enjoyed Cock fighting and bear baiting were playing skittles, bowls and tennis. also popular.

‘Real’ tennis was different to tennis Games included chess, cards, today. Henry VIII played this game at billiards, draughts and the popular Hampton Court. ‘Nine Men’s Morris’.

Poorer people played a version Children had wooden toys, hoops, of football, which bore little rocking horses and played leapfrog resemblance to the modern game. and catch.

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth The fall of Thomas Cromwell

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To understand how and why • Research the life of Thomas • Who did Cromwell work for Thomas Cromwell fell from Cromwell; create a timeline of the main events and accomplishments when he was younger? favour and power in his life. • Why did the nobles, • Research Cromwell’s role in the especially the Duke of dissolution of the monasteries. Norfolk, not like Cromwell? • Investigate the reasons for the Pilgrimage of Grace; why were • Considering all Cromwell so many people unhappy with the had achieved for Henry, dissolution of the monasteries? KEY QUESTION why did Henry turn against • Write a letter from Henry to his loyal and hardworking Cromwell, explaining why you are servant? Was Henry right to execute unhappy with him. Cromwell? • Write a play script that involves Henry, the Duke of Norfolk, Katherine Howard and Cromwell. Focus on the Duke of Norfolk using his position as Katherine’s uncle to spread malicious information about Cromwell to Henry, who is now in FURTHER RESEARCH love with Katherine. USING THE BOOK http://www.historyextra.com/ • As a class, put Cromwell on trial for his supposed crimes. Is he feature/henry-viii/truth-about- There are a number of found guilty or not guilty? thomas-cromwell references to Thomas • Research the charge on which Cromwell; he was involved Cromwell was officially arrested and in arranging the disastrous executed. Was it fair and justified? marriage between Henry and • Henry soon regretted executing Anne of Cleves. There are later Cromwell. Write an angry speech or mentions of Cromwell, who letter from Henry about how you feel. Eliza says that the king regrets killing.

Teaching notes: lands, (one third of the country!), Anne of Cleves, Cromwell fell from Henry then sold it off to the nobles. favour. The nobles were quick to whisper in an unhappy Henry’s ear, Cromwell rose from humble origins The dissolution of the monasteries especially the Duke of Norfolk. to become Henry’s most trusted was the main cause of the advisor. Pilgrimage of Grace, and the rebels’ demands included wanting the king Cromwell used to work for Cardinal to stop receiving poor advice from , and was loyal to the ‘heretic’ Thomas Cromwell (and the Cardinal. Thomas Cranmer). Cromwell was appointed Vicar Cromwell was a Protestant reformer General by Henry and oversaw the but tried to push through reforms dissolution of the monasteries; a faster than Henry would have liked. move which gained a huge amount of wealth for Henry. Because he had arranged Henry’s failed marriage to the Protestant After seizing church property and

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth Contrasting emotions in Eliza

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To evaluate the emotions Eliza • List the different emotions • Would it have been fair if goes through in Chapter 36 Eliza goes through in this Eliza had got into trouble chapter. for knowing what the queen had been up to? • Make a list of the evidence that could land Eliza in • Would Eliza have been trouble. thankful or worried about remaining in service? KEY QUESTION • Write out Chapter 36 as a play script and act it out. How would Eliza feel at the • Write a poem describing end of such a momentous day what happens in this in her life? chapter. • Write the diary entry from Eliza that night at the end of an emotional day.

USING THE BOOK

Chapter 36 sees Eliza called up to the trial to give evidence. She is terrified and there is the very real possibility that she could find herself also facing execution if she was privy to the queen’s betrayal. Luckily for her, the prosecution has enough evidence and does not require Eliza’s testimony. Before she is dismissed from the trial, she is told that the king values her company and her service is still required. Teaching notes: her own life in danger if it was discovered she knew about the queen’s unfaithfulness and had said Eliza was in a difficult position: nothing. although she knew about the queen’s behaviour, she would have It was not uncommon for other faced the wrath of Katherine had she members of the guilty person’s spoken out about it. family to lose their livelihood, property or life in the event of falling By staying silent, she risked putting foul of the king.

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth Execution at the Tower

AIM ACTIVITY IDEAS DISCUSSION IDEAS

To investigate some of the • Research and make a • Why were nobles beheaded people who were executed after timeline and list of people and not subjected to the being imprisoned at the Tower executed or held in the more gruesome hanging, of London in Tudor times Tower of London during drawing and quartering Henry VIII’s reign. reserved for commoners? • Research and create • Why were some people a project or PowerPoint executed at Tower Green presentation on the history and not Tower Hill? of the Tower of London, KEY QUESTION including why it was built, when and by whom. Why were most prisoners from Create a PowerPoint the Tower of London executed • presentation about at Tower Hill and not Tower famous people who Green? perished after being held FURTHER RESEARCH at the famous London landmark. http://www.ancientfortresses. org/executions-beheading- • As either Thomas More or tower-of-london.htm Anne Boleyn, write a letter http://www.capitalpunishment from the Tower to the king USING THE BOOK uk.org/tower.html to see if you can make him change his mind about your In the book, there are a number impending execution. of people mentioned who were executed after being imprisoned at the Tower of London, such as Anne Boleyn and Thomas More.

Teaching notes: for prisoners who were not Those of a noble or royal birth executed before the general public. were beheaded. Others were hung or hung, drawn and quartered. Prisoners were executed either at Even on Tower Green, there Tower Hill or Tower Green. could be 200 people attending the execution. Tower Hill was the place of execution where the public could The heads of traitors were often attend, outside the grounds of the impaled on spikes and put up at Tower itself. the entrance to the City, to warn people of the fate that befalls those Tower Green was the execution who commit treason. area within the castle grounds for more private occasions, reserved

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Teaching notes created by history teacher and author Matthew Howorth