232 Grey Plover

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232 Grey Plover Text and images extracted from Marchant, S. & Higgins, P.J. (editors) 1993. Handbook of Australian , New Zealand &Antarctic Birds. Volume 2, Raptors to lapwings. Melbourne, Oxford University Press. Pages 648-649, 799-800, 811-817; plate 60. Reproduced with the permission of Bird life Australia and Jeff Davies. 648 Charadriifo rmes Order CHARADRIIFORMES A large, diverse asse mblage of small to medium-large (1 2-75 em long) limicoline, pratincoline, aquatic or terrestrial birds. Cosmopolitan fro m Arctic to Antarctic regions; in all sorts of maritime, freshwater and open terrestrial habitats (including deserts ) with a few (woodcocks and snipes) even using dense forests. Once known as Limicolae or Laro-limicolae (e.g. Mayr & Amadon 195 1) ; colloquially, the assemblage (excluding alcids, sku as, gulls, tems and skimmers) is often referred to as waders (especially in Britain) or shorebirds (especially in North America). About 350 species in 19 fa milies, though taxonomic treatments vary. Following families recognized (mostly based on recent reviews of O rder [Sibley et al. 1988; Sibley & A hlquist 1990; Sibley & M onroe 1990]): Thinocoridae seedsnipes; fo ur species, S. America. Pedionomidae Plains-wanderer; monotypic, Aust. Scolopacidae sandpipers, snipes and allies; c. 85 species, cosmopolitan. Rostratulidae pa inted snipes; two species, s. America and O ld World. Jacanidae jacanas; seven species, pantropical. Chionididae sheathbills; two species, Antarctica and subantarctic islands. Burhinidae thick-knees, stone-curlews; nine species, widespread in Old World and two in Neotropics . Haematopod idae oystercatchers; c. 11 species, worldwide in tropics and temperate regions. Recurvirostridae avocets and stilts; about seven species, worldwide in tropical and temperate regions. Ibidiorhynchidae Ibisbill; monotypic, central Asia. Charadriidae plovers and lapwings; c. 60 species, cosmopolitan. Pluvianellidae Mage llanic Plover; monotypic, S. A merica. Dromad idae C rab Plover; monotypic, Arabian region. G lareolidae pratincoles, coursers, and Egyptian Plover; c. 15 species, widespread in Old W orld. Stercorariidae skuas and jaegers; about seven species, mostly in Arctic and Antarctic regions. Rhynchopidae sk immers; three species, pantropical. Laridae gulls; c. 47 species, cosmopolitan. Sternidae tems; c. 42 species, cosmopolitan. A lcidae auks; c. 20 species, Arctic and temperate regions of n. hemisphere. Apparently monophyletic. Pteroclididae (sa ndgrouse ) probably sister-group of Charadriiformes (e.g. Fjeldsa 1976, 1977; Sibley & Ahlquist 1990; BWP) , though whether best placed within Charadriiformes or in separate order is debated. Flamingoes (Phoenicopterid ae ) and di vers (Gaviidae ) have also been treated as Charadriiformes (Olson & Feduccia 198 1; Fj eldsa 1976, 1977 ) b ut DNA-DNA hybridization studies (Sibley & A hlquist 1990) inconsistent with these theories. Affinities to other orders still controversial; DNA-DNA h ybridization h as suggested closest links are to large waterbirds, such as storks, herons and allies, Pelicaniformes, Procellariformes, penguins, grebes, divers ( Gaviidae) and also Falconiformes. All these were combined in huge order C iconiiformes by Sibley & Ahlquist ( 1990). Taxonomy and relationships reviewed in Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), Christian et al. (1 992) and BWP (and references therein). Recent rev iews have included: patterning of downy young (J ehl1968; Fj eldsa 1976, 1977), osteology (Strauch 1978; Mickevitch & Parenti 1980; Olson & Steadman 1981 ), DNA- DNA hybridization (Sibleyetal.1988, Sibley &Ahlquist 1990) and electrophoresis of tissue proteins (Christian etal. 1992 ). The studies of allozymes, DNA-DNA hybridiza ti on and the most recent osteological study of the e ntire o rder ( Strauch 1 978) h ave agreed in finding two or three we ll-knit, monophyletic asse mblages within the Charadriifonnes: scolopacids and allies (Thinocoridae , Pedionomidae, Scolopacidae, Rostratulidae, Jacanidae ) and c haradrids and allies (Chionididae, Burhinidae, Haematopodidae, Recurvirostridae, Ibidorhyncidae, Charadriidae, Pluvianellidae, Dromadidae, Glareolidae, Stercorcariidae, Rhynchopidae, Laridae, Sternidae, A lcidae); Strauch ( 1978) treated Alcidae as separate lineage, but skeletons may be so highly modified for foot-propelled diving that they do not reflect relations well (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990); gulls and allies have also been regarded as a separate lineage (Christian etal. 1992 ) or as allied to charadrids (e.g. Sibley & Ahlquist 1990). Further relationships within the O rder discussed in introductions to fa milies. Because the O rd er comprises so many species and adaptations are so diverse, few characters shared by all species; those that are shared are mostly anatomical fea tures of the skull, e.g. most or all have schizorhinal nostrils, schizognathous palates, well-developed vomer, lachrymals fused with ectethemoid and pre-frontal bones, well-developed supra-orbital grooves; see O lson & S teadman (1 981) fo r more information on osteological characters. Wings usually have 11 primaries, with p1 0 longest and p 11 minute; 15-24 secondaries; diastataxic except in Scolopax minor, as far as is known. Usually 12 tail-feathers. Necks usually rather long with 15- 16 cervical vertebrae. O il-gland bilobed and tufted. Syrinx, tracheo-bronchial; two carotids (type A- 1 of G lenny 1955 ); caeca present. Legs usually rather long; hind toe small or lacking in most but all toes greatly elongated in Jacanidae. Feathers w ith small thin afterfeathers. Normally two moults annually: complete post- Pedionomus torquatus 649 breeding and partial pre-breeding; some jacanas and alcids have flightless periods when moulting remiges. Young, downy, usually with intricate cryptic patterns on upperparts of three chief types: pebbly, spotted and striped, matching characters of habitat (Fjeldsa 1976, 1977): precocial, nidifugo us usually, self-feeding or not depending greatly on parents. Thirteen families recorded in HANZAB region, with 54 species breeding, 41 occurring as regular non-breeding migrants and c. 38 as accidentals or probable accidentals. Scolopac id ae, Stercorcariidae, Laridae and Stemidae will be dealt with in Volume 3 of HANZAB. REFERENCES Chri stian, P.O., et al. 1992. Aust. ]. Zool. 40: 29 1- 302. O lson, S.L., & A. Feduccia. 1981. Smithson. Contrib . Zool. 323: 1- 24. Fjeldsa , J. 1976. Videnslc Mecld. dansk. Natur. Foren. 139: 179- 243. -, & O.W. Steadman. 198 1. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 337: 1- 25. - 1977. Guide to th e Young of European Precocial Birds. Scarv Nature Sibley, CG., & J .E. Ahlquist. 1990. Ph ylogeny and Classification of Birds Productions, Tisv ildeleje. of the World. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. Glenny, F.H. 1955. Proc . US natn. Mus. 103 (3346): 525- 621. - , & B.L Monroe. 1990. Distribution and Taxonom)' of the Birds of the Jchl, j.L., Jr. 1968. Mem. San Diego Soc. nat. Hist. 3. World. Ya le Univ. Press ; New Haven. Mayr, E., & D. A madon. 1951. Am . Mus. Novit. 1496. - , etal.1988. Auk 105:409- 423. Mickevich, M.F. , & L.R. Parenti. 1980. Syst. Zool. 29: 108- 113. Strauch, J.G ., Jr. 1978. Trans. zool. Soc. Lond. 34: 263- 345. 799 Family CHARADRIIDAE plovers and lapwings Small to medium-sized, mostly terrestrial, waders of open habitats. About 65 species, placed in varying number of genera. Evidently monophyletic by behaviour and structural characters. Distributed worldwide and separable into two distinct sub­ families: Charadriinae (plovers) and Vanellinae (lapwings), both of which are represented in HANZAB region and are discussed in more detail below. Most closely related to Recurvirostridae, Haematopodidae and possibly Burhinidae (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990; Christian et al. 1992). Bodies, compact. Size differences between sexes negligible; sometimes males and sometimes females slightly large r. Necks, short and thick; 15 cervical vertebrae. Wings, long and usually pointed but rounded in some lapwings; 11 primaries, p11 minute; 14- 19 secondaries. Tails, short to medium-long, sq uare or rounded; 12 feathers. Bill, short, somewhat swollen at tip and narrower centrally; no sensitive nerve-endings at tip and prey located by sight rather than touch. Nostrils, holorhinal, impervious, slit-like. Head, rounded; forehead steep and broad. Legs, fairly short or medium in length; bare part of tibia short; tarsi, reticulated, rarely with some transverse sc utes. Usually three, rather short toes, slightly webbed at base in some plovers; no hind toe in most plovers and in some lapwings; hallux, short and vestigial if retained. No crop. Caeca present. Eyes large. Supraorbital salt-glands, often large; size related to salinity of habitat and influences structure of skull and appearance of head. Plane of foramen magnum of occiput nearly horizontal. Plumages generally boldly patterned in brown, olive-grey, black and white; markings often h ave cryptic disruptive effect. Bill, bicoloured in some species, especially plovers. Stance erect with head held high . Fast runners for good distances but often proceed in short bursts with halts, especially when feeding. Post-breeding moult complete; primaries outwards; pre­ breeding moult varies considerably. Young, precocial, nidifugous and always feed themselves; down of pebbly-pattern type (Fjeldsa 1977). See accounts of sub-families (below) for additional details. REFERENCES Christian, P.O., et al. 1992. Aust. ]. Zool. 40: 291 - 302. Sibley, C.G, & J.E. Ahlquist. 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds. Fjeldsa, J. 1977. Guide to th e Young of European
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