Text and images extracted from Marchant, S. & Higgins, P.J. (editors) 1993. Handbook of Australian , &Antarctic . Volume 2, Raptors to lapwings. Melbourne, Oxford University Press. Pages 648-649, 799-800, 811-817; plate 60. Reproduced with the permission of life and Jeff Davies.

648 Charadriifo rmes Order

A large, diverse asse mblage of small to medium-large (1 2-75 em long) limicoline, pratincoline, aquatic or terrestrial birds. Cosmopolitan fro m to Antarctic regions; in all sorts of maritime, freshwater and open terrestrial habitats (including deserts ) with a few (woodcocks and snipes) even using dense forests. Once known as Limicolae or Laro-limicolae (e.g. Mayr & Amadon 195 1) ; colloquially, the assemblage (excluding alcids, sku as, gulls, tems and skimmers) is often referred to as (especially in Britain) or shorebirds (especially in North America). About 350 species in 19 fa milies, though taxonomic treatments vary. Following families recognized (mostly based on recent reviews of O rder [Sibley et al. 1988; Sibley & A hlquist 1990; Sibley & M onroe 1990]):

Thinocoridae seedsnipes; fo ur species, S. America. Pedionomidae Plains-wanderer; monotypic, Aust. Scolopacidae sandpipers, snipes and allies; c. 85 species, cosmopolitan. Rostratulidae pa inted snipes; two species, s. America and O ld World. Jacanidae jacanas; seven species, pantropical. Chionididae ; two species, Antarctica and subantarctic islands. Burhinidae thick-knees, stone-curlews; nine species, widespread in and two in Neotropics . Haematopod idae oystercatchers; c. 11 species, worldwide in tropics and temperate regions. Recurvirostridae avocets and stilts; about seven species, worldwide in tropical and temperate regions. Ibidiorhynchidae Ibisbill; monotypic, central Asia. and lapwings; c. 60 species, cosmopolitan. Pluvianellidae Mage llanic ; monotypic, S. A merica. Dromad idae C rab Plover; monotypic, Arabian region. G lareolidae , , and Egyptian Plover; c. 15 species, widespread in Old W orld. Stercorariidae skuas and jaegers; about seven species, mostly in Arctic and Antarctic regions. Rhynchopidae sk immers; three species, pantropical. Laridae gulls; c. 47 species, cosmopolitan. Sternidae tems; c. 42 species, cosmopolitan. A lcidae auks; c. 20 species, Arctic and temperate regions of n. hemisphere.

Apparently monophyletic. Pteroclididae (sa ndgrouse ) probably sister-group of Charadriiformes (e.g. Fjeldsa 1976, 1977; Sibley & Ahlquist 1990; BWP) , though whether best placed within Charadriiformes or in separate order is debated. Flamingoes (Phoenicopterid ae ) and di vers (Gaviidae ) have also been treated as Charadriiformes (Olson & Feduccia 198 1; Fj eldsa 1976, 1977 ) b ut DNA-DNA hybridization studies (Sibley & A hlquist 1990) inconsistent with these theories. Affinities to other orders still controversial; DNA-DNA h ybridization h as suggested closest links are to large waterbirds, such as storks, herons and allies, Pelicaniformes, Procellariformes, penguins, grebes, divers ( Gaviidae) and also Falconiformes. All these were combined in huge order C iconiiformes by Sibley & Ahlquist ( 1990). and relationships reviewed in Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), Christian et al. (1 992) and BWP (and references therein). Recent rev iews have included: patterning of downy young (J ehl1968; Fj eldsa 1976, 1977), osteology (Strauch 1978; Mickevitch & Parenti 1980; Olson & Steadman 1981 ), DNA- DNA hybridization (Sibleyetal.1988, Sibley &Ahlquist 1990) and electrophoresis of tissue proteins (Christian etal. 1992 ). The studies of allozymes, DNA-DNA hybridiza ti on and the most recent osteological study of the e ntire o rder ( Strauch 1 978) h ave agreed in finding two or three we ll-knit, monophyletic asse mblages within the Charadriifonnes: scolopacids and allies (Thinocoridae , Pedionomidae, Scolopacidae, Rostratulidae, Jacanidae ) and c haradrids and allies (Chionididae, Burhinidae, Haematopodidae, Recurvirostridae, Ibidorhyncidae, Charadriidae, Pluvianellidae, Dromadidae, , Stercorcariidae, Rhynchopidae, Laridae, Sternidae, A lcidae); Strauch ( 1978) treated Alcidae as separate lineage, but skeletons may be so highly modified for foot-propelled diving that they do not reflect relations well (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990); gulls and allies have also been regarded as a separate lineage (Christian etal. 1992 ) or as allied to charadrids (e.g. Sibley & Ahlquist 1990). Further relationships within the O rder discussed in introductions to fa milies. Because the O rd er comprises so many species and adaptations are so diverse, few characters shared by all species; those that are shared are mostly anatomical fea tures of the skull, e.g. most or all have schizorhinal nostrils, schizognathous palates, well-developed vomer, lachrymals fused with ectethemoid and pre-frontal bones, well-developed supra-orbital grooves; see O lson & S teadman (1 981) fo r more information on osteological characters. Wings usually have 11 primaries, with p1 0 longest and p 11 minute; 15-24 secondaries; diastataxic except in Scolopax minor, as far as is known. Usually 12 tail-feathers. Necks usually rather long with 15- 16 cervical vertebrae. O il-gland bilobed and tufted. Syrinx, tracheo-bronchial; two carotids (type A- 1 of G lenny 1955 ); caeca present. Legs usually rather long; hind toe small or lacking in most but all toes greatly elongated in Jacanidae. Feathers w ith small thin afterfeathers. Normally two moults annually: complete post- Pedionomus torquatus 649 breeding and partial pre-breeding; some jacanas and alcids have flightless periods when moulting remiges. Young, downy, usually with intricate cryptic patterns on upperparts of three chief types: pebbly, spotted and striped, matching characters of habitat (Fjeldsa 1976, 1977): precocial, nidifugo us usually, self-feeding or not depending greatly on parents. Thirteen families recorded in HANZAB region, with 54 species breeding, 41 occurring as regular non-breeding migrants and c. 38 as accidentals or probable accidentals. Scolopac id ae, Stercorcariidae, Laridae and Stemidae will be dealt with in Volume 3 of HANZAB.

REFERENCES Chri stian, P.O., et al. 1992. Aust. ]. Zool. 40: 29 1- 302. O lson, S.L., & A. Feduccia. 1981. Smithson. Contrib . Zool. 323: 1- 24. Fjeldsa , J. 1976. Videnslc Mecld. dansk. Natur. Foren. 139: 179- 243. -, & O.W. Steadman. 198 1. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 337: 1- 25. - 1977. Guide to th e Young of European Precocial Birds. Scarv Nature Sibley, CG., & J .E. Ahlquist. 1990. Ph ylogeny and Classification of Birds Productions, Tisv ildeleje. of the World. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. Glenny, F.H. 1955. Proc . US natn. Mus. 103 (3346): 525- 621. - , & B.L Monroe. 1990. Distribution and Taxonom)' of the Birds of the Jchl, j.L., Jr. 1968. Mem. San Diego Soc. nat. Hist. 3. World. Ya le Univ. Press ; New Haven. Mayr, E., & D. A madon. 1951. Am . Mus. Novit. 1496. - , etal.1988. Auk 105:409- 423. Mickevich, M.F. , & L.R. Parenti. 1980. Syst. Zool. 29: 108- 113. Strauch, J.G ., Jr. 1978. Trans. zool. Soc. Lond. 34: 263- 345. 799 Family CHARADRIIDAE plovers and lapwings

Small to medium-sized, mostly terrestrial, waders of open habitats. About 65 species, placed in varying number of genera. Evidently monophyletic by behaviour and structural characters. Distributed worldwide and separable into two distinct sub­ families: Charadriinae (plovers) and Vanellinae (lapwings), both of which are represented in HANZAB region and are discussed in more detail below. Most closely related to Recurvirostridae, Haematopodidae and possibly Burhinidae (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990; Christian et al. 1992). Bodies, compact. Size differences between sexes negligible; sometimes males and sometimes females slightly large r. Necks, short and thick; 15 cervical vertebrae. Wings, long and usually pointed but rounded in some lapwings; 11 primaries, p11 minute; 14- 19 secondaries. Tails, short to medium-long, sq uare or rounded; 12 feathers. Bill, short, somewhat swollen at tip and narrower centrally; no sensitive nerve-endings at tip and prey located by sight rather than touch. Nostrils, holorhinal, impervious, slit-like. Head, rounded; forehead steep and broad. Legs, fairly short or medium in length; bare part of tibia short; tarsi, reticulated, rarely with some transverse sc utes. Usually three, rather short toes, slightly webbed at base in some plovers; no hind toe in most plovers and in some lapwings; hallux, short and vestigial if retained. No crop. Caeca present. Eyes large. Supraorbital salt-glands, often large; size related to salinity of habitat and influences structure of skull and appearance of head. Plane of foramen magnum of occiput nearly horizontal. Plumages generally boldly patterned in brown, olive-grey, black and white; markings often h ave cryptic disruptive effect. Bill, bicoloured in some species, especially plovers. Stance erect with head held high . Fast runners for good distances but often proceed in short bursts with halts, especially when feeding. Post-breeding moult complete; primaries outwards; pre­ breeding moult varies considerably. Young, precocial, nidifugous and always feed themselves; down of pebbly-pattern type (Fjeldsa 1977). See accounts of sub-families (below) for additional details.

REFERENCES Christian, P.O., et al. 1992. Aust. ]. Zool. 40: 291 - 302. Sibley, C.G, & J.E. Ahlquist. 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds. Fjeldsa, J. 1977. Guide to th e Young of European Precocial Birds . Skarv Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. Nature Pubis, Strandgarden, Tisv ildeleje.

Sub~ family CHARADRIINAE plovers

Generally small birds, usually smaller than lapwings (Vanellinae). Apparently a monophyletic assemblage. About 40 species in five (Voous 1973; Strauch 1978; BWP) to 10 genera (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990; Sibley & Monroe 1990; Christian et al. 1992 ), with most species in two genera, and Charadrius, and varying number of genera composed of only one or a few species (e.g. Anarhynchus, Phegomis , Thinomis, Elseyomis). The affinities of Phegomis (Diademed Sandpiper-plover of South America) have not been resolved (Sibley & Monroe 1990). Recent studies of allozymes of Aust. plovers and lapwings (Christian et al. 1992) indicate that Red-kneed Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus is a lapwing (Vanellinae; q.v.). We recognize the following genera within the Charadriinae in HANZAB region: Pluvialis. Two regular non-breeding migrants (fulva, squatarola), two doubtfully recorded (dominica, apricaria). We follow Connors et al. (1 983, 1993) and treatfulva and dominica as full species. Charadrius. Four breeding species (obscurus, ruficapillus, bicinctus, australis), six non-breeding migrants (hiaticula, dubius, mongolus , leschenaultii, asiaticus, veredus) , one accidental (tricollaris); one doubtfully recorded (ale xandrinus). Inland Dotterel C. australis is a typical Charadrius plover (Maclean 1976; Christian et al. 1992 contra Jehl1968); we follow NZCL in placing New Zealand Dotterel in Charadrius. Thinomis. Two endemic species: novaeseelandiae and rubricollis. Allozymes of rubricollis form a cluster (with Elseyomis melanops) well separated from those of typical Charadrius ; placed in Thinomis on bas is of similarities in morphology (Christian et al. 1992) and behaviour (Phillips 1980). Elseyomis. Single species melanops, endemic to Aust. Allozymes, with those ofThinomis rubricollis, well separated from Charadrius (Christian et al. 1992). Anarhynchus. Single species frontalis, endemic to NZ. Thus, in HANZAB region, eight breeding species, eight non-breeding migrants, and four accidental or not acceptably recorded. General features of the sub-family are outlined under Charadriidae. The plumages of Pluvialis are spangled in white or gold and black above, black below when breeding, and never with white band across nape; plumages ofCharadrius and other genera in general plain brownish above and white below, boldly marked with black on face and head, at least when breeding; 800 Charadriinae usually with one or two black or chestnut bands across breast and often with white band across nape. Two moults per cycle: complete post-breeding moult, primaries outwards; and partial pre-breeding moult, which often brings in much brighter breeding plumage; supplemental plumage occurs in at least one species (Eurasian Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria). Down ofpebbled pattern (Jehl1968; Fjeldsa 1977, 1988; BWP). Juvenile plumage duller than adults in most species, with pale dorsal scalloping. Adult plumage attained at 1~2 years. Most probably first breed at 1~2 years, maturity perhaps delayed further in some migratory species (e.g. Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola). Inhabit open places; when not breeding, many are typically birds of ocean beaches, coastal mudflats and estuaries; others use rivers and freshwater wetlands, often ephemeral; still others characteristic of dry habitats, including gibber plains, grasslands and steppes. Breeding may occur in any of these habitats, or in or high-altitude moorlands. Most species probably migrate to some extent; about 15 species are long-distance transequatorial migrants. Diet consists of terrestrial and coastal invertebrates. When foraging, tend to spread out and feed separately over wide area, rather than feeding in flocks as do many scolopacids. In general, gregarious but less so than mapy scolopacids. Roost communally. Usually territorial when breeding; some species may defend feeding territories in wintering areas. Various mating systems recorded in different species: monogamy, polyandry (associated with sexual reversals), polygyny and polygamy. While breeding, generally rather aggressive, defending and advertising territories with displays on the ground and in the air, often with butterfly-like flights and song (long melodious trills). Courtship and mating behaviour often complex or stereotyped. Anti-predator strategies, injury-feigning and distraction displays generally elaborate and well developed. Most vocal during breeding season with variety of peeps, trills and mellow or liquid whistles. Breed seasonally. Nest, a simple scrape on the ground, sparsely lined with plant stems, grasses and other objects; in open, often unvegetated places. Several scrapes may be prepared by male and one then selected by female. , oval, short oval or even somewhat pyriform; smooth, not glossy; ground-colour, buff, brown or grey, heavily blotched and spotted dark, well camouflaged. Clutch-size, 2--4, often consistently of one size in a species (e.g. two in C. ruficapillus). Laying at intervals of 24~60 h. Replacement laying, up to several times. Incubation by both sexes in monogamous species but share varies and is by male alone in Eurasian Dotterel Eudromias morinellus, the only plover in which female more brightly coloured than male. Incubation period, 24~31 days. Young hatched in natal down; precocial, nidifugous. Usually tended by both parents but feed themselves from hatching. Fledge in 3 (smaller species) to 5 (larger species) weeks.

REFERENCES Maclean, G.L. 1976. Emu 76: 207-15. Christian, P.O., et al. 1992. Aust. ] Zoo! 40: 225-33. Phillips, R.E. 1980. Emu 80: 177- 97. Connors, P.G. , et al 1983 . Auk 100: 607-20. Sibley, C. G., & ].E. Ahlquist. 1990. Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Birds. - 1993. Auk 11 0: 9- 20. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. Fjeldsa, J. 1977. Guide w the Young of European Precocial Birds. Skarv -, & B.L. Monroe. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the Nature Pubis, Strandgarden, Tisvildileje. World. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. - 1988. Proc. Int. orn . Congr XIX: 1476-85. Strauch, J.G. 1978. Trans. Zoo! Soc. Land. 34: 263- 345. Jehl, J.R. Jr 1968. Mon. San Diego Soc. nat. Hist. 3. Yoous, K.H. 1973./bis 115:612- 38. Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover COLOUR PLATE FACING PAGE 77 7

Tringa sqUiltarola Linnaeus, 1758, Sys t. Nat. , ed . 10, 1: 149- Europe; restricted to Sweden by Harten.

SqUiltarola is the local Italian (Venetian) name for a kind of plover.

OTHER ENGLISH NAME Black-bellied Plover, Grey Sandpiper.

MONOTYPIC

FIELD IDENTIFICATION Length: 27-3 1 em; wingspan: underwing. Sexes similar; some females separable in full breed ing 71 -83 em; weight: c. 250 g. M edium-sized long- legged plover; plumage. Marked seasonal variation. Ju ve niles and first-years larger and bulkier than Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva, with separable. bigger head, large r eye, and thicker blunter bill. Plumage-patterns Description Adult male breeding C rown and nape vary: similar to Pac ific Golden Plover but generally greyer. From below, pale , whitish, finely mottled black; or mostly black, finely mottled diagnostic black wing- pit contrasting s trongly against white white. Hindneck, mostly white. Mantle, back, scapulars, tertials 812 C harad riinae and wing-coverts, black, notched and tipped silvery white, giving with less pale spotting and notching. First immature Resembles spangled appearance to upperparts. Forehead and supercilium, adult non-breeding but usually with some contrasting darker white, continuing down sides of neck and broadening into patches worn juvenile feathers retained in upperparts, wing-coverts and on sides of breast; form broad white a rea between spangled tertia Is; primaries, worn, blackish brown (moulting or fresh , black upperparts and black face, foreneck, rest of breast, belly and in adults). Second immature May ga in some black-spotted or flanks. Vent and under tail-coverts, white, with a few black bars at black-tipped feathers in underparts and some black-barred feath­ sides. In flight from above, squarish white area on rump and upper ers in upperparts; some show worn juvenile feathering as late as tail-coverts; white tail , narrowly barred black; and blackish pri­ Mar.-Apr. First-year birds wintering in Tropics may become very mary coverts and remiges except for white bases of inner primaries whitish through wear and fading. and tips of greater coverts forming bold but diffuse wing-bar. In Similar species In flight, black wing-pit di agnostic. Wing­ flight from below, ax illaries, subhumerals and their coverts form pit, bold white wing-bar and white rump distinguish from Pacific diagnostic black wing-pit, contrasting with mostly white under Golden Plover (q.v.). Call diagnostic. wing-coverts and whitish undersides of remiges; greater primary Usua lly solitary or in small flocks but form large communal coverts, dusky grey. Bill, black. Iris, dark brown. Legs and feet, roosts, often with other waders such as Pac ific Golden Plovers, dark grey or blackish. Adult female breeding In full breeding Black- winged Stilts Himantopus himantopus, knots and godwits. plumage, as ad ult male breeding except black of underparts tinged Almost entirely coastal; forage on intertidal mudflats, and roost brownish and flecked white; upperparts sometimes browner. Adult on sandy beaches and spits; occasionally occur in coastal non-breeding More variegated above than other grey waders. saltmarshes and sa ltworks; rarely seen inland. Feed in typical Upperparts and wing-coverts, pale brownish-grey, with white stop-start plover fashion; enter water often, unlike Pacific Golden fringes and dusky subterminal notches throughout, and white Plover. When feeding, hunched stance and lethargic behaviour notches restricted to scapulars, terti als and inner greater coverts. give characteristic dejected appearance. Flight, strong, swift, less Forehead and lares, whitish. Sides of head and neck, whitish, agile than Pacifi c Golden Plover but more powerful ; often fl y in finely streaked grey-brown, with pale whitish supercilium, small loose flocks, typically in irregular lines. Usual flight call distinc­ dark patch before eye, and dark patch on ea r-coverts. Chin and tive, loud , far-carrying, slurred trisy llabic whistle, the second throat, white. Foreneck, breast and flanks, lightly mottled and syllable lower in pitch; a c haracteristically flat and melancholy streaked brownish grey on white, to heavily streaked brownish sound. grey. Rest of underparts, white. Rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, wing-bar and diagnostic black wing-pit as ad ult breeding. Juve­ HABITAT Almost entirely coastal, but occasionally recorded nile Simil ar to ad ult non-breeding except: uppet-parts and inner on inland wetlands. Mainly o n marine s hores, inlets, estuaries wing-coverts, darker greyish-brown, with margins of feathers boldly and lagoons where there are nearby large tidal mudflats or sand flats spotted pale gold or ye llowish white giving spangled appearance for feed ing and sandy beaches for roosting; also rocky coasts, with above; bolder pale spotting on scapulars and notching on tertials wave-cut platforms or reef-flats (Serventy 1948; Thomas 1968; and inner greater coverts (contrasting more with darker, blackish Serventy & Whittell 1976; Storr 1980; Fuller & Burb idge 198 1; centres of feathers), and coarser pale spotting on wing-coverts; Morris et al. 1981; Johnstone 1983; Pegler 1983; Garnett & Bred! darker crown and clearer whitish supercilium; foreneck, breast 1985; Bamford 1988; Jaensch et al. 1988). Sometimes on beaches and flanks, buffy white (soon fading to whitish) with dense dusky­ with much seaweed (Storr 1987); also reefs within muddy lagoons brown streaking; rest of underbody, wh ite. Plumage usually dis­ (Thomas 1968). Away from coasts, margins o f saltlakes and tinct until Oct., sometimes Dec., by which time plumage very saltpans (Storr 1965 , 1977; Frith & Calaby 1974; Storr & worn and faded, and upperparts, darker, more uniform blackish, Johnstone 1988); occasionally near-coastal and inland freshwater Pluvialis squacarola 813 or brackish l akes, swamps, lagoons and dams, either drying or n. and e . coasts (Tas . Bird Reps); single record on w. coast, freshly flooded (Bravery 1964; Thomas 1968; Storr 1977 , 1984; Strahan, 30 Sept. 1973 (Tas . Bird Rep. 3 ). Also Flinders I. (Tas . Jaensch et al. 1988; Storr & Johnstone 1988; Cox 1991). Very Bird Reps 2,3 ). Increased number of observations in late 1970s occasionally, at shallow sedge-swa mps round inland artes ian bores (Tas. Bird Rep. 10). SA Most! y from Fleurieu Pen. and Ka ngaroo (Badman & May 1983 ). One record from margin of dam (Tmaroo !. , through St Vincent and Spencer Gulfs to about Streaky Bay on Dam; Brave ry 1964). In N Z, no records inland or at freshwater w. Eyre Pen. (Lane 1987; Aust. Atlas) . Single, near Mintabie, 15 wetlands near coast (P.C.M. Latham). Sept. 1990 (Cox 1991). WA Along coast from E yre to King Roost or loaf on unvegetated sandbanks or spits on beaches Sound; common in Kimberley Di vision (Storr 1980; A ust. Atlas ). and in lagoons and estuaries (Pegler 1983; Jaensch et al. 1988); NT Regular visitor to Top End in small numbers (Thompson & occasionally muddy margins o f estuaries or reservoirs (Bravery Goodfellow in prep.). 1964; Jaensch et al. 1988). Roost on island artificially created by NZ Rare but probably annual migrant; max imum sightings dredge -spoil in Port Phillip Bay. in any year, ten (1 982 ). First r ecorded Firth of Thames, 1948, though possibly earlier sight records at Manukau Harbour in 1946 DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION Breed in N and 1947 (Sibson 1 949); not r ecorded aga in tilll960-61; c. 60 of 65 °N, from W. Baffin I. through A rctic and subarctic , individuals observed. Unsuccessfully introduced: two liberated by n. and nw. Alaska, and from Anadyrskiy Zali v, W to the White Otago Acclimatization Society in 1867 and e ight released at Sea; absent Scandinavia a nd G reenland (BWP) . During non­ Lauder Stn, Manuherikia in 1881 (Thomson 1 922). Following breeding period, w idespread on coasts of N. and S. A merica, records, all singles unless stated. Nl Most n . harbours: Afri ca, Asia a nd A'asia; rare s traggler to N Z; generally rather Parengarenga Harbour: 31 Oct. 1974, Nov. 1977, 16 Nov. 1982, scarce in New Guinea, where may be present all year (Blake 1977; 30 Jan. 1982 (possibly same bird), 5 Nov. 1984, 25 Jan. 1987 Coates 1985; Lane 1987; Root 1988; BWP). (P.C.M. Latham); Houhora Harbour: seven, 23 Dec. 1982; Firth Aust. Most coasts of mainland; most abundant on w. and s. of Thames: between Miranda and Waitakaruru, 29 Aug. 1948; 29 coasts (Lane 1987). Few inland records (e.g. Du bbo, G riffith , Aug. 1948 to 16 Jan. 1949, 22 Feb. 1976, 14 Dec. 1980, 13 Jan. Wentworth, NSW; L. Tyrrell , Vic.; Coward Springs, SA; Morriset 1985, summer 1985-86, 18 Nov. 1986, 20 Jan. 1988, 3 Dec. 1988 al. AI 981; ust. Atlas ), which are probably birds on passage across (P.C. M. Latham); Manawatu R. estu ary: 8 Jan. 1967; Manukau the continent (A ust. Atlas ). Qld Large numbers recorded in se. Harbour: Karaka, 27 Mar. 1982 (CSN 30); Kaipara Harbour: G ulf of Carpentari a (Garnett 1989 ); sparse on e. coast (Lane Tapora, 16 Apr. 1961 (CSN 9) , 25 Mar. 1978 (P. C.M. Latham). 1987). NSW Uncommon; occasional coastal r ecords; rarely Sl Farewell Spit: 22 Jan. 1961 (Edgar 1962), 22 Jan. 1961, two 19 inland (Morris et al. 1981 ). Vic. Few records E of G ippsland Ls; Sept. 1962, Dec. 1968, 5 Oct. 1971 , four Jan. 1977, five Mar. mostly recorded from between Jack Smith L. and Corner Inlet, 1978, Oct. 1978, 4 Apr. 198 1, three 14 Nov. 1981, two 20 Nov. Westernport and Port Phillip Bays and w. coast, W of Warrnambool 1982, May 1991 (P. C.M. Latham); L. Grassmere: 20 Jan. 1961 (Vic. Bird Reps 1981-87; Vic. A tlas) . Tas. Uncommon; mainly (Brathwa ite 1961) ; Waituna Lagoon: two 4 Jan. 1969, two 29 Jan. 814 C harad riinae

1980, 2 Jan. 1982, 10 Dec. 1988 (P.C.M. Latham); Awarua Bay: Thomas 1970; Storr 1986; Aust. Atlas). WA Arrive Broome­ 19 Apr. 1980 (CSN 28). Port Hedland, early Sept., staying till Apr. Reach sw. Aust., Oct.­ Lord Howe I. Three, Nov. 1959 (McKean & Hindwood Nov. (Lane 1987) though recorded at Swan R. and NW Cape, 1965). about mid-Sept. (Carter 1904; Serventy 1938); earliest arrival Macquarie I. Single, specimen, Buckles Bay, 24 Feb. 1964 Rottnest I., late Aug. (Storr 1965); at Eyre, recorded spring 1978- (Simpson 1965 ). 81 but none seen autumn (Congreve & Congreve 1982). NT Kermadec Is Single, N. Meyer 1., 18 Dec. 1966 (Merton Arrive Darwin, early Sept. and move o n (Lane 1987 ); single 1970). observed flying S, 27 Nov. 1980, near w. Gulf of Carpentaria Chatham Is Single, Chatham 1., 1968 (NZCL). (Carter 1983 ). Qld Transient on islands of Torres Str. (Draffan et Aust. population estimated c. 12,000 (D. Watkins). Impor­ al. 1983 ); a pparently arrive on mainland durin g Sept. (Amiet tant sites and maximum numbers of waders from summer and 1957) with small numbers on e. coast of Aust. in Oct. NSW S. winter counts round Aust., 1981-85, were: Eighty Mile Beach, influx in Dec. SA Arrive at coast, Nov. (Lane 1987 ). Tas. Ar­ WA, 1650; SEGulfofCarpentaria, Qld, 1550; Roebuck Bay, WA, rive Oct.-Nov. (Thomas 1970). 1300; w. coast Eyre Pen., SA, 1280; Spencer G ulf, SA, 740 (Lane Non-breeding Unlike Pacific Golden Plover, uncommon 1987). O ther important sites include: Corner Inlet and Port in Pacific Ocean; rarely, spend n. winter in Hawa ii an islands and Phillip Bay (Vic. Bird Reps 1982-87) ; nw. Tas., including Robbins Micronesia (Pratt etal. 1987 ); single record from Cook Is (Holyoak 1. , where recorded regularly, with up to 42 counted (Ashby 1987; 1976); recorded once from Kermadec Is (Merton 1970). Small Tas. Bird Rep. 18). Totals for summer and winter counts between numbers spend n. winter in coastal C hina, , Hong Kong, 1986 and 1990 in Aust. summarized in Table 1 (Hewish 1986, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, Borneo, Wallacea, PNG 1987a,b, 1988, 1989a,b, 1990a,b; Anon. 1992 ). and islands of Torres Str. (Hachisuka 1931; la Touche 1931-34; Smythies 1960; Kuroda & Morioka 1974; Kingetal. 1975; Draffan Table I. et al. 1983 ; C halmers 1986; White & Bruce 1986; Hicks 1990; Lekagul & Round 1991 ); however few in Asia, except on migra­ DATE NUMBER OF BIRDS NUMBER OF SITES tion, indicating most Asian birds migrate to Aust. mainland (Lane 1987 ). Aust. Apparently more numerous in W (Wheeler summer !986 2127 23 1960; Klapste 1974 ); concentrated in few areas, e.g. Broome-Port winter 1986 402 23 summer !987 1943 zz Hedland, Gulf of Carpentaria, Gulf country of SA, and Corner winter 1987 !23 23 Inlet, Vic. (Aust. Atlas); sometimes on islands (e.g. Christmas 1. , summer 1988 1665 23 Stokes 1988). In winter 1986, unusually high numbers led to winter 1988 107 23 increased use of regular sites and use of sites where rarely or never summer 1989 11 63 zz recorded (Hew sih 1987a). NZ Origins of birds unknown: regular winter 1989 33 21 but uncommon (Sibson 1949; Brathwaite 1961 ); most records, summer 1990 930 21 mid-Aug. to mid-Apr. (P.C.M. Latham). Movements during non­ winter !990 19 21 breeding season, unknown, but some birds (assumed to be same birds) remain within particular bay for some months (Hindwood & H oskin 1954; Thomas 1970). Extralimitally, appear faithful to MOVEMENTS Migratory; breed in Arctic during n. slllnmer non-breeding a reas; apparent latitudinal segregation of sexes, then winter mainly on coasts of S. America, Afri ca, s. Asia and with females found farther S (see BWP). Aust. (see BWP for extralimital movements). Most birds breed­ Return Late departure from sw. Aust. and potential ability ing in Asia occur as passage migrants through e. and se. Asia to to fly long distances suggest that birds may not l and in A ust. winter in Aust., though Taimyr population migrates to W and during n. migration; however, birds pass through SA, Darwin SW (P. Tomkovitch). Usually found only o n coasts but small region and up e. coast in Mar. (Lane 1987). In WA, leave numbers recorded inland, presumably on passage, in Europe, N. Broome-Port Hedland by mid-Apr. and do not appear to migrate America, C hina, PNG and Aust. (la Touche 1931-34; Boehm N through this region; in sw. Aust., leave in Apr. (Lane 1987) 1960; Bravery 1970; Thomas 1970; Scott et al. 1984; Hayman et with latest record on Rottnest 1., mid-June (Storr 1965). Appar­ al. 1986; Hicks 1990). Do not appear to migrate in large flocks in ently leave Tas. and Qld. by or during Mar. (Amiet 1957; Thomas Asia (e.g. Hails & Jarvis 1987 ); in HANZAB region, and elsewhere, 1970). Usually leave Port Moresby distri ct, early Apr. (Coates reported to fl y in loose flocks, typically in irregular lines (Hayman 1985; Hicks 1990). Evidence of passage through Hong Kong in etal. 1986). Apparently move on wide front (BWP). A few birds Apr. and early May (Chalmers 1986). Pass through Korea mainly caught in nw. Aust. had accumulated sufficient fat to fly esti­ Apr.- May (Gore & Pyong-oh 1971 ). Pass through Japan (Kuroda mated 4800 km (Lane & Jessop 1985); thus, theoretically capable & Morioka 1974) . First to arrive at breeding grounds are males of fl ying non-stop from Vic. to se. Asia (Lane 1987). and pairs (J ohnsgard 1981) with arrival late May to June (Hayman Departure Adults leave breeding grounds late July to Sept., et al. 1986; BWP). mainly A ug.; juveniles, Sept. to mid -Oct. (BWP). Pass through Breeding Late May to Aug. (Hayman et al. 1986). Many Korea, Sept.- Oct. (Gore & Pyong-oh 197 1 ). Pass through Japan young birds stay in S during first breeding season occupying non­ and China (la Touche 1931-34; Kuroda & Morioka 1974 ); earliest breeding range throughout n. hemisphere summer (BWP). Re­ arrival Hong Kong, mid-Aug. (Chalmers 1986 ). Earliest arrival in corded throughout year in some parts of Aust., e.g. Darwin, NT .Borneo, early Sept. (Smythies 1960). Mainly transient in Wallacea, (Crawford 1972; Aust. Atlas). Recorded throughout year in Asia Sept.-Nov. (White 1975). Main arrival PNG, late Aug. (Coates (Smythies 1960; van Marie & Voous 1988; Hicks 1990; Yuren 1985; Hicks 1990). Aust. Probably arrive over nw. and n. coast, 1991). Unknown if some young birds in Aust. move some way N early Sept. continuing to moveS in Oct. and Nov.; reach maxi­ during this period, as occurs extralimitally (BWP) and with other mum numbers in s. A ust. in Dec. (Lane 1987 ). A ll inland records, waders (Lane & Jessop 1983; Newman 1985; Hew ish 1988), Sept.- Jan., which suggests some birds may cross continent on s. though birds have been recorded in Tas. in winter ( Ashby migration, o thers follow coast (Boehm 1960; Bravery 1970; 1987). Pluvialis squararola 815

Banding Extralimitally, appear faithful to non-breeding (89), fading to black-brown (119) with wear. Upperparts Man­ area from year to year (see BWP). In HANZAB region, six retraps tle, upper back and scapulars, black-brown ( 119), boldly spangled in Vic. at same location (AWSG). by broad white tips to feathers. Feathers of lower back, dark brown (121 ), with white tips. Rump and uppertail-coverts, white, some­ FOOD Molluscs, , , worms, and what speckled by dark-brown ( 121) subterminal bands or spots on occasionally vegetation and seeds. Behaviour Mainly diurnal; edges of feathers. Underparts Breast, flanks, axillaries and upper only nocturnal if unable to obtain enough food during day (BWP). belly, mostly black (89), fading to black-brown (119) with wear. G lean and probe for prey on mudflats, beaches and occasionally Sides of upper breast, white. Lower belly, ve nt and thighs, white. pasture in HANZAB region. Feed with running, stopping and Under tail-coverts, white with brown (28) barring o n l ateral pecking action (see BWP for ex tralimital descriptions). Foot­ feathers. Tail White with heavy dark-brown (21) barring on trembling not recorded. Recorded washing prey. Locate and seize central feathers; amount of dark brown decreases on outer feath­ bivalves by siphon, tearing them out of shell . Large crustaceans ers, and t6 mostly white with one or two bars. Upperwing All pecked apart. Prey located mainly by sight. Cues used include secondary coverts, dark brown (219) with white tips, broadest on water-flow, movement of sand and casts from holes of polychaete longer feathers; med ian coverts also have large white lateral spots; worms. Recorded stea ling food from WhimbrelsNumenius phaeopus greater coverts have indented white fringe on outer feathers and and oystercatchers Haemaropus (Zwarts et al. 1990) . lateral spots on inner feathers. lnnerwing thus looks boldly scal­ Adult Non-breeding (Stomachs). Plants: mosses (Boehm loped black and white, like scapulars. All primary coverts, dark 1964 ). : Annelids (Gould). Molluscs: gastropods: brown (219) with narrow white tips. Primaries, black-brown Littorinidae: periwinkles (Lea & Gray). Crustaceans: crabs (Barker (119), with white subterminal shaft-streak; p6-p 10 have concealed & Vestjens) . Insects: ads, larv. (Gould); lsoptera: Termitidae: white inner web, p1-p5 have concealed white bases and broad Amitermes neogermanus (Boehm 1964); Curculionidae: Melanterius; white subterminal patches on outer webs that meet white tips of Cryptorrhynchinac; Hymenoptera: wasp; Formicidae: Chalcoponera secondary coverts to form prominent wing-bar. Inner primaries merallica; Pheidole or Aphaenogaster (Boehm 1964). have fine white fringes. Secondaries, dark grey-brown (cl21), Young, Intake No data. with white fringes and concealed white bases. Tertials, dark brown (219), with white tips and paired white lateral spots along VOICE No detailed studies in HANZAB area; few local length of feather. Underwing Median and greater primary cov­ recordings avail able. For descriptions of calls at breeding grounds erts, pale brownish-grey (c86). Other coverts, white; greater see BWP. Generally silent. Flocks often silent, often flushing secondary coverts with pale brownish-grey (c86) wash on inner without calling (Witherby et al. 1940) . Flight (Alarm) Call simi­ web; contrast sharply with black-brown (20) axillaries. Primaries, lar to that of Pacific Golden Plover but higher-pitched, with dark grey (83) with white subterminal inner web. Secondaries, middle syllable shorter and lower than other two (P.C.M. Latham). pa le grey (86). No sexual differences reported. Adult female breeding Second and subsequent alternate plumages, though retain much basic body-feathering throughout kH: breeding period. Differences from breeding male. Head and neck S r------~------,------~------~------~ Feathers of crown and nape, dark brown (219), with narrow white fringes, often admixed with grey-brown basic fe athering. Chin, throat, !ores and ea r-coverts, dark brown (219); feathers have white bases that are partly visible and give speckled appearance. Upperparts Some old dark-brown (121) feathers retained on mantle, scapulars and upper back, giving browner appearance than male. White fringes of alternate feathers narrower than in 0 scconJs 0·5 1·0 1·5 2·0 male, enhancing less spangled appearance. Underparts Feathers A R. Swaby; Coobowie, SA, Dec. 1971; P36 of breast and upper belly, black-brown ( 119) with white bases that are sometimes visible. Occasional wholly white feathers scattered through breast, giving blotched appearance. White areas to sides Adult FLIGHT AND ALARM CALLS: plaintive drawn-out of upper breast, larger than in male, with some tipped dark brown trisyllabic or disy llabic whistle: tlee-oo-ee, tee-oo-ee, pee-oo-wee, pee­ (121) and others with dark-brown (121) bases. Tail Dark bars er-ee or kliooee (sonagram A). Most common call and only call often narrower and more numerous than in male; tip of t1 often likely to be heard in HANZAB area. Described as wistful, or sweet clouded grey (BWP). Upperwing Differ from males in same way and plaintive. as breeding scapulars. Adult non-breeding Sexes similar. Head and neck Lores, PLUMAGES Prepared by A.M.Dunn. Partial post-juvenile supercilium and sides of head, white, with inconsp icuous brown moult to immature non-breed ing plumage may be followed by (28) shaft-streaks to feathers. Throat, white. Feathers of crown partial pre-breed ing moult to immature breeding plumage. and nape, dark grey-brown (cl19A), with thin white fringes Thereafter, complete post -breeding and partial pre-breeding moults giving scalloped appearance. Feathers of neck and lower throat, each cycle produce alternating non-breeding and breeding white, with brown (28) central streaks. Upperparts Feathers of plumages. Age at first breeding, 2-3 years (BWP). mantle, scapulars and upper back, dark grey (83) to dark grey­ Adult male breeding Second and subsequent alternate brown (cl19A), with thin white fringes. Feathers of lower back, plumage. Head and neck Forehead and supercilium, white. White dark grey (83) to dark grey-brown (cl19A), with white tips. stripe extends from behind eye, down side of neck to join large Rump and upper tail-coverts, as in breeding plumage. Underparts wh ite area on side of upper breast. Feathers of crown and nape, Upper breast, light grey-brown (cl19C), heavily streaked by dark brown ( 121 ), with white fringes giving sca lloped appearance white fringes to feathers, which are broadest towards centre of on fo recrown. Hindneck, dark brown ( 119A), feathers with broad breast. Lower breast, belly, vent, thighs and flanks, white, ob­ white fr inges. Lores, ch in, throat, car-coverts and neck, black sc Ul·ely streaked by light grey-brown (c1 19C) centres to feathers, 816 C harad riinae broadest on upper flanks. Axillaries, black. Tail As adult breed­ Stud. Grp). Adult post-breeding Third and subsequent ing. Upperwing Remiges and primary coverts as adult breeding pre-basic moults; complete. Primaries, outwards; tail , irregular; male, except lesse r primary coverts have dark-grey (83) ground. body-moult intense during early stages of primary- moult and non­ Lesser and med ian secondary coverts, dark grey (c83 ) with nar­ breeding appearance attained when only half primari es replaced. row white tips, black (89) shaft; med ian coverts have small white Most moult occurs in non-breeding areas or special staging areas; lateral spots; greater coverts, as ad ult breeding. Coverts fade to some may moult much body-plumage and 1-3 primaries before dark grey-brown (cl19A). Underwing As adult breeding male. leaving breeding grounds (BWP). Some in A ust. (two skins, four Female differs slightly (BWP): mantle, scapulars, tertials and live birds) suspend moult Sept.-Nov. after replacing 2-3 inner upper wing-coverts of female, paler, more uniform dark grey with primaries, perhaps on breeding grounds or while staging en route slight brown tinge; pale fr inges, paler and more evenly curved; to Aust. Records of active moult in Aust. from Nov. and Dec. forehead, less white; dark bars on tail, narrower, more numerous; apparently consistent with birds in tropical and subtropical areas less often have black spotting on throat and breast. mentioned in BWP, wh ich begin moult in Sept.-Oct. and fin­ Juvenile O range-buff of head, neck and upperparts, fades to ished Oec.-Oct. Birds spending non-breeding period in cool areas buff (124) or paler when plumage worn. Head and neck Fore­ of n. hemisphere (e.g. Britain) begin moult earli er (early A ug. to head, orange-buff (153), with black-brown (19) shaft-streaks. Sept.) and finish from early Oct.; if not completed by onset of Feathers of crown and nape, black-brown (19) with orange-buff poor weather, suspend or arrest primary- moult, generally resum­ ( 153) lateral spots; central tip of feather, dark, giving spotted ing moult at point of interruption, between Mar. and ea rly May. rather than scalloped appearance. Feathers of throat, lares, ear­ Females usually migrate farther S than males, so many more males coverts and sides of neck, white with buff ( 124) wash and brown show suspended moult. Adult pre-breeding Second and subse­ (1 19B) central streak. Feathers of hind-neck, brown (28) with quent pre-alternate moults; partial, mainly early Apr. to mid­ off-white edges. Upperparts Mantle and upper back, black­ May. In males, most feathers moulted except for remiges, some brown (119) with orange-buff (153) lateral spots; central tip of coverts and scattered feathers on back and underparts. Moult less feather remains dark. Lower back, brown (28), with orange-buff extensive in female, with many scattered old fe athers retained on ( 153) lateral spots on end of feathers and concealed white lateral head, and upperparts, wing-coverts and underparts. Post-juve­ spots. Upper tail-coverts, mostly white with brown (28) barring nile (First pre-basic). Partial; juvenile remiges, rectrices, median and orange-buff ( 153) wash near tip. Underparts Feathers of upper coverts, tertials, and tail-coverts, usually retained . No informa­ breast, sides of lower breast and upper flanks, white, with buff tion on timing from Aust. birds; w. Palaearctic birds start Nov. (124) wash and brown (119B) central streak and tip. Central (exceptionally Oct.) to Jan.; some mostly in first basic plumage by lower breast, be lly, ve nt and thighs, white with cream (54) tinge. Jan. but some retain much juvenile plumage until at least Apr. Under tail-coverts, mostly white but outer coverts have light (BWP). Immature post-breeding Second pre-basic; do not breed grey- brown (27) edges. Feathers of lower flanks, white, with before completing this moult. Complete; takes place on non­ cream (54) tinge and light grey-brown (27) tips. Tail As adul t breeding grounds. Primaries, outwards, usually beginning Mar. but dark bars less regular and with orange-buff (153) wash over (occasionally Jan.) to June and finishing July-Oct.; most moult end of feathers. Upperwing Lesser and median secondary cov­ occurs May-Aug. Head, tail and rest of wing- moult at same time. erts, dark brown (119A) with large white lateral spots; centre of Some juvenile body-plumage discernible until mou lt-score reaches tip, dark. Greater secondary coverts, dark brown (1 19A) with c. 30. jagged orange-buff ( 153) fringe on outer coverts and lateral spots on inner coverts. A ll primary coverts, dark brown (119A) with MEASUREMENTS ( 1) Throughout range, adults, skins (AM, white tips, broken in centre of greater and med ian coverts. Prima­ ANWC, HLW, MV, SAM, WAM). ri es, as adult but with orange-buff wash on white areas. Tertials, dark brown (119A) with paired orange-buff (153) and white lateral spots along length of feather; tip, unspotted. Orange-buff MALES FEMALES ( 153) fades to white with wear; completely lost when ve ry worn, resulting in indentations in side of coverts and tertials. Underwing WING (1) 197.7 (4.80; 191-205; 6) 2017 (5 78; 190-2 13; 20) ns As adult. 8TH P (1) 123.0 (2. 16; 120- 125; 4) 125.2 (3.77; 117-132; 15) ns TAIL (1) 70.7 (2.36; 67-75; 7) 73.2 (3.34; First immature First basic. As adult non-breeding but with 69-8 1; 21) ns BILL ( 1) 29.5 (0.87; 28.3- 30.8; 7) 30.4 (1.31; 28.4-33.2; 19) ns juvenile remiges, rectrices and traces of juvenile b ody-plumage TARSUS (1) 47 .3 (1.94; 44. 1-49.9; 7) 48.0 (1.88; 45.3-52.3; 21) ns retained; particularly among median secondary coverts, tertials, TOEC (1) 31.3, 32.6, 33.0 32.8 ( 1.35; 31.4-35.5; 10) ns rump and upper tail-coverts. Pa le areas of wing-coverts and tertials fade to white and are f irst to wear away, resulting in pointed feathers. Primaries narrow, pointed and usually heavil y (2) Vic. , adults, live (Viet. Wader Stud. Grp, unpubl. data). abraded. Second immature (First breeding). Firs t alternate. As adult UN SEXED non-breeding but may show some dark-tipped feathers in under­ parts and some black-barred feathers in upperparts (BWP). WING (2) 207.2 (3 97; 199-216; 29) BILL (2) 31.5 (132; 28.6- 33.6; 27) BARE PARTS Based on photos (Farrand 1983; Pringle 1987) THL (2) 69.9 (1.61; 67. 1-73.0: 32) and museum labels (HLW, MV, SAM). Adult, Immature Bill, black (89). Iris, black-brown (11 9). Legs, dark grey (83) to grey­ black (82). Juvenile Like adult but bill tinged grey in Palaearctic Additional measurements in BWP; their data also showed autumn and feet often paler (BWP). no difference in size between sexes.

MOULTS Mainly from BWP (q.v.); Aust. data from skins WEIGHTS Few data available for HANZAB reg ion. (1) (HLW, MV, SAM, WAM) and banding studies in Vic. (Viet. Unsexed adults from Vic. (Viet. Wader Stud. Grp). Pluvialis squararola 817

-1988. Stilt 12: 41-6. ADULTS - 1989a. Stilt 14: 14-20. - 1989b. Stilt 15: l3-15. I Oct. (1) 202.0 (10.59; 180-220; 10) - 1990a. Stilt 16: 23-35. 290ct. (1) 223.0 (15.55; 215-245; 5) - 1990b. Stilt 17:5-16. 19Nov. (1) 244.5 ( 10.85; 235-260; 4) Hicks, R.K. 1990. Muruk 4: 91 - 105. 21 Feb. (1) 307.3 (20.06; 270-330; 13) Hindwood, K.A. , & E.S. Hoskin. 1954. Emu 54:218-55. Holyoak, O.T. 1976. Nowmis 23: 1-3. Jaensch, R.P., et al. 1988. RAOU Rej). 30. Adults from throughout range, combined data fro m labels: Johnsgard, P.A. 1981. The Plovers, Sandf)ipers and Snipes of the World. one male, 166; females, 275.2 (63.7; 200-332; 4) (AM, ANWC, Univ. Nebraska Press, USA. MY). Extralimital data summarized in BWP, Summers & Waltner Johnstone, R.E. 1983. Wild. Res. Bull. West. Aust. 11:54-69. (1979) and Zwarts et al. (1 990). King, B., et al. 1975. Birds of South East Asia. Collins, Lond. Klapste, J. 1974. Aust. Bird Watcher 5: 277. STRUCTURE Wing, long narrow and pointed. Eleven prima­ Kuroda, N., & H. Morioka (Eds) 1974. Checklist of]apanese Birds. ries; p10 longest; p9 4- 10 mm shorter, p8 16-23, p7 29-35, p6 42- Gakken, Tokyo. 49, p5 57-62, p4 72-75, p3 85-90, p2 95-101, p1105-111, pll Ia Touche, ).D.O. 1931-34. Birds of Eastern China. Taylor & Francis, Lon d. minute. Sixteen secondaries including four tertials; tips oflongest Lane, B.A. 1987. Shorebirds in Australia. Nelson, Melbourne. tertials fa ll on fold ed wing between p6 and p7. Tail , square; 12 -, & A. Jessop. 1983. National Wader Count- Winter I 983. Rep. to rectrices. Bill, stout, rather short, slightly shorter than length of Participants, RAOU. head (but proportionately longer than in Pacific Golden Plover); -,- 1985. Stilt 6: 2-16. nasal groove, halflength of bill; nostril , slit-like; dis tal half slightly Lekagul, B., & P.O. Round. 1991. Birds of Thailand. Saha Ka rn Bhaet, bulbous. Tarsus, sligh tly laterally compressed; scales, reticulate. Bangkok. Outer toe 81-86% of middle, inner 71 - 76%, hind toe minute. McKean, J.L. , & K.A. Hindwood. 1965. Emu 64: 79-97. Merton, O.V. 1970. Notomis 17: 147-99. GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION No subspecies. Slight Morris, A.K., er al. 1981. Handlist of Birds in New South Wales. NSW FOC, Sydney. variation in size only; assumed to be clinal but few data from Newman, O.M.G. 1985. Stilt 7: 18-20. breeding grounds (BWP). Pegler, J.M. 1983. Aust . Birds 17:38-42. Pratr, H.D., etal. 1987. Birds of Hawaii and Tropical Pacific. Princemn REFERENCES Univ. Press, Princeton. Amiet, L. 1957. Emu 57: 236-54. Pringle, J.D. 1987 . Shorebirds of Australia. Angus & Robenson, Sydney. Anon. 1992. Stilt 20: 33-7. Root, T.L. 1988. Atlas of Wintering North American Birds. Univ. Ashby, R. 1987. Tas. Bird Rep. 16: 34-9. C hicago Press, Chicago. Badman, F.J. , & I. A. May. 1983. S Aust. Om. 29: 29-39. Scott, S.L., et al. (Eds) 1984. Birds of North America. Nat. Geog. Soc., Bamford, M. 1988. RAOU Ref). 41. USA. Blake, E.R. 1977. Manual of Neotropical Birds. Univ. Chicago Press, Serventy, O.L. 1938. Emu 38: 18-29. Chicago. -1948. Emu47: 241-86. Boehm, E.F. 1960. Emu 60: 211-18. -, & H.M. Whittell. 1976. Birds of Western Australia. Univ. West. -1964. Emu 63: 276-82. Aust., Perth. Brathwaite, O.H. 1961. Nowmis 9: 172. Sibson, R.B. 1949. NZ Bird Notes 3:82. Bravery,J.A.1964.Emu64:61-4. Simpson, K.G. 1965. Emu 65: 77-8. - 1970. Emu 70: 49-63. Smythies, B.E. 1960. Birds of Borneo. Sa bah Soc. & Malayan Nat. Soc., Carter, M. 1983. Stilt 4: 18-19. Sabah & Kuala Lumpur. Carter, T. 1904. Emu3: 171-7. Swkes, T. 1988. ANPWS Occ. Pap. 16. Chalmers, M.L. 1986. Birds of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Bird Watching Storr, G.M. 1965. Emu 64: 105-lJ. Soc., Hong Kong. - 1977. Spec. Pubis West. Aust. Mus. 7. Coates, B.J. 1985. Birds of Papua New Guinea. Dove Pubis, Alderle y. -1980. Spec. Pubis West. Aust. Mus. 11. Congreve, D., & P. Congreve. 1982. RAOU Rep . 3: 28-43. - 1984. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Su[Jpl. 19. Cox, J.B. 1991. S. Aust. Om. 31: 76-7. - 1986. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. 26. Crawford, O.N. 1972. Emu 72: 131-48. - 1987. Rec. West. Aust. Mus . Suppl. 28. Oraffan, R.D.W., et al. 1983. Emu 83: 207-34. -, & R. E. Johnstone. 1988. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. Suppl. 28. Edgar, A.T. 1962. Notomis 10: 54-61. Summers, R.W., & M. Walmer. 1979. Ostrich 50:21-37. Farrand Jr., ] . 1983. The Aud bon Society Master Guide to Birding. 1. Thomas, D.G. 1968. Emu 68:95-125. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. - 1970. Emu 70: 145-54. Frith, H.J., & J.H. Calaby. 197 4. Tech. Rep. Oiv. Wildl. Res. CS lRO, Thompson, H. A.F., & O.K. Goodfellow. In prep. Annotated List of the Aust. 28. Birds of the Top End. Full er, P.J., & A.A. Burbidge. 1981. West. Aust. Dept. Fish. Wildl. Rep. Thomson, G.M. 1922. The Naturalization of Animals and Plants in New 44 Zealand . Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Garnett, S.T. 1989. RAOU Rep. 58. van Marie, J.G., & K.H. Voous. 1988. BOU Checklist 10. -, & R. Bred!. 1985. Sunbird 15: 6-23. Wheeler, R. 1960. Aust. Bird Watcher 1: 107-9. Gore, M.E.J ., & W. Pyong-oh. 1971. Birds of Korea. R. As iatic Soc., White, C.M.N. 1975. Emu 75: 37-9. Seoul. -, & M.D. Bruce. 1986. BOU Checklist 7. Hachisuka, M. 1931. Birds of th e Phili/)/)ine Islands . Witherby, Lond . W it herby, H.F. , et aL. 1940. The Handbook of British Birds. Witherby, Hai ls, C., & F. Jarvis. 1987. Birds of Singapore. Times Edns, Singapore. Lond. Hay man, P., et al. 1986. Shorebirds. Croom Helm, Lond. Yuren, G. 1991. Stilt 18: 25-8. Hewish, M. 1986. Stilt 9: 21- 9. Zwarts, L., et al. 1990. Ardea 78:39-51. -1987a. Stilt 11: 18-22. - 1987b. Stilr 11: 23-31. Sponsor: Mr I Mathieson Volume 2, Plate 60

Grey Plover Pluvinlis squntnroln (page 811) 1 Adult breeding; 2 Adult non-breeding; 3 Juvenile; 4, 5 Adults, non-breeding plumage

Pacific Golden Plover Pluvial is fulvn (page 800) 6 Adult breeding; 7 Adult non-breeding; 8 Ju venile; 9, 10 Adult non-breeding

© Jeff Davies