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SYDGRØNLAND En Foreløbig Strategisk Miljøvurdering Af Kulbrinteaktiviteter I Den Grønlandske Sektor Af Labradorhavet Og Den Sydøstlige Del Af Davis Strædet

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SYDGRØNLAND En Foreløbig Strategisk Miljøvurdering Af Kulbrinteaktiviteter I Den Grønlandske Sektor Af Labradorhavet Og Den Sydøstlige Del Af Davis Strædet SYDGRØNLAND En foreløbig strategisk miljøvurdering af kulbrinteaktiviteter i den grønlandske sektor af Labradorhavet og den sydøstlige del af Davis Strædet Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi No. 29 2012 AARHUS AU UNIVERSITET DCE – NATIONALT CENTER FOR MILJØ OG ENERGI [Tom side] SYDGRØNLAND En foreløbig strategisk miljøvurdering af kulbrinteaktiviteter i den grønlandske sektor af Labradorhavet og den sydøstlige del af Davis Strædet Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi No. 29 2012 Redaktører: Morten Frederiksen1 David Boertmann1 Fernando Ugarte2 Anders Mosbech1 1Aarhus Universitet, Institut for Bioscience (AU) 2Grønlands Naturinstitut (GN) AARHUS AU UNIVERSITET DCE – NATIONALT CENTER FOR MILJØ OG ENERGI Datablad Serietitel og nummer: Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 29 Titel: Sydgrønland Undertitel: En foreløbig strategisk miljøvurdering af kulbrinteaktiviteter i den grønlandske sektor af Labradorhavet og den sydøstlige del af Davis Strædet Redaktører: Morten Frederiksen1, David Boertmann1, Fernando Ugarte2 & Anders Mosbech1 Forfattere: Signe M. Andersen1, Nanette H. Arboe2, Martin Blicher2, David Boertmann1, Erik W. Born2, Tenna K. Boye2, AnnDorte Burmeister2, Daniel S. Clausen1, Rune Dietz1, Michael Dünweber1, Morten Frederiksen1, Rasmus Hedeholm2, Morten Hjorth1, Kasper L. Johansen1, Ole Jørgensen2, Jannie F. Linnebjerg1, Flemming Merkel1, Anders Mosbech1, Rasmus Nygaard2, Morten T. Olsen1, Lars M. Rasmussen2, Anna Reuleaux1, Anja Retzel2, Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid2, Doris Schiedek1, Mikael Sejr1, Helle Siegstad2, Malene Simon2, Jonas Teilmann1, Fernando Ugarte2, Susse Wegeberg1 & Nikoline Ziemer2 Institutioner: 1Aarhus Universitet, Institut for Bioscience (AU), 2Grønlands Naturinstitut (GN) Udgiver: Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi © URL: http://dce.au.dk Udgivelsesår: Oktober 2012 Redaktion afsluttet: September 2012 Faglig kommentering: Hanne Bach Finansiel støtte: Råstofdirektoratet Bedes citeret: Frederiksen, M., Boertmann, D., Ugarte, F. & Mosbech A. 2012. Sydgrønland. En foreløbig strategisk miljøvurdering af kulbrinteaktiviteter i den grønlandske sektor af Labradorhavet og den sydøstlige del af Davis Strædet. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 220 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 29 http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/SR29.pdf Gengivelse tilladt med tydelig kildeangivelse Sammenfatning: Råstofdirektoratet planlægger at udbyde flere licensområder med henblik på efterforskning og udvinding af olie og gas i den grønlandske del af Labradorhavet og Davis Strædet. Som en del af beslutningsgrundlaget har Råstofdirektoratet bedt DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi og Grønlands Naturinstitut om at udarbejde denne foreløbige, strategiske miljøvurdering for området syd for 62° og vest for 42°30’ V. Med baggrund i publicerede såvel som ikke-publicerede kilder beskriver denne miljøvurdering det fysiske og biologiske miljø, inklusiv beskyttede områder, truede arter, kontaminantniveauer og naturlige ressourcer. Beskrivelsen af de eksisterende forhold danner efterfølgende basis for en konsekvensvurdering af de potentielle påvirkninger af olieaktiviteterne. Såfremt der tillades aktiviteter i nye licensområder i vurderingsområdet, skal et undersøgelsesprogram efterfølgende udfylde de identificerede videnshuller. Den nye viden vil indgå i en opdateret strategisk miljøvurdering, som vil erstatte denne foreløbige version og udgøre et nyt referencedokument til brug for den miljømæssige planlægning og regulering af olieaktiviteterne Emneord: Strategisk miljøvurdering, SMV, olieefterforskning, olieudvinding, olieudslip, Labradorhavet, Davis Strædet, Sydgrønland Oversættelse fra engelsk: Ad Hoc Translatørservice A/S og Morten Frederiksen Layout: Grafisk Værksted, AU Silkeborg Foto forside: Ydre Kitsissut, sommer 2009. Foto: Morten Frederiksen ISBN: 978-87-92825-57-5 ISSN (elektronisk): 2244-9981 Sideantal: 220 Internetversion: Rapporten er tilgængelig i elektronisk format (pdf) som http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/SR29.pdf Indhold Forord 5 Resumé 6 Miljøet 6 Vurdering af konsekvenser af olieaktiviteter 9 Videnshuller og nye undersøgelser 16 1 Indledning 17 1.1 Dækningsområde for den strategiske miljøvurdering 19 1.2 Forkortelser 19 2 Metoder 21 2.1 Afgrænsninger og omfang 21 2.2 Procedurer for konsekvensvurderinger 21 3 Fysisk miljø 24 3.1 Vejr og klimatiske forhold 24 3.2 Oceanografi 25 3.3 Isforhold 27 3.4 Isbjergenes drivmønster og fordeling 30 4 Biologisk miljø 34 4.1 Fytoplankton 34 4.2 Zooplankton 36 4.3 Makroalger 41 4.4 Bundfauna og -flora 45 4.5 Fisk og skaldyr 48 4.6 Havfugle 57 4.7 Havpattedyr 71 4.8 Prioriterede økosystemkomponenter (VEC’er) i vurderingsområdet 91 5 Udnyttelse af naturlige ressourcer 93 5.1 Erhvervsfiskeri 93 5.2 Erhvervs- og fritidsfangst 97 6 Beskyttede områder og truede arter 104 6.1 Internationale naturbeskyttelseskonventioner 104 6.2 Naturbeskyttelseslovgivning 104 6.3 Truede arter 105 6.4 NGO-udpegede områder 106 7 Baggrundsindhold af forurenende stoffer 107 7.1 Eksisterende viden om indholdet af forurenende stoffer 107 7.2 Biologisk effekt 110 8 Konsekvenser af klimaforandringer 114 8.1 Generel kontekst 114 8.2 Primærproduktion og zooplankton 115 8.3 Bunddyr 116 8.4 Fisk og skaldyr 117 8.5 Havpattedyr og havfugle 118 8.6 Konklusioner 119 9 Konsekvenser af eventuelle rutine-aktiviteter 121 9.1 Oversigt over olieaktiviteter 121 9.2 Konsekvenser af efterforskningsaktiviteter 124 9.3 Konsekvenser af vurderingsaktiviteter 135 9.4 Konsekvenser af udviklings- og produktionsaktiviteter 135 9.5 Konsekvenser af afvikling 143 10 Konsekvenser af olieudslip 144 10.1 Olieudslip 144 10.2 DMIs olieudslipsimuleringer 147 10.3 Konsekvenser af olieudslip for miljøet 150 10.4 Afværgeforanstaltninger 160 10.5 Case study: Deepwater Horizon-ulykken 163 11 Foreløbig identifikation af informations-behov og videnshuller til brug for miljø-forvaltning og regulering af olieaktiviteter i Sydgrønland 169 11.1 Videnshuller 169 11.2 Forslag til et nyt miljøundersøgelsesprogram 172 12 Referencer 173 Forord Råstofdirektoratet planlægger at udbyde flere eksklusive licenser til efter- forskning og udvinding af olie og gas i de grønlandske offshore-områder i Davis Strædet og Labradorhavet. For at understøtte beslutningsprocessen har Råstofdirektoratet bedt DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi ved Aarhus Universitet og Grønlands Naturinstitut om at udarbejde denne fore- løbige strategiske miljøvurdering for den grønlandske del af Labradorhavet og den sydøstlige del af Davis Strædet (syd for 62° N og vest for 42° 30’ V). Såfremt der tildeles flere licensblokke, er det planlagt at initiere et undersø- gelsesprogram som skal udfylde identificerede videnshuller og understøtte den miljømæssige planlægning og regulering af olieaktiviteter. Den ny vi- den vil blive inkluderet i en opdateret strategisk miljøvurdering, som skal udgøre et nyt referencedokument for miljøarbejdet og vil erstatte denne fo- reløbige miljøvurdering. Tak Jørgen Bojesen-Koefoed fra GEUS var behjælpelig med nyttige informatio- ner om egenskaber ved den olie, der måtte findes i vurderingsområdet. 5 Resumé Dette dokument er en foreløbig Strategisk Miljøvurdering (SMV) af aktivite- ter forbundet med efterforskning, udvikling og produktion af olie og gas i den grønlandske sektor af Labradorhavet og den sydøstlige del af Davis Strædet (syd for 62° N og vest for 42° 30’ V). Miljøvurderingen er udarbejdet af DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi ved Aarhus Universitet og Grønlands Naturinstitut for Råstofdirek- toratet, med henblik på at understøtte beslutningsprocessen for udbud af yderligere licensområder for kulbrinteefterforskning i den grønlandske del af Labradorhavet og Davis Strædet. Miljøvurderingen bruger eksisterende publicerede og upublicerede kilder, samt resultaterne af nye feltstudier af sæler og havfugle, til at beskrive det fysiske og biologiske miljø, inklusive beskyttede områder og truede arter, baggrundsniveauer af kontaminanter samt menneskelig udnyttelse af naturlige ressourcer. På baggrund af denne beskrivelse af områdets tilstand vurderes de potentielle påvirkninger af olie- aktiviteter. Hvis der gives flere licenser i området, er det planlagt at påbegynde et pro- gram for baggrundsstudier som skal udfylde identificerede videnshuller og dermed understøtte miljøplanlægning regulering af olieaktiviteter. Den nye viden fra dette program vil blive inkluderet i en opdateret SMV, som vil væ- re et referencedokument for fremtidige forvaltningsbeslutninger og erstatte denne foreløbige version. Vurderingsområdet er vist i Figur 1.1. Dette område kan potentielt blive på- virket af et stort olieudslip forårsaget af aktiviteter i de eksisterende eller forventede licensområder. Afhængigt af vind og strøm kan olien dog også drive udenfor det viste område, mest sandsynligt nordpå langs den vest- grønlandske kyst. Miljøet Det fysiske miljø Vurderingsområdet ligger i den subarktiske del af Nordvestatlanten, og ud- gør den nordøstlige del af Labradorhavet og den sydøstlige del af Davis Strædet, inklusive kysten af Sydgrønland fra lige øst for Kap Farvel til Paa- miut. Kontinentalsoklen (hvor dybden er under 200 m) er relativt smal (60- 80 km), med en veldefineret kontinentalskrænt. Størstedelen af vurderings- området er dækket af dybt vand (over 2.000 m), med en maksimumdybde på ca. 3.700 m. Kystens topografi er kompleks, med mange øgrupper og fjorde, og de fleste strækninger er
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