GCE History A Unit Y237/01: The German Reformation and the rule of Charles V 1500–1559 Advanced Subsidiary GCE H105 Mark Scheme for June 2018 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals, Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report on the examination. © OCR 2018 Y237/01 Mark Scheme June 2018 Section A Question Answer/Indicative content Mark Guidance 1* Assess the reasons for the outbreak of the 30 No set answer is expected. Schmalkaldic War in Germany in 1546 At Level 5 there will be judgement as to the relative importance of the reasons. Answers might consider the actions of the At level 5 answers might establish criteria against which Schmalkadic League, for example: to judge the relative importance of the reasons. The formation of the Schmalkaldic League in 1531, To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant which unified and promoted Protestant interests. and accurate material. If not, they are assertions. The leadership of Philip of Hesse, for example in Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should financing Protestant interests and raising an army. only be credited where it is used as the basis for Protestant successes in the 1530s and early 1540s, analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the such as the imposition of Protestantism in levels mark scheme. Wurttemberg in 1534, which boosted League confidence and increased the sense of threat felt by Catholics. Weaknesses within the League by the 1540s, namely divisions and personal interests, which made it an easier target for Charles V and the Catholic Princes; the bigamy of Philip of Hesse and subsequent League vulnerability. The decision in 1546 to launch a pre-emptive strike against Charles V’s imperial troops. In assessing other reasons, answers might consider: The failures of compromise in the 1530s and early 1540s, for example the failures of the Diets of Augsburg (1530) and Regensburg (1540). The role of Charles V, particularly in his determination to enforce the Edict of Worms and eradicate Protestantism in Germany, and his decision in the 1540s that military force was the best way to achieve this. The actions of the Catholic Princes and their preparedness to support military action against the Protestants. 3 Y237/01 Mark Scheme June 2018 Question Answer/Indicative content Mark Guidance Events elsewhere in Charles V’s empire, namely the Peace of Crepy (1544) and the scaling back of the European campaigns by the Ottomans, which allowed Charles to focus on the threat of Protestantism. The actions of the Papacy, for example Pope Paul III’s support for Charles V in launching military actions against the Protestants. 2.* How far was Charles V personally responsible for the 30 No set answer is expected. failure to achieve a decisive victory against France by At Level 5 there will be judgement as to the relative the end of his reign? importance of the reasons for failure. At level 5 answers might establish criteria against which In arguing that Charles V was personally responsible, to judge the relative importance of the reasons. answers might consider: To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant His failure to press a decisive early settlement in the and accurate material. If not, they are assertions. Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai in 1526 and 1529, Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should when he had the advantage. only be credited where it is used as the basis for Charles’ personality, tending to get despondent and analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the lose the will to fight after set-backs, combined with a levels mark scheme. lack of realism about his prospects at many points. Poor financial management and leadership of the army. The weakening of his status and resources as Holy Roman Emperor due to his failure to manage religious divisions Germany and his often poor relations with the Papacy. Charles’ illness and withdrawal from day to day affairs towards the end of his reign. In arguing that Charles V was not personally responsible, answers might consider The challenging and arguably insoluble nature of some of the territorial disputes between France and Charles; the failure of both sides to adequately address or resolve these in the interim peace settlements. 4 Y237/01 Mark Scheme June 2018 Question Answer/Indicative content Mark Guidance The military, financial and political strengths of the French at different stages of the conflict and the actions and leadership of Francis I and Henry II, for example refusing to observe the peace settlement of 1526, allying with the Ottomans and German Protestant princes, The actions of foreign powers in prolonging the conflict, including England, the Papacy and the Ottomans: England’s lack of support for Charles against France and subsequent anti-Habsburg actions; Francis I’s alliances with the Ottomans and German Protestant Princes; the anti-Habsburg League of Cognac, comprising the Papacy, Venice, Florence and the Duke of Milan. The arguably over-stretched nature of Charles’ empire and foreign policy, diverting attention and resources from France. 3. Read the interpretation and then answer the question 20 No set answer is expected. that follows: Candidates must use their knowledge and understanding of the historical context and the wider “By the mid-1530s it seemed as if the advance of historical debate surrounding the issue to analyse and Protestantism was irresistible and that it would only evaluate the given interpretation. be a matter of time before Catholicism would Candidates must refer to at least one other disappear in Germany.” interpretation. The quality of analysis and evaluation of the interpretations should be considered when assigning From: R. Tarr and K. Randall, Luther and the answers to a level, not the quantity of other Reformation in Europe 1500-64, 2015 interpretations included in the answer. Other interpretations considered as part of evaluation Evaluate the strengths and limitations of this and analysis do not need to be attributed to specific interpretation, making reference to other named historians, but they must be recognisable interpretations that you have studied. historical interpretations, rather than the candidate’s own The historical debate centres on the relative strengths of viewpoint. Protestantism and Catholicism in Germany by the mid- Answers may include more on strengths or more on 1530s. limitations and there is no requirement for a 50/50 split in the evaluation, however for level 5 there should be well 5 Y237/01 Mark Scheme June 2018 Question Answer/Indicative content Mark Guidance In analysing and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses supported evaluation of both and for level 4 supported of the interpretation, answers might consider that the evaluation of both, in line with levels descriptors. interpretation argues that the Protestantism’s spread could Candidates are not required to construct their own not be stopped by the 1530s, and that Catholicism was interpretation. threatened to the extent that it would die out. Answers might note the use of the word “seemed”, implying that these outcomes were perceived or predicted by individuals at the time. In analysing and evaluating the strengths of the given interpretation, answers might use knowledge and understanding of: The rapid spread of Lutheranism amongst the German population through the 1520s and the extent of its popular support by the 1530s. The proliferation of Lutheran printed material and the spread of Lutheran ideas orally. The proliferation of influential and successful friends, disciples and associates of Luther who were able to spread the message more widely, for example Philip Melanchthon who played a crucial role in leading the Lutherans at the Diet of Augsburg. The extent of support amongst the German princes for Protestantism, which provided organisation, leadership, discipline and military protection, for example, the alliance of Hesse and Saxony and the formation of the Schmalkaldic League in 1531 and its subsequent expansion. Charles V’s weak financial and military position, which forced him to come to terms with the Protestant Princes. The importance of the Augsburg Confession (1530) in unifying Lutheranism and eliminating internal conflict. 6 Y237/01 Mark Scheme June 2018 Question Answer/Indicative content Mark Guidance In analysing and evaluating the weaknesses of the given interpretation, answers might use knowledge and understanding of: The determination of Charles V and the Catholic princes not to compromise with Luther or Lutheranism, and their committed defence of Catholicism against ‘heresy’. The precarious position of Luther due to his status as a heretic, for example not being able to attend the Diet of Augsburg.