GASIFY OR ELECTRIFY? Pathways for the Zero-Carbone Energy Future ÉDITO

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GASIFY OR ELECTRIFY? Pathways for the Zero-Carbone Energy Future ÉDITO

Resilience and ENERGY DIVERSITY

or years now our energy system has drawn its strength from the combination of different energy vectors, in particular electricity and gas. Why, at a time when the perspective of an energy transition based on progressively decarbonised and decentralised complementary energies is coming to the fore, Fwould we pit electricity against gas? Physics and chemistry have not yet provided us with any means of storing energy that is both easy to mobilise and transport and as dense in energy as molecular bonds. This explains the success of petroleum products in the last century, however their high carbon footprint means they will progressively need to be replaced by gas (first natural and then green gas). The rise of intermittent renewable energies producing green electricity accentuates the need to develop reliable and flexible

© ENGIE / Vincent Breton Vincent © ENGIE / solutions for the production, storage and transport of energy to meet the needs of the power grid. DIDIER HOLLEAUX, If the target to be carbon neutral by 2050 naturally leads to a greater electrifi- EXECUTIVE VICE cation of uses and if demand-side management (energy efficiency and time-based PRESIDENT ENGIE management) certainly have a role to play, we must not rule out the different low- carbon energy vectors (hydrogen, biogas, etc.), which are just as essential a part of an economic, carbon neutral energy mix. In the context of the energy transition to zero carbon, these high-performance solutions are also vital if we are to meet the needs of our customers (consumers, industry and local authorities). The aim of this survey is to present the many and varied solutions that will make the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions a reality and ensure that achieving carbon neutrality is possible and makes the most of every available resource and energy vector. Like biodiversity, energy diversity makes our world more resilient and it must therefore be preserved. n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 2 ] ENGIE April 2020 Why finding www.pourlascience.fr 170 bis boulevard du Montparnasse 75014 Paris Tél. 01 55 42 84 00 Group POUR LA SCIENCE complementary Editorial staff director: Cécile Lestienne Editor in chief: Maurice Mashaal A special issue in partnership with ENGIE: technological Loïc Mangin and Simon Thurston Artistic direction and realisation: Ghislaine Salmon-Legagneur Copy editor: Maud Bruguière solutions Marketing & diffusion : Charline Buché & Elena Delanne Personnel management: Olivia Le Prévost is indispensable Fabrication: Marianne Sigogne et Zoe Farre Vilalta Publisher and manager: Frédéric Mériot Media and communication : Susan Mackie [email protected] Tél : 01 55 42 85 05 Imprimé en France - Dépôt légal : Février 2019 or 200 years, humanity has thrived on the availability of energy Commission Paritaire n°0917K82079 that is easy to store and transport, but because of the climate © Pour la Science S.A.R.L. crisis we now have to decarbonise our economies and lifestyles Tous droits de reproduction, de traduction, d’adaptation et de représentation réservés pour within a time span of two generations. Every transition scenario tous les pays. includes a reduction in the overall volume of energy and the La marque et le nom commercial « Scientific American » sont la propriété de Scientific decarbonisation of what remains. We therefore need to consume American, Inc. less energy and at the same time move to greener forms of energy, which Licence accordée à F « Pour la Science S.A.R.L. ». should be, as far as possible, as flexible and available as fossil fuels. This En application de la loi du 11 mars 1957, il est interdit de reproduire intégralement ou partiellement la special issue of Pour la Science explores the wide variety of technological présente revue sans autorisation de l’éditeur ou du solutions that are essential if we are to meet the challenge of reducing Centre français de l’exploitation du droit de copie (20 rue des Grands-Augustins - 75006 Paris). energy demand, whilst providing readily available green energy. These solutions exist at every step of the value chain, from production (biogas, Cover photograph: Winyuu/Getty Images/iStockphoto integrating solar panels and crops) and storage (batteries, hydrogen) to the point of consumption (new heating systems).

CONTENTS 4 RESEARCH IS NECESSARY TO ACCELERATE OUR 20 TOWARD A NET ZERO CARBON INDUSTRY TRANSITION TO A ZERO-CARBON WORLD Ludovic Ferrand, Philippe Buchet and Jean-Pierre Keustermans Michael E. Webber 22 THE FUTURE OF HEAT PUMPS 6 THE MOLECULES OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION Akim Rida and Jean-Yves Druillennec Ronnie Belmans and Jan Mertens 24 STAYING WARM WITHOUT WARMING THE PLANET 10 OPTIMISING CARBON REDUCTIONS Benjamin Haas and Mures Zarea Hugues de Peufeilhoux, Gauthier de Maere d’Aertrycke and Pierre-Laurent Lucille 26 A CARBON-FREE, AIR CONDITIONED WORLD… Rodolphe Desbois and Cristian Muresan 12 THE EAGERLY AWAITED BATTERY REVOLUTION Rafael Jahn, Dominique Corbisier and Paulo Torres 28 TOWARD A CARBON NEUTRAL AGRICULTURE Elodie Le Cadre Loret and Bérengère Genouville 14 A MARRIAGE OF REASON Carole Le Henaff, Grégoire Hévin, Christian Huet and Delphine Patriarche 30 GROWING IN THE SHADE OF SOLAR POWER Jöran Beekkerk Van Ruth, Stijn Scheerlink, Rob Kursten and 16 DREAMING OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY Claire Du Colombier Laurent De Vroey 32 THE “AND” 18 ZERO-CARBON CRUISING OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION Frédéric Legrand and Gabrielle Menard Adeline Duterque, Luc Goossens and Jan Mertens

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Research is necessary to accelerate our transition to a zero-carbon world

y classical definitionfrom the atmosphere, acidifying the oceans, or denu- early industrial era, energy is ding land will require new thinking and new the capacity to do work, howe- solutions. ver in the modern context that seems very limited compared THE WORLD IS with what energy actually offers A COMPLEX PLACE society. Taking a broader and updated view, In the modern world, everyone uses Benergy is the ability to do interesting and useful energy with a mixture of elation and guilt: it’s things. Energy brings illumination, informa- the energy-lover’s dilemma. How do we get all tion, heat, clean water, abundant food, motion, the benefits we enjoy from consuming energy comfort and much more to our homes and fac- without the downside impacts of pollution, tories with the the turn of a valve or the touch price volatility and national security risks? of a button. It is the potential to harvest a crop, The answer is to recognise that each fuel refrigerate it, and fly around the world, but it and technology has its upside benefits and also guarantees education, health and security. downside risks. Worldwide energy use is a com- Our civilisation is founded on access to energy plex system with many parts. The energy sector and the corollary is therefore that a lack of is intertwined with society in many obvious energy would lead to its collapse. and non-obvious ways. An absence of energy does not mean it If there is one lesson we should keep in mind disappears entirely: the laws of thermodyna- for our energy challenges, it is that there are no mics tell us that energy is conserved. Energy universal, immediate solutions. We need a suite is an inherently finite resource. We cannot of solutions adapted to each location because no make more of it; we can only move it around single option can get us all the way to our zero- or transform it. At its heart, our relationship carbon future without a critical drawback such a with energy is about harnessing the benefits high cost, insufficient scale, or poor reliability. and containing the environmental impacts of That means we need innovative thinkers to those transformations. Bringing the benefits develop more options, lower the cost of exis- of energy to everyone without heating the ting options and to optimise how they all fit

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 4 ] ENGIE April 2020 together. The world’s research ecosystem of industrial facilities, national labs, and univer- As we are facing sities in many countries must step up with high levels of internal and governmental support to similar problems, accelerate the pace of our innovation and because the challenge is complex and too big for any one company or government to solve, couldn’t we work together we must collaborate across sectors, academic disciplines, and borders. The way to solve this conundrum is not by to find the solutions? hashing out old clichés of fossil fuels versus renewables, electricity versus gas, or other tired battles. We need a more refined view. The same thinking that got us into these problems - drill more, pave more, consume more - will similar problems. We just need to move more not get us out of them. Tired techno-enthu- quickly collectively. siasm that just says we can use smarter gadgets Adopting a cleaner suite of options while won’t be enough, either. Energy efficiency is increasing energy access and letting go of our one way of reducing our carbon footprint wit- dirtier past is our critical path forward. Change hout affecting our lifestyle, but it is not enough. is good, so we should go for it. But change is The fastest, cheapest and most reliable way slow, so we better get started. This is where we to reach zero-carbon energy includes a mix- need research: to accelerate the transition. ture of low-carbon electricity and low-carbon gases. We need cleaner forms of energy and we TIME IS RUNNING OUT need to clean up conventional forms with car- It usually takes decades or centuries to tran- bon capture and scrubbers so that we can sition from one dominant fuel or technology to maintain and expand energy access without another. In the United States, coal became the scorching the planet. most popular energy source in 1885 and was The areas that need rapid attention are low- only surpassed 65 years later by petroleum in carbon power generation (such as wind, solar, 1950. Petroleum still leads today, but might be and geothermal energy), low-carbon gases overtaken by natural gas in the next decade, (such as biomethane, synthetic methane, meaning it will have ruled for 80 years. hydrogen and hydrogen carriers such as ammo- While natural gas provides some important nia, formic acid and methanol), technologies environmental and performance benefits, we that reverse the accumulation of CO2 in the don’t have another 80 years to wait to replace atmosphere (through carbon capture, direct it with cleaner options such as zero-carbon air capture, and soil carbon sequestration), electricity or other gases with lower carbon cross-cutting tools (such as drones, robots, footprints. That means the race is on and our sensors, and artificial intelligence) and smart task in the research world is to increase the and efficient uses of energy (including energy scale and decrease the cost of those alterna- storage, smart appliances and user education tives so they can be adopted widely sooner. to change our behaviours and habits). The mission of our teams is now clear, we ENGIE’s corporate research program is just need to pick up the pace in order to meet organised around these themes and our bench- the energy challenges alongside out scientific marking with the world’s largest national labo- and academic partners and develop the energy ratories and energy and technology companies solutions of the future, the ones that will allow indicates that we are not alone with our view us to preserve biodiversity, the climate and of the future. Indeed, most of us are tackling social inclusion. n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 5 ENGIE RÉFÉRENCES COULEUR logotype_solid_BLUE_CMYK 14/04/2015 24, rue Salomon de Rothschild - 92288 Suresnes - FRANCE Tél. : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 00 / Fax : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 87 Zone de protection 1 Web : www.carrenoir.com C100% Zone de protection 2 TheZone de protection 3 molecules of the energy transition

Whatever the path to a zero-carbon world, electricity will not be the sole source of energy: molecules such as hydrogen, methane and ethanol will be required Hydrogen H for a long time to come. 2

WRITTEN BY: or a long time, we have conside- be noted that with the RONNIE BELMANS, red the decarbonisation of elec- increase in decentra- PROFESSOR AT THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN, CEO tricity as a key part of the energy lised production, i.e. ENERGYVILLE AND transition, in particular by local production such JAN MERTENS, PROFESSOR AT means of a massive increase in as cogeneration (com- UNIVERSITY OF GENT, ENGIE the use of renewable energy bined heat and power), CHIEF SCIENTIFIC OFFICER. sources to generate electricity. Despite the wind turbines and photo- THE AUTHORS WOULD LIKE Fintermittency of renewables, the development voltaics, these figures are TO THANK ENGIE’S of information and data management techno- becoming less and less accurate. SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL FOR logies should ensure that the power system The total final energy consumption (elec- THE RICH AND RELEVANT operates in a stable and reliable manner. Supply tricity, gas, oil, coal, biomass, waste) was 489 DISCUSSIONS ON THE QUESTION. will have to adapt to fluctuating demand, in terawatt hours. In addition, primary energy particular by using batteries to store surplus consumption (which measures a country’s energy. At the end of the day, customers will be total energy demand) was 657 terawatt hours. able to rely on electricity to provide the best The difference can be explained by the energy energy services, however even if this “electric consumed by the chemical, iron, steel and model” will certainly be at the heart of the nuclear industries etc, however this figure does future energy system, there are nevertheless not include energy used by maritime transport certain questions and concerns. and international aviation. At the end of the day, it is estimated that electricity accounts for WHAT SHARE FOR ELECTRICITY 16.6% of final energy consumption in Belgium. First of all, a clear distinction must be made If we consider all of Europe, this figure rises to between the energy system as a whole and elec- 17.9% (3,255 terawatt hours of electricity com- tricity generation, which only accounts for a pared to 18,154 TWh of primary energy). small part of it. For example in Belgium in 2016, According to the second law of thermodyna- 81.4 terawatt hours of mics, the direct use of electrical energy is always electricity were sup- preferable because transforming electricity into plied (for a pro- chemical or thermal energy reduces its quality. duction of 85.4 Energy quality is measured in terms of its exergy, TWh). It should which represents its capacity to do physical work. The exergy of electricity is 100%, however depending on what services are required it is sometimes difficult to replace a given energy source by electricity from renewable sources. This is where molecules can complement or even become a substitute for the electrons. Methanol What molecules are we talking CH OH about? Hydrogen, methane, 3 methanol, ethane and ethanol amongst others. Whatever we use them for, it is vital that we make these

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 6 ] ENGIE April 2020 molecules using carbon free electricity or biogas, otherwise the energy transition will fail. The virtues of each of these Only two methods are carbon neutral: using green energy to make molecules from water molecules are often the most and CO2 or from biomass, which we will not discuss. An alternative, or rather an intermediate solution, would be carbon capture and apparent when considering storage, or even reusing CO2. In heavy, energy-intensive industries, molecules are needed as energy carriers, but the transport sector. above all as raw materials. To make a molecule

of methane (CH4) or methanol (CH3OH) from CO2 and H2O requires much more energy than the (reusable) energy contained in the molecule itself. Consequently, this need for mole- without them taking up too much space on cules will greatly increase total energy demand. board or increasing weight significantly. Certain sectors of industry that require mole- Molecules will certainly have a role to play in cules for specific applications, for example this sector, especially for maritime transport specialised chemistry, will have to be studied where energy needs are much greater. The on a case-by-case basis. same is true for aviation, although the first A good example of the contribution of electric aircraft have already begun making molecules to a successful energy transition is short-range flights. As for the drones that will during the “Dunkelflaute”, a German term for play such an important role in future mobility a long period without sun and wind when solutions (delivery services, taxis in large energy production is impossible. Hydrogen and cities etc.), they are already electric. “clean” molecules consisting of one (methane Without expressing a preference, let us and methanol) or two carbon atoms (ethane just note at this stage that different mole-

C2H6 and ethanol C2H5OH) will help make up cules are available. Since each has its advan- for the lack of solar and wind energy. It will then tages and disadvantages, it is important to be a matter of choosing the most suitable one. take into account the energy required for their production and the fact that this TRANSPORT AND MOLECULES energy must come from a surplus of The virtues of each of these molecules are renewable electricity. often the most apparent when considering the Hydrogen is a very promising transport sector, although we must be careful molecule, but not necessarily as an not to generalise. Two-wheeled vehicles, from energy carrier. There are two kinds the increasingly popular electric bikes to the of low-carbon hydrogen, hydrogen growing market for electric motorcycles, do produced by the electrolysis of water not need molecules. The same goes for private using renewable electricity (green electric cars. For all these vehicles, batteries hydrogen) and hydrogen produced from

are more advantageous in terms of cost than fossil fuels, but whose CO2 is captured hydrogen-based solutions. They can be charged (blue hydrogen). This low-carbon easily using the existing infrastructure and they hydrogen, along with synthetic fuels, boast much better energy efficiency compared, will be essential for decarbonising large for example, to fuel cells. The future of road freight transport is still unclear, although it is true that battery powered electric trucks are already on the road. Siemens is taking a different approach: it has equipped one lane of a motorway with catena- ries so that hybrid trucks can run on electricity, Ethane whilst simultaneously charging their batteries, C H which are indispensable for the first and last 2 6 kilometres of their journey after leaving the eHighway. Here again, the need for molecules will be low or even zero. Trains, buses and local transport will increasingly be electric. Inland water transport will probably also be powered by electricity, at least for part of its activity, however we do not know yet whether the batteries’ energy density

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Many studies extol the merits of © petarg/shutterstock.com producing electricity in deserts. Not only do they cover large areas of the world, produced at the they are also areas of high solar radiation. end of the chain, i.e. Research indicates that the Sahara and a quarter of the total. Australia are both potential areas, but Another solution the question is how would we trans- would be to convert port this energy from the Sahara to hydrogen into Europe for example? There are two Ethanol methane using ways: high-voltage direct current CO captured CH CH OH 2 (HVDC) lines, or in the form of chemi- 3 2 from the air or cal energy, i.e. molecules. Many specialists transported by talk about hydrogen, but is this molecule the pipeline, a process most suitable from an energy point of view with an estimated efficiency and is it the most efficient? It is obvious that of 60%. It is much more effi- the distance between Australia and Europe cient to liquefy and trans- means that electricity is not an option. port methane than hydrogen, with respectively 95% efficiency THE ADVANTAGE OF METHANE and about 0.1% loss per day (i.e. 3% per trip). Let’s take a closer look at the hydrogen In terms of evaporation, we can count on an energy chain. Hydrogen is produced by the elec- efficiency of 99%, leading to an overall effi- trolysis of water using an electrolyser, which is ciency at this stage of 54.7%. As far as electri- a device that uses electrical energy to split water city generation is concerned, a conventional

(H2O) into H2 and O. We will assume an effi- high-efficiency power plant could be used ciency of 70% for this step. Finding water in the (65%), however as the electricity production Sahara or in any other desert environment is centralised, we would have to take into would not be easy, but let’s move on. account line losses (92%), which gives an The most efficient way of transporting overall efficiency of 32.7%. hydrogen to Europe is by ship (liquid hydrogen stored in cryogenic tanks). As the THE RIGHT MOLECULE boiling temperature of hydrogen is extremely FOR THE RIGHT USE low (- 252.87°C), its liquefaction is a very Methane appears to be more advantageous energy-intensive process. Different effi- in this example: broadly speaking, the choice ciency values exist in the literature, but let’s of the right molecule for a given use is closely take 70%. linked to its physical properties (see the table on Energy consumption for transportation, the opposite page). including transporting gas by pipeline to the The most relevant point of liquefaction plant on the coast is comparison is energy density estimated at 10%, so the effi- (per unit of mass or volume). ciency of this third stage is The higher the value, the 90%. A further 5% more more useful the energy car- energy is lost to evaporation. rier and the easier to trans- The overall efficiency is the- port and store it is, making it, refore approximately 40%. in this case, more suitable for The hydrogen can then be injec- mobile applications. ted directly into the natural gas dis- Under normal conditions, the energy den- tribution network and delivered to the final sity by volume of hydrogen is extremely low, consumer as is. which poses storage and transport problems. Hydrogen can be converted into electricity We can alleviate these constraints in part by at the point of consumption by a fuel cell Methane increasing the pressure, but its energy density (with an efficiency of 60%), therefore avoi- CH will remain at best six times lower than that of ding any power losses during transmission as 4 gasoline, which will always be a major disad- the electricity is produced close to the end vantage in transport. consumer. Taking all of these calculations into In comparison, the energy density of liquid account, for a production of 1,000 megawatts methane (LNG) is more than twice that of

of electrical energy, 251 megawatts are liquid hydrogen. For the same volume, liquid Liquide Air ©

Specific energy Energy density Specific mass Energy Type MJ/kg MJ/l kg/m3

Residential heating oil 46,2 37,3 807,359 Natural gas 53,6 0,0364 0,679 Methanol 19,7 15,6 791,878 Methane (1.013 bar. 15°C) 55,6 0,0378 0,680 Propane (LPG) 49,6 25,3 510,081 Butane (LPG) 49,1 27,7 564,155 LNG (-160°C) 53,6 22,2 414,179

Liquid ammonia (its combustion provides N2 and H2O) 18,6 11,5 618,280 Kerosene 43 35 813,953 Higher heating value (HHV) liquid hydrogen 141,86 10,044 70,802 Lower heating value (LHV) liquid hydrogen 119,93 8,491 70,800 HHV hydrogen (1 atm, 15.5°C) 141,86 0,01188 0,084 LHV hydrogen (1 atm, 15.5°C) 119,93 0,01005 0,084 HHV hydrogen (690 atm, 15.5°C) 141,86 5,323 37,523 LHV hydrogen (690 atm, 15.5°C) 119,93 4,5 37,522 Gasoline (petrol) 46,4 34,2 737,069 Ethanol 30 24 800,000 Diesel 45,6 38,6 846,491 Crude oil 41,868 37 883,730 Compressed natural gas (250 bar) 53,6 9 167,910 Biodiesel oil 42,2 33 781,991 methane provides twice as much energy. on the availability of the renewable energy Moreover, as we have seen above, the low boi- REFERENCES resources needed to produce it. With regard ling temperature of hydrogen leads to signifi- E. Hegnsholt et al., The real promise of to blue hydrogen, the question of public opi- hydrogen, Boston Consulting Group, cant constraints in terms of the equipment nion and the acceptance of CO2 storage will required (tanks, pumps and compressors). 31 July 2019. http://bit.ly/BCG-Hydro need to be taken into account. A. Scipioni et al. (éd), Hydrogen economy, Academic Press, 2017. CO2 capture and storage is best suited to GREEN HYDROGEN... M. Larsson et al., Synthetic fuels from large installations, for example in the chemi- OR BLUE? electricity for the Swedish transport cal or steel industry, as they are already The conclusion is that there will be a mas- sector : comparison of well to wheel equipped with pipelines and storage facili- energy efficiency and costs, Energy sive need for hydrogen produced from Procedia, vol. 75, pp. 1875-1880, 2015. ties. The road to green hydrogen has many renewable sources in a carbon-free society. J. Van Mierlo et al, Which energy twists and turns. Whichever solution is cho- This molecule will represent a critical interme- source for road transport in the sen there is still a long way to go, even if future ? A comparison of battery, diate step in the supply of the specific energy hybrid and fuel cell vehicles, some technologies such as electrolysers are best suited to each need and an essential raw Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 47, already mature. material for industry. pp. 2748-2760, 2006. In any case, hydrogen or carbon-based The choice between green hydrogen and U. Vol Bossel, Does a hydrogen molecules will be indispensable for a long economy make sense, its blue counterpart will obviously depend on proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 94(10), time to come if the energy transition is to cost and, more specifically for green hydrogen, pp. 1826-1837, 2006. become a reality. n

Does Europe have WRITTEN BY: HUGUES DE PEUFEILHOUX, the technical and GAUTHIER DE MAERE financial wherewithal to D’AERTRYCKE AND PIERRE-LAURENT achieve a carbon neutral LUCILLE, ENGIE economy by 2050? As the new commission makes the Green Deal its priority, industry looks for concrete solutions.

n December 2019, Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, officially launched the European Green Deal that aims to make Europe the first carbon-neutral conti- nent by 2050. Is this a realistic goal? “Decarbonizing Central Western Europe”, Ian ENGIE study conducted in several countries in 2019 (see figure opposite), provides some For rea- answers to the question. It analyses the shift in sons of public energy production toward clean sources of acceptability and the energy from an economic viewpoint. More spe- question of site availability, carbon capture and cifically, it aims to test the feasibility of making storage (CCS) was not taken into account. We Western Europe’s electricity, heating and did however consider all the other energy tech- transport sectors carbon neutral by 2050 and nologies, including storage systems and solu- to identify the optimal path for the economy tions to facilitate flexibility (such as taking the advantages of each energy vector vehicle-to-grid), which contribute to meeting into consideration. the goal of a zero carbon system. It is worth In addition to the electricity sector, which noting that in order to reach this objective, is familiar territory when it comes to creating ambitious efforts will be required in terms of energy models, other energy uses such as energy efficiency that will lead to a reduction industrial and residential heat production, in final energy demand of almost 41% by 2050. transport and agriculture were the subject of Compared to most of the available studies simulations in order to work out the effects of that simulate annual figures, or just the final different substitutions, which are an inherent picture in 2050, or only focus on one sub-sec- part of climate change mitigation. The aim is tor, this study represents a decisive step to find the optimal mix of energy sources (elec- forward as it considers a combined optimal mix tricity, biogas, hydrogen and biomass) in terms Countries in the “Decarbonizing for all energy uses with a hourly granularity of usage. Central Western Europe” study. analysis. Thanks to this study, we can now see © artjazz/shutterstock.com

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 10 ] ENGIE April 2020 the real impact of technical and eco- neutrality. In every case, a success- nomic constraints, such as seaso- Electrolysis ful energy transition rests on three nal variations in energy pillars: energy efficiency, the consumption and production, massive development of peaks in consumption and the Thermal / Nuclear power renewable electricity and the economic interdependence of Solar, wind, optimised allocation of dif- production sources. hydropower ferent energy vectors to meet Five different scenarios were the various uses. This last point modelled. Let’s take a look at the implies the use of gas (natural two most representative ones and then renewable) whenever it amongst those that ensure a suc- is more competitive and harder to cessful energy transition: an early Flexibility substitute. adoption of electrification and multi- Biogas vector energy integration. In the first sce- A QUESTION OF COST nario, Europe would mainly replace elements Another lesson is that moving toward of its current energy mix with green electricity, zero emissions in the context of a multi-vector relying solely on domestic resources to remain Key technologies enabling energy scenario is less costly (see figure below) energy independent and rapidly and massively the decarbonisation. than electrification. The difference in cost electrifying end-uses. This scenario implies an based on the net present value of the entire intense programme of electrification to meet energy system amounts to 650 billion euros. more than 60% of energy needs, compared to What are the reasons for this extra cost? In fact just 25% today. the multi-vector energy scenario does away In the second scenario, Europe promotes with the need to increase power system flexi- the development of green electricity and green bility and to dramatically increase the size of gases (biomethane, green hydrogen etc.) and the electricity transmission and distribution imports green gas from certain trading partners network in order to cope with a more distribu- as required. Even in this scenario that allows ted power capacity in location and time. for imports, the energy independence of the The study also shows that European bio- zone of Europe under consideration methane resources are used in full in every would be much greater than today (82% scenario, in association with 500 terawatt- in 2050 compared to 17% today). hours of green hydrogen, which is slightly Both scenarios analyse the flexibi- higher than the current French consumption lity of the power system that results of natural gas. The complement would either from the optimal use of resources, from come from green gas imports (in the multi- battery storage to thermal power stations vector energy scenario), or by additional fuelled by green gas. Contrary to the situa- hydrogen production in Europe (in the electri- tion today, critical voltage is no longer the fication scenario). In Europe, France has a time of absolute peak demand, but the competitive advantage in terms of renewable period when the difference between demand resources (wind and solar power, biomass) and the contribution of intermittent and will have to call upon all of them. Relying renewable resources is greatest, for example on only two of the three resources would lead several consecutive days without wind during to an unnecessary increase in the size of the winter. Such factors have a greater effect Europe’s power system, in addition to the on the electrification scenario and, as a result, annual development needs for renewable capa- more flexibility resources need to be deployed cities that already amount to 44 gigawatts (27 to cope with them. What are the main results for solar and 17 for wind) over a 30-year- and what lessons have been learned? Depending on the scenario (massive period, which is a major challenge both in electrification or multi-vector energy First of all, the reassuring news is that seve- integration), the differences in terms of investment and acceptability. ral scenarios with varying amounts of electri- additional costs (hatched) compared At the end of the day switching to electrification will allow us to achieve carbon to “business as usual”. city for certain end-uses is indispensable, but if we go too far along the avenue of electrifica- TOTAL OF FRANCE tion, it could be at the risk of an excessively COUNTRIES abrupt energy transition from a technical stan- Massive + 1 575 Electrification dpoint and one which would not be beneficial for the environment. When the effects are measured throughout the value chain - and not just Multi-Vector Energy Integration + 925 in terms of energy production and consumption - making full use of the various low carbon energy vectors (including green gases) allows Petroleum products Electricity for a more resilient and less expensive energy Hydrogen Gas transition. The European Commission should Grid Renovation and heating appliances

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Zone de protection 3 Princess Elisabeth Antarctica, Belgium’s polar research station.

The eagerly awaited battery revolution

The rapid growth of renewable energies must go hand in hand conventional, interconnected power plants and with the wide-scale deployment of electricity storage solutions. power reserves are largely sufficient to allow the grid operator to compensate for short Current technologies are efficient, but still insufficiently so: periods of intermittency (from one second to research is working fast to remedy this situation. a quarter of an hour). The question arises however for longer periods, such as a few hours during which clouds disrupt solar power pro- nchored on a rocky outcrop, WRITTEN BY: duction, at night or on days with neither wind this Belgian polar research RAFAEL JAHN AND nor strong sunshine. Increasing power reserves station is like no other: DOMINIQUE CORBISIER, by keeping a higher number of conventional thanks to its photovoltaic and ENGIE LABORELEC. power plants on stand-by cannot be the only PAULO TORRES, ENGIE. thermal panels, comple- solution. mented by nine wind turbines, Princess Elisabeth Antarctica COMPENSATING (inauguratedA on February 15, 2009) runs enti- FOR INTERMITTENCY rely on renewable energies. Such a feat Ideally, as the world advances down the wouldn’t have been possible without the bat- road to zero emissions, we need cheap, safe and teries that enable the station to store electricity performant storage solutions to compensate and manage the intermittent supply of power. for both fast and slow fluctuations, encourage And it is a fact that such measures will be the development of local energy and microge- essential in the transition toward a carbon neu- neration, provide non carbon-based means of tral world, a process that will see a significant grid balancing and to massively store electricity increase in renewable energy sources, whose to allow the dispatchable supply of green elec- intermittent nature will exceed the limits of the tricity. To meet this array of needs, battery power grid’s current capacity to balance supply storage has an important role to play, but seve- and demand, at least locally. Intermittency is a ral obstacles remain to be overcome. more complex characteristic to manage than Today’s battery energy storage systems are

we think. Today the grid’s network of mainly based on lithium-ion technology. Robert Foundation/R. Polar © International

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 12 ] ENGIE April 2020 Although this technology is mature, industrial processes are perfectible, which underlines the importance of developing our practical expe- A VICTORY IN THE SUN! rience of this type of battery. ENGIE works at overcoming the technological and operational The winner of the World Solar obstacles that are slowing down its develop- Challenge. ment. Areas of research include: battery cell ageing, how to safe the entire energy storage system, repurposing EV batteries for stationary energy storage and ways of controlling both “fleets” of batteries and single units. For some uses however, such as mass or seasonal energy storage, lithium-ion technology will not always be the best, nor the most affordable solution. Today, providing a satisfactory amount of electrical power (measured in watts) is relatively cheap, but this is not the © agoriasolarteam case for electrical energy (watt-hours). Other inning a race means managing your energy capital. The team technologies are therefore indispensable and Wthat won the 2019 edition of the World Solar Challenge (the several are already the subject of major deve- “Solar Vehicle World Cup”) in Australia illustrated this maxim by lopment efforts. In addition to performance, putting their trust in ENGIE to advise them. To stand a chance of it is hoped to improve safety and reduce costs. claiming victory, you need an energy efficient vehicle, good Lithium-sulphur, redox flow, solid electrolyte, on-board solar energy production and a battery whose sodium-ion and metal-air batteries are all cur- characteristics are well known. Next it is important to make the best rently being evaluated and tested by ENGIE use of the battery depending on the headwind, the terrain and the in the laboratory, or even as part of demons- temperature, without running out of power in view of the finish line, tration projects. Some of these technologies but also without leaving too large a safety margin. provide longer life, lower costs and a more Thanks to ENGIE’s Storage Lab, which tested the would-be cells and sustainable life cycle when compared to the provided advice on their implementation, the winners were able to current technologies, which are simply paving count on a homogeneous battery pack in which no cells were the way. Will the road be long? overused. Information was available at all times about the battery state of charge and they could optimise the batteries before each LITHIUM-ION stage of the race. This precise energy management was decisive. IN THE ANTARCTIC ? In 2008, ENGIE installed the batteries at Princess Elisabeth Antarctica. These applications on the other lead-acid batteries with a For some uses, hand, these constraints are gel electrolyte (instead of less important and it should liquid so the batteries don’t lithium-ion technology be possible to opt for a have to be kept upright) are technology that uses more in fact based on a century- common, less controversial old technology. It was no will not always be the best, and therefore theoretically easy task to manually even cheaper materials. handle tons of material in nor the most affordable Will it take another four the extreme cold, but it all decades to replace lithium- worked out fine and, as ion? Probably not, but at least soon as it was put into ser- solution. a decade will have to pass vice, the zero-emissions before the right substitute is base was able to count on a discovered and improved. total energy output of 400 kilowatt hours. Circumspection will be the order of the day: At that time it was still too early to consider seeing the sheer quantity of research in this field, using lithium-ion batteries, although for the search for funding may well give rise to a Antarctica, as for space applications, price was good number of announcements of “sensational not the major constraint. The main factor was results”, which will finally be unconfirmed and knowledge gained from experience in terms of likely to sow doubt. battery lifetime in such a harsh environment and In the meantime and despite the imperfec- even more so in terms of safety. Today, more REFERENCE tions of lithium-ion, efforts continue to perfect than 40 years after taking their first steps, their integration with the end-user, in the grid The website of the lithium-ion batteries have finally found their winning team of the and in areas that have not yet been electrified. place in mobile and mobility applications where World Solar Challenge An ambitious programme that is rapidly beco- battery size and weight are key. For stationary 2019: www.solarteam.be/ ming a reality. n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 13 More flexibility is required to compensate for the intermittent nature of the renewable energies that are increasingly being integrated A marriage into the electricity system. In addition, grid balancing is becoming more difficult because of the abandon of energy sources capable of maintaining the equilibrium between supply of reason and demand (nuclear power, coal, oil, etc.). Moreover, the electrification of part of the final energy demand means that the electricity The boom in the use of renewable energies, in particular for network will have to cope with much larger electricity production, goes hand in hand with the need for large peaks and fluctuations in demand. The power storage capacities. Amongst the various methods available, those grid has been spared this need for flexibility up based on renewable gases are the most promising. until now because demand has been relatively stable. Henceforth, sufficient storage capacity will be required to provide support to the increasingly unpredictable and fluctuating production of electricity. The question of flexibility is becoming a key WRITTEN BY: ince the launch of the European issue for the stability of the system. Every type CAROLE LE HENAFF, Green Deal in December 2019, the of storage can play a role, but most are limited GRÉGOIRE HEVIN, CHRISTIAN HUE AND European Union has been com- in terms of capacity and withdrawal time (see DELPHINE PATRIARCHE, mitted to a positive and forward- figure below). This is not the case for gas sto- STORENGY looking agenda with proposals rage, which is set to become the main link that aim to make the energy tran- between gas and electricity. sition a source of growth that will benefit its Flexibility today is mainly based on the sto- Scitizens and businesses. rage of natural gas; tomorrow, it will have to In the context of this inexorable march turn to renewables, a principle that informs the forward, gas and electricity networks can no “Power-to-Gas” concept. The idea is to trans- longer be considered in isolation. They must, on form renewable electricity into hydrogen by the contrary, be considered as two inseparable electrolysis. In this process, electricity is used

elements of a much larger ensemble - the energy to split water into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen system. Gas storage provides the connection (O2). The hydrogen can either be used directly between the gas and electricity networks by rea- or, in a second stage, be transformed into

son of its role as the main tool for cross-sector methane (CH4) by combining it with CO2 by flexibility. The connections between the two means of a catalytic process. have become notably stronger in recent years. UNDERGROUND HYDROGEN A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES Renewable gas will therefore be complementary to renewable electri- Withdrawal time city. ENGIE’s subsidiary Storengy is 1 year Pumped storage investing in technologies that will power plants enable it to adapt its existing storage 1 month assets to a zero carbon future. This

1 week will make it possible to store the mas- 2019). (Frontier, 1 day sive amounts of excess renewable Batteries Hydrogen and electricity that are currently lost or synthetic methane in offloaded, avoid further constraints gas storage systems 1 hour Compressed air on installations and help to maintain energy storage grid balance. Capacitators These principles are at the heart 1 minute Storage methods of the “STOPIL H2” project, a pilot Flywheel energy Mechanical Electro-chemical scheme for the salt cavern storage of storage Electrical Chemical hydrogen in Étrez (Ain, France), 20 1 second kilometres north of Bourg-en-Bresse. Inductors 100 ms Twenty-five operational salt caverns are located below the ground around 1 Kwh 1 Mwh 1 Gwh 1 Twh the town, artificial cavities that have The value of gas infrastructure in a decarbonised Europe Europe in a decarbonised gas infrastructure of value The Storage capacity been made by drilling down into a The various techniques for storing electricity differ in terms of storage capacity and withdrawal time. 650-metre thick underground salt

Storage in the form of gas is the best option. formation at a depth of between from: Taken

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 14 ] ENGIE April 2020 1,250 and 1,900 metres. The large quantities of Central station gas that the cavities can contain are easily available and will make it possible to meet both basic and peak consumption needs. This proven and highly effective technology has more than 50 years’ experience with natural gas behind it and provides intrinsic environmental and safety benefits. Salt caverns have low space requirements above ground, are gas tight and are inaccessible due to their Production depth. In addition, there is no risk of interac- wells tion with oxygen.

The STOPIL H2 project, funded by France’s Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), brings together leading French stakeholders (Storengy, Geostock, Air Liquide, BRGM, INERIS, Brouard Consulting and Armines, which represents the École des Mines de Paris and Polytechnique). It aims to rise to the specific technical challenges of hydrogen storage in salt caverns. The first phase of the project consists in answering two questions: is a salt cavern storage facility impervious to hydrogen and can frequent, high frequency cycles of hydrogen injection and withdrawal and fast flow rates damage the mechanical stability of the cavity? As far as the first question is concerned, the imperviousness of the cavity and well tightness is indeed a key concern from the point of view of storage safety and efficiency. The tightness of hydrocarbon storage caverns, thousands of which exist worldwide, is tested with nitrogen.

Within the framework of the STOPIL H2 project in Étrez, a hydrogen tightness test will be carried out in a cavity at a depth of approximately 1,000 metres located (see figure opposite). Its goal is to obtain information with a view to Salt caverns devising industrial scale tightness tests for hydrogen storage caverns in the future. Layers SALT CAVERN OPERATION of rock salt As for the second question, a test is planned in particular by further redu- in which the pressure of the hydrogen in the cing the environmental impacts of cavity will be increased to the maximum (in this technology. the range of 150 bar). The pressure will then In the context of the energy transition, be rapidly decreased and increased several the underground storage of gases other than times in succession, before finally being retur- natural gas will be of prime importance and © Storengy ned to its initial level. This test will provide the essential to the development of new sources of Storengy’s experimental cavity information to judge whether short and intense electricity production and new forms of in Étrez (Ain, France) will help to study the storage of pressure cycles, as are currently used success- consumption. The performance of storage faci- hydrogen in salt caverns. fully in natural gas storage, will affect the lities will have to adapt to the intermittent cavern and possibly cause a significant decrease nature of renewable sources of electricity. in performance. Once the concept has been Programmes of technological innovation must validated, the cavity could eventually store up be launched now if we are to meet future chal- to 40 tonnes of hydrogen, i.e. around lenges, in particular to reduce the investments 1.5 gigawatt hours, intended in the short term required and make the regulatory framework for local consumption. more conducive to the integration of renewable Once the principle has been established gases and their storage as part of a 100% and supported by sound scientific studies, renewable electricity mix. Only then will we be stakeholders will have to ensure the social able to succeed in meeting the deadlines set by acceptability of underground storage facilities, the European Union. n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 15 ENGIE RÉFÉRENCES COULEUR logotype_solid_BLUE_CMYK 14/04/2015 24, rue Salomon de Rothschild - 92288 Suresnes - FRANCE Tél. : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 00 / Fax : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 87 Zone de protection 1 Web : www.carrenoir.com C100% Zone de protection 2 Zone de protection 3 WRITTEN BY: LAURENT DE VROEY, Dreaming ENGIE RESEARCH of electric mobility

To develop electric mobility we must put into place an efficient charging infrastructure and control the flow of energy: the solutions exist. © Sopotnicki/shutterstock.com

Monday morning. I wake Smart charging is vital when Multi-modal transport solutions and electric up after a night that was managing a fleet of electric cars mobility have really changed the game. Why 2020 far too short and listen to did we wait so long? the traffic report. It couldn’t be any worse: I’m Mobility and transport are the corner- going to be stuck in traffic jams all the way to stones of modern society, whether for practical work and what’s more I need to get petrol! reasons or for the freedom they offer. The need Crawling along the clogged roads, I am surroun- to significantly reduce the transport sector’s ded by anonymous vehicles, each with a single carbon emissions is inciting a growing number occupant. The clock is ticking and the engines of public and private stakeholders to encourage are running, but the cars aren’t moving. Once in the development of electric mobility, however town, the next challenge is finding somewhere for the sector to grow, many practical problems to park – and to top it all off, there’s the short facing both users and society will need to be walk to the office in the midst of noise and resolved. Two such issues are where to recharge exhaust fumes. I can’t wait to be at work! electric vehicles (charging infrastructure) and 2035. Monday morning. The night was still the energy demand in play. too short, but I got an extra hour’s sleep this time. My favourite app shows me today’s best AN OPTIMIZED INFRASTRUCTURE mobility option: a shared electric car to the There are several options available to the station, the train and then a self-service elec- people in charge of deploying an EV charging tric scooter. The hustle and bustle of the city infrastructure capable of meeting require- hasn’t changed, but it’s so much quieter and ments. The first parameter to take into account the air is cleaner now towns and cities have is the speed of charging. Charging for one hour banished the internal combustion engine! at a simple wall socket increases the car’s range

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 16 ] ENGIE April 2020 by 10 to 15 kilometres. The same amount of charging solutions has also been tested in real- time at a standard charging station will increase life conditions. its range by up to 100 kilometres. A fast char- The other aspect of the deployment of elec- ging station (larger and more complex) will do tric mobility concerns the amount of electricity the same in just 15 minutes! However, charging required to supply the vehicles and its availa- speed raises questions of power, which we will bility. This question is directly related to the come back to later. Another parameter is the number and size of the batteries in use. In technology used for charging that can be either Europe, an all-electric mobility and transport conductive or inductive (depending on whe- solution would lead to an increase in electrical ther the vehicle is plugged in or charged wire- energy requirements of between 15 and 20%. lessly). The former is more efficient, but the While this increase is significant, it would be latter is more practical. Different charging manageable if it were spread out over time. structures are available depending on the usages including plug-in charging stations and A NEED FOR POWER pantograph charging (using an articulated arm Another essential factor to take into account that can be deployed above electric buses for is that, as we have seen, the speed of charging example). Depending on the chosen solution, can cause power problems. Charging a single charging can take place when the vehicle is sta- electric vehicle in the time it takes to fill up a tionary or even in motion. traditional car with petrol would require power equal to that delivered by a wind turbine run- MATURITY AND AGING ning at full speed. This is impossible in practice. There are a whole multitude of possibilities In addition, and depending on the location, the and so, to get a clearer idea, ENGIE is studying capacity of the electricity network is not always these different charging solutions, taking a par- sufficient to meet the demand that would be ticular interest in the maturity of their techno- generated by the simultaneous charging of a logy, their impact on vehicle aging, their large number of electric vehicles. In this case, interoperability and their potential to be rol- smart charging will be essential. led-out in the medium and long term. To this Moreover, the way in which vehicles are end, researchers are regularly carrying out in- charged can lead to anomalies on the electricity depth evaluations of charging solutions and network (voltage drops, overloading of trans- technologies, both in the laboratory, during formers and frequency variation, etc). After a field tests and as part of an in-depth analysis of certain point, these disruptions would require solutions already deployed around the world. action and would lead to considerable costs. To Other tests included the impact of rapid tackle these problems, ENGIE is working with charging on battery aging compared to normal various electricity network operators to assess charging and the possibility of the electric car the qualitative and quantitative impacts of returning energy to a building or to the grid. these disruptions by carrying out detailed mea- © Sopotnicki/shutterstock.com The ease of installation and use of different surements of charging cycles for different types of chargers and electric vehicles. Finding answers to these questions is all the more important as electric mobility is widely FASTER, CHEAPER accepted today and set to grow. Studies show that 95% of electric car users would not want to AND WORRY FREE go back to an internal combustion engine. y avoiding large investments, reducing power demand All sorts of new opportunities are opening Band the number of chargers required, smart charging up. Depending on the needs, we can imagine provides users, charging stations and grid operators with a situations in which electric vehicles could sup- whole host of advantages. Smart charging consists in ply energy to buildings or to the grid. These adapting vehicle charging to other consumption needs on new perspectives for battery use would help to site and maximizing the use of locally produced energy maximise local consumption of intermittent (produced for example by solar panels). A growing number of renewable energy production. The same commercial solutions offer some of these functions, however concept can be extended to local energy com- all of them can be found in SMATCH, ENGIE’s solution for munities: one household’s electricity produc- electric vehicle charging. What’s more, SMATCH takes into tion could help to charge a neighbour’s vehicle account the specific needs of each individual user, as well as and another person’s vehicle could supply anticipating local production, consumption and vehicle power to the home of a fourth person. The requirements. It also considers network constraints, energy development of such communities would

market tariffs and CO2 production depending on the energy impose a real paradigm shift of which electric mix, which varies over time. mobility is only a first step. By getting involved in such projects, you can make the dream of 2035 come true… and get a better night’s sleep! n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 17 ENGIE RÉFÉRENCES COULEUR logotype_solid_BLUE_CMYK 14/04/2015 24, rue Salomon de Rothschild - 92288 Suresnes - FRANCE Tél. : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 00 / Fax : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 87 Zone de protection 1 Web : www.carrenoir.com C100% Zone de protection 2

Zone de protection 3 Zero-carbon cruising

In the short and medium term, the maritime industry can count on new fuels to help meet new environmental obligations.

The AIDAnova is the first cruise ship powered by liquefied natural gas (LNG).

ida Cruises launched the WRITTEN BY: requirements. The first consists in replacing AIDAnova in 2018. Built by FRÉDÉRIC LEGRAND AND heavy fuel oils with marine diesel or low sul- the Meyer Werft shipyards, it GABRIELLE MENARD, ENGIE phur fuel oils, which requires some minor was the world’s first cruise LAB CRIGEN modifications to the ship’s engines to make ship to run on liquefied natu- them compatible. However this option involves ral gas (LNG) and, as such, significant additional operational costs (low- illustrates the shipping industry’s commitment sulphur alternatives are much more expen- toA reducing its carbon footprint. Although the sive). Price and availability are key issues and road will be long, the trend is irreversible. the former will rise as demand increases, howe- Historically shipping has used heavy fuel oil ver this will initially be the most widely adop- (HFO) for propulsion, which is a heavy frac- ted solution as it does not require large tion distilled from crude oil. As this so-called investments. “bunker fuel” is made from petroleum refining residues, it contains compounds, in particular CHOOSE YOUR WEAPONS sulphur, which make it more polluting. The Another avenue is to continue burning high combustion of heavy fuel oils results in emis- sulphur fuels, but to reduce pollution levels by sions of CO2, sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen installing exhaust gas cleaning systems, also oxides (NOx) and particulate matter. Maritime called “scrubbers”, which remove and collect transport represented just under 3% of global sulphur. However this solution is not necessa- CO2 emissions in 2018, the equivalent of rily suitable for all ships. More importantly, it Germany’s annual emissions. only eliminates sulphur emissions (and not The International Maritime Organization NOx and other pollutants) and so it only has decided to react and has set ambitious tar- addresses part of the problem. In terms of cost, gets to curb greenhouse gas emissions (at least this solution offers the best return on invest- 50 % below 2008 levels by 2050). Since 2015, ment, but it is not without risk as it raises the the IMO has also imposed a progressive reduc- question of how to dispose of the sulphur resi- tion in the maximum permitted sulphur dues. In addition, the carbon footprint of content (from 3.5 % in 2015 to 0.5 % in 2020) exhaust gas cleaning systems is disappointing; in the bunker fuels of some 50,000 ships in cir- in fact operating this equipment increases the culation worldwide. In the Sulfur Emission ship’s overall fuel consumption and therefore Control Areas (SECA), which include the North its greenhouse gas emissions. On 1 May 2019, American coasts and the seas of Northern less than 2,400 ships were equipped with Europe, even stricter limits apply with a maxi- exhaust gas cleaning systems. mum sulphur content of 0.1% as of 2015. The last option is to change over to an enti- Different solutions are available to rely new fuel, which for shipowners with a long-

shipowners to help them comply with term strategy usually involves investing in a new © Tui

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 18 ] ENGIE April 2020 vessel. Today, heavy fuel oils are being replaced emissions, however two new fuels could pro- by LNG and even, and we will come back to this vide the solution. The first is bio-LNG (or later, by bio-LNG or hydrogen. As demonstrated liquid biomethane) i.e. liquefied biogas, which by the AIDAnova, LNG is currently the most reduces CO2 emissions by 90% compared to widely used new fuel source. Indeed, LNG com- heavy fuel oil and does not require any additio- plies with all environmental requirements as it nal investment for LNG-powered ships. The has zero sulphur and particulate matter emis- development of bio-LNG is however hindered sions, reduces NOx emissions by its higher production by 80% and CO2 emissions by costs. Building on more than 20%. LNG is also available in 60 years’ experience in the large quantities and LNG field, ENGIE Lab CRIGEN engines for ships of various Maritime transport has launched a research pro- tonnages are available, howe- gram aimed at using innova- ver constraints exist because is well on the way tive processes to reduce the the logistics of LNG distribu- cost of the liquefaction of tion are not adapted to this biogas by 40%. In 2020, tests usage yet and the return on to zero carbon will be carried out at the investment is also longer. CRIGEN site in Stains and With fewer than 400 ships then at the LNG terminal in powered by LNG in service or on order, this Montoir-de-Bretagne to validate the new tech- can still be considered to be a niche market, but nology. The objective for 2021 is to install the some studies predict an annual potential for solution at the site of an ENGIE partner. Bio- LNG-fuelled ships of 35 million tonnes by LNG could replace LNG by 2030. 2035, in other words a market share of approxi- In the longer term, liquid hydrogen could mately 10%. In 2017, ENGIE joined forces with be a suitable fuel source for maritime trans- Mitsubishi, NYK line and Fluxys to launch the port. In fact, as long as it is produced from outfitting of the ENGIE Zeebrugge bunkering renewable sources, it does not generate any vessel (see opposite). With a capacity of 5,000 greenhouse gases, nor does it emit NOx, SOx m3, it will be able to supply LNG to ships of or particulate matter. Today available solutions any type operating in Northern Europe from for producing, storing and transporting liquid its base in the port of Zeebrugge (Belgium), which it will do from 2020 under the brand name “Gas4Sea”. BETTER THAN LNG To address this new market, ENGIE has launched several ambitious research programmes that focus on the production of green gases and their use in the maritime transport sector. One of them addresses the fact that the thermodynamic behaviour of LNG is completely different to that of other fuels because LNG is a cryogenic liquid whose chemical composition changes as it evaporates into natural gas, which is then burned by the engines. The changes that take place during the voyage are reflected in the evolution of para- © ENGIE meters that are essential for the operation of the engines, including the methane number (a ENGIE Zeebrugge hydrogen are limited. ENGIE has launched a number linked to the composition of the gas can supply LNG to any type research program that aims to halve the costs of LNG-powered vessel. that reflects combustion quality). A gas chro- of producing and transporting hydrogen by matograph could be installed to continuously developing new liquefaction processes. monitor LNG composition, but such a device Projects are also underway in South America is expensive. Other solutions now exist: ENGIE to provide industry with hydrogen-based mari- Lab CRIGEN has developed Smart gauge, an time transport solutions. algorithm that calculates the composition of Contrary to its reputation as a rather conser- the LNG in the ship’s storage tanks throughout vative industry, maritime transport is well on the route based on real-time pressure and tem- the way to becoming carbon neutral. Several perature measurements and the initial compo- solutions are available and ENGIE is supporting sition of the LNG. the key players to help them reduce the Despite its low environmental impact, LNG industry’s carbon footprint. One day soon, we n does not completely eliminate CO2 and NOx will be able to cruise with a clear conscience.

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 19 Toward a net zero carbon Energy-intensive industries were amongst the first industry at working on improvements of the energy efficiency of their processes. While good progresses are made, indeed, several technological breakthroughs are needed now.

f you live in a city you can’t help noti- WRITTEN BY: Electrifying industry is another interesting cing that certain materials such as LUDOVIC FERRAND, avenue to explore. The major industrialised steel, cement and glass dominate the PHILIPPE BUCHET AND countries are currently transforming their JEAN-PIERRE KEUSTERMANS, urban landscape. These ubiquitous ENGIE power systems in order to achieve carbon neu- materials are produced by so-called trality: as a result, infrastructures are becoming energy-intensive industries (EIIs), more complex with the diversification and which are responsible for a high-level of green- decentralisation of energy sources. Ihouse gas emissions because their activity The first advantage of switching to electri- revolves around numerous energy-intensive city is that green energy (solar, wind and processes. Demand can exceed 200 megawatts marine power etc) can be used directly. In for a single installation, in other words the equivalent of one hundred football fields equipped with solar panels! In total, the steel, cement and chemical industries alone account EMISSIONS-FREE CEMENT for 5.4 gigatons of CO2, or more than 15% of global anthropogenic emissions. In this he cement and concrete context, how can carbon neutrality be achieved Pilot plant industry is one of the largest LEILAC1 T by 2050? emitters of CO2 accounting for almost 5% of global emissions. A RACE AGAINST THE CLOCK Driven by population growth and We are now at a tipping point. If we want urbanisation, demand for cement to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and win has rocketed over the last ten the race against the clock, we need to imple- years and this trend seems set to ment solutions that go far beyond the best continue. Implementing a today’s technology has to offer. Considering all carbon-free solution for this that needs to be done to make the necessary industry is however complex. changes time is definitely running out. Just one Even if 30 to 40% of its CO2 example: plant lifetimes in the cement and emissions result from the steel sectors often exceed 40 years and so combustion of fossil fuels (which research and development has a major role to can be replaced by carbon free play in several key areas. alternatives), 60 to 70% of One such area is material efficiency. This emissions are produced by the involves rethinking materials to improve their calcination of limestone (CaCO3), energy performance, for example by finding a © CALIX meaning it is necessary to find a breakthrough in lightweight steel to make ligh- breakthrough technology to replace this process. Other avenues of research ter vehicles with a lower fuel consumption. do exist indeed such as developing alternative cements and materials, as Another direction is intensification, which well as carbon capture and storage. For the latter, we can considerably strives to use the “minimum required energy” reduce the energy costs associated with capture by separating the (MER) for transforming a given material (hea- combustion and calcination processes that are usually combined in the ting, melting, evaporation). ENGIE is working lime kiln. Such an approach has been developed as part of LEILAC, a alongside industry to further this approach, for collaborative project led by Heidelberg Cement and Calix. The second stage example in the field of high-performance bur- of the project, LEILAC2, has already been announced and, from 2020 ners, which is a mature technology capable of to 2025, ENGIE will be part of the project team looking at the electrification an efficiency of more than 90% thanks to a bet- of this innovative process, as well studying how to reuse the flow of CO2. ter relation between the combustion system and the combustion chamber.

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 20 ] ENGIE April 2020 FROM VINE TO GLASS Together with a consortium of companies that includes Xilowatt and glassmaker Verallia, ENGIE has decided to explore the second solution. BioVive is a joint project that aims to design a hollow glass melting furnace capable of

burning syngas (CO, H2, CH4, etc.) produced by biomass gasification. A pilot scheme has demonstrated the feasibility of this carbon-free solution. Mature vine shoots ENGIE is also continuing to can be used to work along these lines with produce biomethane the implementation of a for the glass industry. decentralized biomethane © Gabard production process (the Gaya f it is easy to recycle (50% large carbon footprint? the furnaces (in particular the project), which uses vineyard Iof glass packaging is made Three possible solutions exist, glass melting furnaces), so prunings to produce a from recycled glass), the high the first of which is to convert that they can use renewable renewable natural gas made temperatures required to the production process to use fuels as an energy source. The from lignocellulosic biomass. manufacture glass require a electricity and notably third involves rethinking and Other solutions based on lot of energy. So how can we renewable electricity. The intensifying production locally produced green reduce the glass industry’s second requires converting processes in terms of energy. hydrogen are being studied.

addition, EIIs have an obvious role to play in Industrial symbiosis can also be a means balancing the distribution network. to achieving carbon neutrality. It consists in Electrification does not have to be direct converting the waste or by-products (material however, depending on the material it allows for or energy) of one industry or process into the a wide variety of different applications, such as resources needed by another. This concept radiant heating using the joule effect, infrared seems to be difficult to roll out on a large scale, and induction. ENGIE is taking part in the although there have been some resounding European research project DESTINY, whose successes. Thanks to its part in the Be-Circle objective is to develop a new microwave energy- project, ENGIE is contributing to the research based solution for firing granular feedstock for effort to remove barriers and unlock the use in the ceramics, cement and steel sectors. potential of the circular economy within a given geographic area. HYDROGEN, BIOMASS... Finally, EIIs are particularly well suited to Indirect electrification refers to solutions carbon capture solutions because their source in which electricity is transformed into an of carbon emissions is centralised at a single intermediate vector for an end use such as high location. More research is being carried out and temperature heating (eg Power to Hydrogen). an increasing number of pilot experiments are As part of France’s National Hydrogen Action taking shape. The goal is twofold: to determine Plan, ENGIE has taken part in feasibility tests the most efficient carbon capture processes and in industry. Other initiatives, such as the to identify ways of reusing the CO2 to avoid it European Hybrit project, aim to use hydrogen being released into the atmosphere. instead of coke in steel mills. Although this overview is far from exhaus- Biomass fuels also have a role to play in the tive, it shows the wide variety of current energy transition, in fact some steel blast fur- approaches. It also illustrates the current and naces are already powered by eucalyptus char- actual ambition to go beyond energy efficiency coal instead of coke. Although this principle is and move resolutely toward carbon neutrality. hard to replicate in every context, it remains The challenges are still immense, but there are an active field of research and in this respect many promising avenues to explore. So that, the BioVive project led by ENGIE is emblema- one day, we will have a different perspective on tic (see box above). the materials around us. n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 21 ENGIE RÉFÉRENCES COULEUR logotype_solid_BLUE_CMYK 14/04/2015 24, rue Salomon de Rothschild - 92288 Suresnes - FRANCE Tél. : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 00 / Fax : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 87 Zone de protection 1 Web : www.carrenoir.com C100% Zone de protection 2 Zone de protection 3 the raw materials needed by another) or other innovative processes are the subject of careful The future of studies at the present time. Above and beyond these methods, many scenarios envisage the deployment of either electric or hybrid boilers and, above all, heat heat pumps pumps - which are expected to become much more efficient - more or less in line with the current trend in private households. Development By providing low and medium-temperature heat for of equipment capable of providing temperatures industrial uses, innovative heat pumps will help to meet between 120°C and 200°C is ongoing. the targets imposed by the energy transition. HEAT PUMPS TODAY A heat pump is a device that transfers heat from a colder heat source, such as the air, soil, groundwater to a heat sink. In industry the source is often waste heat that would otherwise WRITTEN BY: n 2019, the French Ministry of the have been lost. A working fluid or refrigerant AKIM RIDA AND Environment (Ministère de la transi- circulates through the device and undergoes a JEAN-YVES DRUILLENNEC, ENGIE tion écologique) launched its “Coup series of transformations, absorbing heat in the de Pouce Chauffage” scheme that pro- evaporator, heating up in the compressor and vides financial assistance to house- releasing heat in the condenser. The other holds to help them replace their old component of the system is an expansion valve. heating system with more energy efficient The coefficient of performance (COP) is a Iequipment, in particular heat pumps. But what measure of heat pump efficiency. It corres- about businesses? ponds to the ratio of the heat supplied by the Companies have also got the measure of heat pump to the energy (often electricity)

environmental concerns and are looking to consumed by the compressor. © ENGIE reduce their carbon footprint. One way of In commercially available heat pumps, the doing this is to find low or zero carbon solu- system typically contains either a mechanical tions for producing heat. There is a lot at stake compressor or an absorption system. In an because 32% of the final energy consumption absorption heat pump, the vapour is absorbed worldwide (total energy consumed by end into a liquid. This solution is then pumped to users) goes to industry, with three-quarters of a higher pressure, which requires much less it being used to produce heat. Half of this energy than using a compressor. To start the amount corresponds to low (under 100°C) cycle again, the refrigerant is removed from the and medium (under 400°C) temperatures, liquid by evaporation (desorption), for which meaning this is an important lever of action a reliable source of heat is required. Hybrid that can contribute to reducing the carbon compression/absorption heat pumps exist footprint of the industrial sector. which combine both technologies. Two key methods involve improving energy Amongst the many available heat pumps efficiency and employing biomass (wood, using either or both of these technologies, seve- green waste and agricultural residues etc) ral solutions are emerging that are now capable including the greening of natural gas networks. of providing heat at a temperature over 110°C. Other avenues, notably those in connection Operating with a heat source between 8°C and with industrial symbiosis (when the waste or 40°C, ENGIE’s Thermeco2 heat pump can raise by-products of one industrial process provide the temperature of a fluid up to 110°C. It uses

CO2 as a working fluid, which has the advantage of being non-toxic, non-flammable and cheap. INSIDE A HEAT PUMP In addition, it has no impact on the ozone layer and a global warming potential (GWP) very low Heat Compressor Toward compared to most refrigerants used today. Its source Evaporator Condenser the user80°C so-called “transcritical” cycle is original because 50°C it takes place in part in the supercritical phase: 80°C at the compressor outlet, the pressure of the 40°C 60°C working fluid is higher than its critical pressure, a point beyond which, in practice, the CO can Waste heat Heat sink 2 be cooled without condensing. For this reason, Expansion valve the conventional condenser is therefore A heat pump transfers thermal energy from a lower-temperature location called the source replaced by a gas cooler. (blue) to a higher-temperature location called the heat sink (yellow). Another example of high temperature heat

04/06/2019 1 At the beginning of 2018, the Hybrid Heat Pump was installed at the Compagnie des Fromages & RichesMonts in Vire (France). By exploiting waste heat rejected by the refrigeration units, it supplies seven gigawatt hours of hot water at 85°C per year that can be used for cleaning, sterilization and

production. The CO2 emissions resulting from the production of heat have fallen by 90%.

this heat pump’s COP is 4.5. Producing and distribut- ing heat in the form of hot water in processes where steam is often the preferred energy carrier holds back the deployment of these new technologies because significant changes to the process are required such as the integration of a new exchanger. Heat pumps capable of generating steam between 150°C and 200°C would provide many opportunities. Current developments in heat pump technology are aimed at improving COP and increasing temperatures to 200°C. The lack of low environ- The decarbonisation mental impact refrigerants is the main obstacle. of low and medium TOMORROW’S HEAT PUMPS A direct application of very high tempera- temperature heat in industry ture heat pumps consists in exploiting low temperature-waste, renewable heat sources (solar, geothermal, free heat) to produce is now at a crossroads steam in parallel with an existing boiler. A heat pump generating steam would at least double the efficiency of an electric boiler and the use in Norway by the Institute for Energy Technology of green electricity would make this system (IFE) and then by Hybrid Energy. Following a carbon neutral. It is this principle that is partnership agreement signed in 2015, ENGIE behind a steam generating heat pump com- Solutions assembles these customised systems mercialised by Kobe Steel, which enables a in Montauban-de-Bretagne in the department modest steam temperature of 120°C. The of Ile-et-Vilaine (France). This heat pump com- SGH120 has a COP of 3.5 with a heat source bines the principles of absorption and compres- at 65°C. Kobe Steel proposes to go one step sion and works with a natural refrigerant based further with the SGH120, adding a steam com- on a mixture of water and ammonia. This fluid pressor unit to reach a steam temperature of is zeotropic, which means that the phase change 165°C (with a COP above 2). occurs within a range of temperatures rather The decarbonisation of low and medium- than at a constant temperature. Compared to a temperature heat in industry is now at a conventional heat pump, heat exchange perfor- crossroads. There is no universal solution, mance at the condenser and evaporator is the reason being that heat comes in many improved thanks to this property, leading to a forms and that increasing temperature comes better COP. This heat pump is therefore capable at a cost. Given the different situations of heating water up to 120°C at a low operatio- encountered, the idea of a mix of solutions nal pressure (below 25 bar). A traditional heat seems to be the most suitable. Energy effi- pump using pure ammonia could not exceed ciency is one such solution and perhaps the 50°C at this pressure. Operating at 40°C/100°C, only certainty today. n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 23 ENGIE RÉFÉRENCES COULEUR logotype_solid_BLUE_CMYK 14/04/2015 24, rue Salomon de Rothschild - 92288 Suresnes - FRANCE Tél. : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 00 / Fax : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 87 Zone de protection 1 Web : www.carrenoir.com ■C100% Zone de protection 2 HOT OR COLD,Zone de protection 3 SAME DIFFERENCE! Ambitious objectives of buildings, the tens of heating (see below), or reducing demand, using have been fixed for the millions of owners and on the contrary for air renewable resources and reduction of greenhouse gas other stakeholders involved conditioning (see page providing innovative emissions in the residential and the way these buildings XXVI), surprisingly they technical, organisational and commercial building are grouped together in have a lot in common, and financial solutions. The sector (-17% in France). villages, neighbourhoods especially when it comes convergence of electricity, Meeting these objectives and towns. Nevertheless to managing daily and gas, heating and cooling will be challenging because solutions do exist and, seasonal peaks in demand. networks will also be a key of the low renewal rate whether they are for In fact, they all require success factor. Staying warm without warming the planet!

When it comes hether it’s “The power and natural gas. According to the Ademe, to heating, the only battle of the radia- emissions from heating have been divided by tor” or “Things are three since 1975 for an equivalent area, but at sure way of reducing getting heated”, the 400 terawatts-hour, heating still accounts for a the carbon footprint press are striving to quarter of France’s final energy consumption. of heat generation is outdo each other It is therefore a key sector for achieving carbon by combining electricity when it comes to finding the wittiest headlines as neutrality. theyW report on the negotiations that are going on Today natural gas and electricity are by far the and gas rather than behind the scenes as France attempts to draw up main energies used for heating (see graph below), by pitting them against its new environmental building regulations. The however electricity is not a primary energy, which each other. regulations in question, RE 2020, will notably means it is not directly available in nature. As define the prescribed method of heating for new electricity is an energy vector that results from builds. Debate is raging between the proponents the transformation of primary energies (natural of an all-electric solution and those who swear by gas, uranium, wind, solar radiation, etc), studying gas, each side hoping to influence the final deci- the primary energy sources used to provide elec- sion in its favour. But what exactly are the ins and tricity for heating shows a completely different outs of the matter at hand? picture. Although nuclear energy is predominant Over the last 30 years, heating performance accounting for almost 50%, there is still a consi- has improved significantly as oil and coal have derable part of fossil fuels in the mix. gradually been replaced by natural gas and electricity, as well as with the shift to producing A QUESTION OF BALANCE electricity using nuclear energy, hydroelectric The place of the various energies in tomorrow’s energy mix is therefore not so much a question of either natural gas or electricity, but BREAKDOWN OF HEATING BY ENERGY TYPE rather a question of balancing different primary energies. Some renewable resources can, by nature, only be converted into electricity (wind, photovoltaic), whereas others, such as LPG Wood renewable gases and solar thermal energy (incl. charcoal) (STE), can be used directly for heating. Urban and others Coal Electric energy does however have its limits Oil when it comes to coping with daily and espe- Gas Electricity cially seasonal variations in demand. The diffi- culty for the electrical system is to be able to start up electricity generation plants usually intended for use in winter and to ensure that the size of the network is sufficient to respond to Natural gas and electricity largely dominate the energy sources used for heating. Electricity predominates in new builds, except in multi-family residential housing, which is short peaks in demand. mainly heated by natural gas. Let’s do a little maths. In 2019, the peak

280 gigawatts (85 GW of which were supplied WRITTEN BY: can be rephrased as follows: “What are the most by the electricity grid) and their lowest energy BENJAMIN HAAS, appropriate means of heat production to respond ENGIE LAB CRIGEN demand was 80 gigawatts. If we were to imagine AND MURES ZAREA, to winter peak demand and where are they situa- a hypothetical situation in which every building ENGIE RESEARCH. ted? We need to decide between controllable, used electric heating, 200 gigawatts would have centralised means of electricity production and had to be kept in reserve in 2019 and used solely more decentralised ones that are closer to the to respond to winter peak demand. This amount end-user and which make the most of short, cir- is the equivalent of 120 EPRs or 250 state-of- cular cycles (electric heat pumps coupled with a the-art gas-fired power stations, which would system using renewable gas, solar energy coupled then have to be shut down during the summer. with thermal energy storage, the use of waste In the light of this, what route seems the most heat, etc.). This can be on a regional level with advantageous if we are to achieve carbon neutra- energy communities based on existing networks, lity by 2050? We must begin by attacking the root or on the scale of one or several buildings with of the problem, which is the level of winter peak hybrid systems that call upon controllable, car- demand, starting by rapidly and drastically redu- bon neutral means of production to provide extra cing the energy demand of buildings. The fight to energy as necessary. reduce heat leakage has been ongoing for several years but it is time to step up our efforts. THREE LEVELS The second line of attack focuses on heat Each of these levels (centralised, regional generation systems. If the latter rely on control- and building) has its advantages and disadvan- lable resources - whether these resources are tages which can be summed up as follows: the renewable (biomass, renewable gases) or low more powerful (and therefore the more centra- carbon such as an EPR nuclear plant – they must lised) production is, the easier it is to control be as efficient as possible. In addition, solar, and manage from a technical standpoint. On the wind and hydropower will need to be backed up other hand, it is less energy efficient because of by sufficient storage capacity. Less controllable the losses during the transformation of one form means of production are of little use in respon- of energy into another. Arbitrating between the ding to changes in demand, in particular winter relative roles of each level is complex and, while peak demand. The different storage solutions it is a burning issue of current interest, it is (each of which has its advantages and disadvan- essential not to lose sight of the fact that putting tages) include batteries (whose environmental all one’s eggs in one basket (often all-electric) performance may be questionable), mechanical without allowing for resilience and evolution, storage, thermal energy storage (in water or means risking failure. In order to reach zero car- other more complex materials), and storage in bon, it is vital we keep all our options open, work the form of hydrogen, which is considered to be at every level, not hide carbon emissions in cen- a renewable gas if generated with renewables. tralised electricity production, and finally, aim The next question is the share of each of these to achieve energy efficiency as well as economic controllable resources in the future energy mix, efficiency. This is what the teams at ENGIE are which is where the real debate on the place of working toward. Can you see the headline - “An electricity and gas in heating lies. The question alliance for virtuous heating”? n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 25 A carbon-free, air-conditioned If we want to effectively combat global warming, we will world… have to overcome some sizeable challenges in the building sector, especially in terms of air-conditioning and refrigeration. But they are not insurmountable!

he figures are revealing: in the United States, more electricity is used for air conditioning than the total Tenergy consumption of Africa! And there’s no sign of it decrea- sing soon. In fact, air conditioning units for residential and commercial properties have a bright future, mainly because of a desire to improve the comfort of occupants in the sum- mers that are getting hotter and hotter. What can we do about the inevitable increase in the demand for “cold”? Temperature (°C) A wide range of equipment 0 50

(air conditioners, reversible © Nasa heat pumps, water chillers etc) is available; most of the machines on the mar- Heat islands (here in Atlanta) possible by favouring bioclimatic buildings, ket use electric compressors, although a few do are characterised by much warmer which we shall address later. run on gas. Some machines are energy efficient temperatures (in white) than the surrounding areas. and have reduced their impact on the environ- THE CHALLENGES AHEAD ment, for example by running solely on In terms of product development, it is fun- renewable energy, adding a heat recovery sys- damental to innovate by improving the overall tem or using either natural refrigerants or refri- performance of existing systems, as well as gerants with a low global warming potential providing new features and breakthrough (GWP), such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, technologies. Some examples are advanced propane or hydrofluoroolefins etc. vapour compression systems and emerging There is no doubt that air conditioning non-vapour compression systems (evapora- manufacturers will continue their efforts, in tion, absorption), active gases with good heat particular to comply with regulatory deadlines transfer capacities and water-based evapora- in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. The tive air conditioners, as well as thermoacoustic Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol (that use sound waves to carry heat away from provides for a phase down in the production the environment to be cooled) and thermoe- and consumption of HFC (hydrofluorocar- lectric devices. bon) refrigerants, which have a much higher The wide power range of most of these GWP than the above-mentioned refrigerant technologies makes them suitable for different gases. Another objective is to improve the sea- types of buildings as they can be used for indi- sonal performance factor for this equipment. vidual or collective cooling needs and integra- In addition to these measures, it is essential ted into heating networks. If it becomes to reduce the need for “cold” as much as possible to recover a sufficient amount of the

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 26 ] ENGIE April 2020 energy lost during the production of cold, thermofri- gorific systems (producing A carbon-free, heat and cold) integrated into heating networks probably have a bright future ahead of them. All the air-conditioned more so as the heat losses from air conditioning units contribute to the severity of urban heat islands (see world… figure on the opposite page). It is important to under- line that paying attention to the way in which we use these systems is essential if we are to obtain the expected results: storage, the The city of Helsinki careful management of pro- is organising its heating duction and consumption and cooling networks in levels and a smart commu- order to achieve carbon nications network (as used neutrality by 2050.

in smart grids) are all © Mistervlad/shutterstock.com important factors. Another challenge is to encourage the use WRITTEN BY: which aims to reduce a building’s heating - of clean energy instead of traditional energies RODOLPHE DESBOIS AND and especially cooling - needs. Residential and such as fossil fuels and nuclear power. Among CRISTIAN MURESAN, ENGIE commercial buildings could dramatically the energy sources that can be used for refri- reduce their use of air conditioning and refrigeration systems are underground water, solar geration systems by making use of available energy (because its production is in phase sources of cold. with the need for air conditioning), biomass and hydrogen, amongst others. Denmark’s BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN energy policy is a good example of this tran- ENGIE Research teams are exploring sition because it aims to be renewable energy many of the most promising bioclimatic solu- self-reliant by 2050. This is also the case for tions, such as coatings with specific proper- Helsinki in Finland (see figure below). ties that can reduce solar gain by reflecting The development of a cloud infrastructure sunlight, whilst continuing to increase the and the smart management of air conditioning building’s heat loss by ejecting heat, even equipment are also key areas of research. during the day, as thermal radiation in a mid- Companies in charge of operating and maintai- infrared wavelength range (sky cooling). ning space cooling systems are likely to switch Another solution is to increase a building’s to a decentralised network for processing and thermal inertia by integrating phase change analysing operational data. Cross-referencing materials into its envelope: in this way, units this information with other information of a of cold accumulated overnight can be used technical or administrative nature will help to during the day. improve the quality of the services on offer. Other solutions such as free cooling make The very idea of a building is to create an use of the various sources of cold available, “interior”, a space where the occupants have such as deep sea or lake water, cold air cur- control over the atmosphere: as they manage rents, mountain snow, cold nights and days the relationship between this interior and the and underground water. exterior climate, the building envelope and the The building sector now seems to be suf- air treatment system both have a key role to ficiently well structured to meet the challenge play in terms of energy efficiency. The current of the energy transition. As far as space coo- approach consists basically in insulating the ling is concerned, the technological progress interior of the building from its immediate in building techniques, as well as in the manu- environment, however the ground, the air, the facturing of air conditioning and refrigeration sun, the sky and the wind are all potential systems, is continuing apace, even if the asso- sources of energy, both in winter and summer. ciated economic model may prove to be com- Can we make use of these potential energy plex depending on the regulatory framework sources by allowing them into buildings? of the country in question. At the end of the Making use of these potential energy day, the United States may well be able to stay sources is the idea behind bioclimatic design, cool without warming the planet. n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 27 © Stockr/shutterstock.com 28 late frosts persist. Underthese conditions,how andearlier, springcomesearlier elsewhere but ting longer and droughts more intense, whereas withoutrain are get part oftheworld,periods from climatealready suffering change. In one andresources are planet, landuse,biodiversity companies, distributors our or consumers. On foodprocessors, transportof us,asfarmers, good quality food and water for all is a challenge house gasemissions. consumption andmore than20%ofgreen more than30%ofglobalprimaryenergy tion inthefoodindustryalready accountsfor energy. andcleaner cleaner consump Energy duced ascloseto citiesaspossible andwith will meanthatmore foodwillhave to bepro than in 2020. This growing urban population today. That’s nearly 3 billion more city dwellers A ]

Trying to quantities sufficient of provide ENGIE agriculture Toward acarbonneutral live incities,upfrom 43% 9 billionpeopleonearthwill 2050more than66%ofthe by Economic andSocialAffairs, Nations Department ccording to theUnited of of - - - - ENGIE RESEARCH. BÉRENGÈRE GENOUVILLE, ELODIE LECADRE LORET AND WRITTEN BY:

field projects in partnership with farmers and withfarmers field projects inpartnership situations, of different of theagri-foodchain.To meetthewidevariety cultural sectors, geographical areas and parts nologies needto beadapted to agri different buting to greener. makingfertilisers contri foodproduction chain,even of theentire efficiency theenergy andimprove energy green for integratedprovides solutions that supply toor organicmatter produce biogasetc. or processed foodstuffs,electricityforirrigation drying crops before storage, coldto raw preserve such asforagricultural machinery, heatfor andthefoodindustry needalotofenergy,mers live.Andofcoursefar they wherever energy andmore efficient withgreener them providing consumer’s sideenergy on a day-to-day basis, interest intheseissues,butwhy exactly? largeareas ofland? cover solar panelsproduction, for examplewhen agriculture andenergytition between ting the planet’s limits and reducing the compe whilerespeccan weproduce more andbetter However each region is different and eachregion isdifferent However tech isbecause The answer ENGIE ENGIE © POUR LA SCIENCE ENGIE implements takes a close is by theis by - ENGIE April 2020 ------

Ademe, depending on the region they currently consume between 270 and 330 kilowatt-hours per square metre. On average, this energy represents 22% of the direct production costs of greenhouse farming. For this project, ENGIE established a partnership with Wageningen University & Research in the Netherlands to design a greenhouse that is autonomous, notably in terms of energy. The test greenhouse has been equipped with water, soil moisture, Growing population will inevitably lead to the light, oxygen and CO2 sensors, amongst others, growth of the agriculture and agri-food sectors. in order to obtain optimal growing conditions, They will only be able to reduce their carbon whilst limiting carbon emissions and energy footprint by making changes in the way food is consumption. produced, but the solutions exist. USE OF GREEN HYDROGEN The third project addresses the production of sustainable fertilisers. Crops need water and

CO2, but they also need nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen is provided by various synthetic compounds made from ammonia using the Haber Bosch process (the catalytic hydrogenation of atmos- pheric nitrogen), however the hydrogen gas used as a catalyst is often fossil fuel-based. ENGIE is developing new processes to produce green hydrogen by using surplus green electricity for the electrolysis of water. Today this process, which would help produce more sustainable fertilisers, is centralised in very large-capacity plants. One of the challenges of the research programme is to study the technical and economic interests of relocating this Renewable electricity can help agriculture to become more sustainable. production as close as possible to the site of consumption. Not only would this limit soil pollution, but reducing the transport of fertilisers would also lessen air pollution. These agronomists, which endeavour to meet their solutions deployed alone or in combination needs as closely as possible. will not affect food quality, but they will reduce If we take a few examples of our pilot pro- its carbon footprint. jects, we will see that we can significantly These initiatives are not isolated. They reduce the carbon impact of the food we eat. complement an array of high-tech (precision These projects aim to answer three questions: agriculture, urban agriculture, etc.) and low- What technologies are the most promising? tech (no-till farming, etc.) solutions. They will How will our food change? Will we pollute less develop in parallel across cities around the by eating products made using local energy? world depending on farm size and the capacity of farmers to adopt these new technologies. In FROM FIELD TO GREENHOUSE the medium term, the most affordable and The first project deals with competition for mature technologies, such as the use of new land by studying how best to combine food and sensors to optimise production and processes, solar energy production on the same area of will become widespread. At the same time, land. It analyses the best combinations of PV consumers will need to mobilise and lobby pro- panels (of different types) and food crops that ducers in order to limit carbon emissions grow better in the shade, taking into account caused by food transport, reduce food waste different climates. and improve traceability. The second pilot project aims to reduce According to the latest overview of emer- emissions from greenhouse crops. Greenhouses ging technologies by DNV GL, city dwellers will cover an area of about 10,000 hectares in move toward sharing local resources. This will France, two thirds of which are used for vege- take the form of food cooperatives based tables. The aim is to improve energy efficiency around local, low-carbon food production. In to the point where such crops become carbon this way, we can reduce the carbon footprint of neutral, bearing in mind that, according to the food from farm to fork to the minimum. n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 29 ENGIE RÉFÉRENCES COULEUR logotype_solid_BLUE_CMYK 14/04/2015 24, rue Salomon de Rothschild - 92288 Suresnes - FRANCE Tél. : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 00 / Fax : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 87 Zone de protection 1 Web : www.carrenoir.com C100% Zone de protection 2

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By cleverly combining agriculture and photovoltaics, it is possible to gain in available surface area without a significant loss of yield.

Whether it’s in temperate climates or more arid regions, co-locating crops and solar panels is a win-win solution. marketable, but be able to grow in the shade. Another question involves choosing between classic or bifacial solar panels and deciding on their configuration, i.e. what is the optimal ll around the world, photo- WRITTEN BY: density of PV panels to produce enough elec- voltaic systems have become a JÖRAN BEEKKERK VAN RUTH, tricity, without blocking too much sun from STIJN SCHEERLINCK, key element in the energy ENGIE LABORELEC, the underlying ground? To answer these ques- transition and yet some highly ROB KURSTEN, tions, ENGIE is working with a local partner, urbanised countries, such as ENGIE BENELUX AND Green Meteor, which originally specialised in Belgium and the Netherlands, CLAIRE DU COLOMBIER, building structures to protect crops against the lack the necessary space to install large solar ENGIE SOLAR hail or the sun. This partnership is also bene- powerA plants. In this context, wouldn’t it make ficial in that it forges links with the horticul- sense to use the land more wisely? tural sector, which is vital for the proper One solution would be to combine agricul- conduct of the project. tural activity and solar power production on the same plot of land, a concept known as agrivoltaics (a word coined by combining agriculture and photovoltaics). ENGIE BENELUX has taken up the challenge and is implementing a THE GLOBAL HISTORY large-scale project of this type in the Netherlands that aims is to install a 45-megawatt solar farm OF AGRIVOLTAICS combined with a crop-growing activity by 2021. he idea of co-locating photovoltaics and agriculture was first Tsuggested in 1981 by Adolf Goetzberger and Armin Zastrow and CELERY OR RASPBERRIES? it has progressed in Japan since 2004 under the impetus of Akira The first phase of the project consists of a Nagashima. Many types of crops such as citrus fruits, cucumbers, one-hectare field trial to test different options rice and vines can benefit. The technique has now spread to various and gain the necessary experience that will countries around the world: China, India, Malaysia, Austria and enable the deployment of the demonstrator Chile etc. In 2017 in Vietnam, the Fraunhofer Institute ISE deployed over 50 hectares. Several questions need to be a pilot agrivoltaic system on a shrimp farm in the Mekong Delta. answered, such as what to plant. What’s best, celery or raspberries? The crop must be

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 30 ] ENGIE April 2020 Do the PV arrays affect yields? The findings of the APV-RESOLA project, conducted in Germany by the Fraunhofer Institute ISE in 2018 show that agrivoltaic installations are capable of achieving satisfactory agricultural production. Some crops are quite tolerant to shade and can adapt to a reduction in photo- synthetically active radiation (the amount of light available for photosynthesis, i.e. situated in a range of wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometres) without significant yield loss. The results therefore vary depending on the amount of shadow caused by the solar panels. As part of the APV-RESOLA project, an experimental field planted with potatoes see( figure on opposite page) was partially covered with solar panels, resulting in a 30% decrease in the annual amount of sunlight received. As a result, potato yield increased by 3%! The ove- Clandestino F. © ENGIE Laborelec, rall result can be expressed as a land equivalent ratio, in this case the LER is 186%, i.e. 103% ENGIE is envisaging the heat are concerned! High solar irradiance is of development of an agrivoltaic potato efficiency compared to the reference project in Chile’s Arica Province course good news for PV power production, yield for the same area and 83% relative pho- (photo of Lluta Valley), although excessive temperatures and dust can tovoltaic production efficiency. negatively affect performance. Heat and lack of Whereas potatoes seem to benefit from water are however not usually ideal conditions shade, this is not the case for all plants. In for crop growth. the same conditions, clover production decreased by 8% illustrating that the choice of crop type is crucial! GROWING IN THE DESERT But that’s exactly where agrivoltaics comes ENCOURAGING BIODIVERSITY in: the shade provided by solar PV arrays allows The synergies between agriculture and pho- crops to thrive in favourable microclimatic tovoltaics go far beyond crops and energy effi- conditions (higher soil moisture and lower ciency. Solar farms can benefit local biodiversity, ambient temperatures). If a source of water is whilst creating a habitat that is vital to the sur- available, water can be pumped to irrigate vival of pollinators. In the United States for plants using locally produced green electricity example, ENGIE NORAM has planted local and, even better, in these hot climates the vege- plant species on its solar farms and joined forces tation planted under the PV panels tends to with various stakeholders, such as the National reduce the ambient temperature, thereby Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in improving their performance. Colorado and the University of Minnesota Bee At the end of the day, agrivoltaics in arid Lab, to create habitats for pollinators including regions can provide local communities with an bees, as well as to support biodiversity on a unprecedented economic activity. Compared national level. One particular example is the REFERENCES to installations in temperate regions, the InSPIRE project through which the NREL is potential gain in overall yield (solar and agri- trying to quantify the environmental and econo- Agrophotovoltaics : High cultural) is greater, mainly due to the signifi- Harvesting Yield in Hot mic benefits of planting native and other bene- Summer of 2018, institut cant increase in crop yields. ENGIE plans to ficial vegetation at solar sites. Fraunhofer ISE, 2019. develop a pilot project in partnership with far- Another example is a project under develop- mers around the city of Arica in the Atacama ment in Hawaii in which ENGIE has joined forces H. Marrou, Co-locating Desert, one of the driest areas in the world. food and energy, Nature with Agicon LLC to identify possible synergies Sustainability, vol. 2, Wherever crops and solar power come between photovoltaics and agriculture. One of its pp. 793-794, 2019. together, agrivoltaics is paving the way for a recommendations is to use an indigenous native smarter and more resilient agriculture. In each shrub, the Psydrax odorata as a windbreak. G. Barron-Gafford et al., energy project, the possibilities of this combi- In France, ENGIE Green has also deve- Agrivoltaics provide nation must be studied at an early stage in mutual benefits across loped five solar projects that integrate the food-energy-water order to make the most of the best available beehives and flowering plants as a way of sup- nexus in drylands, Nature expertise and find optimal agricultural and porting biodiversity. Sustainability, vol. 2, energy solutions. Proof of the growing interest Can agrivoltaics be useful elsewhere than pp. 848-855, 2019. in agrivoltaics: the INRA and the Fraunhofer in temperate regions? To answer this question, R. Davis, Solar and Institute ISE will be holding the first interna- let’s head off to the Atacama Desert in Chile, pollinators : A photo tional conference on the subject in August 2020 which is difficult to beat as far as sunshine and essay, PV Magazine, 2019. in Perpignan. n

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 31 ENGIE RÉFÉRENCES COULEUR logotype_solid_BLUE_CMYK 14/04/2015 24, rue Salomon de Rothschild - 92288 Suresnes - FRANCE Tél. : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 00 / Fax : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 87 Zone de protection 1 Web : www.carrenoir.com C100% Zone de protection 2

Zone de protection 3 ADELINE DUTERQUE, ENGIE CRIGEN LAB DIRECTOR

LUC GOOSSENS, JAN MERTENS, CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER, ENGIE CHIEF SCIENTIFIC OFFICER, ENGIE

The “and” of the energy transition We often tend to oppose different solutions when talking about the energy transition, but at ENGIE, we are trying to find synergies.

t the end of 2019, two energy freedom, enabling our access to clean water experts were talking over and safe food. In many of these otherwise lunch: one was an internatio- highly entertaining discussions on energy, nal reference in heat pumps most people seem to be thinking in binary and the other a leading expert terms about opposite and mutually exclusive in the field of biomass com- solutions: using either nuclear reactors or gas bustion. It was striking to note how even highly turbines to compensate for intermittent intelligentA people still sometimes only think in renewable energy production, either electricity terms of black or white solutions. For the heat or gas to produce heat, either lithium-ion bat- pump specialist, it was “obvious” that the teries or Redox Flow batteries for grid stabili- future of domestic heating would be all electric sation, electric versus hydrogen mobility, and that heat pumps were the best (and only) biogas versus synthetic gas etc. After reading solution. The other lived in an old house that the articles in this supplement, you will unders- was not as well insulated as a new build and tand that binary thinking is not the rule at which therefore needed a high-temperature ENGIE. We do not oppose different technolo- heating system. He argued that a heat pump gies, but rather think about how they can work would not be efficient enough for this type of in tandem. house, adding that a new biomass boiler using two or even three-stage combustion and equipped with an integrated flue gas treatment system would be perfectly suited for domestic WHAT SOLUTIONS heating, even in densely populated areas, as its FOR TRANSPORT? emissions were negligible. One of the most common discussions deals The interesting thing about energy discus- with mobility in the future and whether it will sions is that, as energy is everywhere today and be electric or powered either by hydrogen, bio- it plays such an essential role in day-to-day life, gas or synthetic hydrocarbons. This way of you don’t need to be an expert to have a strong asking the question implies a choice is requi- opinion. According to Michael Webber, energy red, whereas it would be more judicious to see is the key to a good life and, used properly, it where each mobility solution would be most provides humans with health, wealth and relevant. For short journeys using cars and light

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 32 ] ENGIE April 2020 vehicles, the battery electric car has such a head start that it will be difficult for other technologies to catch up, however for heavy trans- The interesting thing port (bus, truck, maritime transport etc.), the energy mix is likely to be diversified and the respective share of the different fuels is diffi- about energy discussions is that cult to predict today. The installation of an extensive hydrogen- you don’t need to be an expert refuelling network seems unlikely in the near future, but for journeys where vehicles travel between places where hydrogen is produced to have a strong opinion. locally, it would be a good alternative to the use of batteries. The same is true for that part of the railway network which is not yet electrified: hydrogen trains are an interesting our transition to a carbon-free world, this issue option for decarbonising this mode of trans- is becoming more acute. High-voltage direct port. As far as aviation is concerned, resear- current (HVDC) lines will be part of the solu- chers are working on developing electric or tion, but as distance increases other means of hydrogen-based solutions, but it is unlikely transportation will need to come into play. that these will replace kerosene for long-haul These will involve the conversion of electricity flights in the immediate future. The reason is into other energy carriers, such as hydrogen, simple: both the types of battery available ammonia or synthetic hydrocarbons. Even today and hydrogen have a low energy density more innovative solutions are emerging today, (the amount of energy stored in a given such as liquid organic hydrogen carriers and volume), but then again, electricity and metal fuels. As we have already seen, all of hydrogen-based solutions could emerge for these technologies will undoubtedly work toge- small aircraft and short-haul flights, or for ther to transport energy over long distances, hybrid-powered aircraft, which will use elec- which is why this question is a priority for tricity or hydrogen as they taxi on the tarmac research at ENGIE. and a carbon-neutral synthetic hydrocarbon for flight. Access to synthetic fuels is therefore vital for the future of long-haul flights. Another interesting and lively debate UBIQUITOUS GAS concerns the transport of energy over long dis- AND ELECTRICITY tances. Not everyone lives in an area where The “either or” question also dominates cheap renewable energies are abundant and, in the question of “whether”, as part of our transition to a carbon-neutral world, we should focus on the electrification of industry or opt for green gases. By now HOW TO TRANSPORT 10 KILOWATT HOURS OF ENERGY? it should come as no surprise that In terms of volume, the energy ENGIE believes the right strategy is to 13.3 litres: Hydrogen equivalent of 1.1 litres of petrol (20 °C, 350 bar) gas do both simultaneously. Although it is depends on the choice of true that electricity has significant product, its temperature 7.7 litres: Hydrogen and pressure. (20 °C, 700 bar) gas advantages over gas and that converting electricity to gas is less efficient and more expensive than the other way 4.2 litres: Hydrogen around, gas is still needed for seasonal (–250 °C, 1 bar) liquid energy storage and to increase energy density before transportation. In addition, green gases can be transported via 3.1 litres: Ammoniac (NH3) (–30 °C, 1 bar) liquid existing networks. In fact, with the introduction of technologies such as “Power to Gas” (storing energy from 1.7 litre: Methane (CH4) electricity by transforming it into a gas (–160 °C, 1 bar) liquid such as hydrogen) and “Power to Gas to Power”, the distinction between electricity and gas tends to become blurred 1.1 litre: Petrol and the transformation from one to the other becomes much easier. As a result,

LAB trying to decide between electricity and gas no longer makes much sense since

© POUR LA SCIENCE - April 2020 ENGIE [ 33 ENGIE RÉFÉRENCES COULEUR logotype_solid_BLUE_CMYK 14/04/2015 24, rue Salomon de Rothschild - 92288 Suresnes - FRANCE Tél. : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 00 / Fax : +33 (0)1 57 32 87 87 Zone de protection 1 Web : www.carrenoir.com C100% Zone de protection 2 Zone de protection 3 energy and turning carbon dioxide into Will the hyperloop revolutionise fuel (via biological processes or not) energy use for transport? are just some of the technologies that may prove to be a valuable aid on the road to carbon neutrality. This is why investment in research on these new technologies is so important and why public-private partner- ships are essential to developing them. ENGIE is committed to working with partners to co-develop these emerging technologies by means of pilot projects and demonstrators. These technologies have environmental and economic advantages, but public support will also be crucial: public acceptance and the rate of take-up of new technologies will © Hyperloop determine whether a given innovation will breakthrough. FUTURE SURPRISES The energy transition will therefore be a The possible impact of game-changing matter of “and” rather than “or” and will follow technologies on the energy transition remains two complementary directions. We will need difficult to predict. Certainly some will appear all of these emerging, sustainable technologies in the years to come and will undoubtedly make because none of them will be able to meet the a big difference. Artificial photosynthesis, challenge alone. The objective is so ambitious replacing short-haul flights transporting that it requires everyone - individuals, compa- passengers and goods by Hyperloop-type solu- nies and different business sectors - to work tions (ultra-fast trains running in low-pressure together. So join us on our journey toward a tubes - see figure opposite), high-altitude wind carbon-neutral world. n

The synergy of solutions, for the most suitable use of energy. © ENGIE / MIRO / Antoine Meyssonnier Antoine / © ENGIE / MIRO

© POUR LA SCIENCE - 34 ] ENGIE April 2020 © ENGIE © POUR LA SCIENCE FOUNDATION SOLAR IMPULSE AND THE ENGIE - April 2020 April 2020 S tives and energy policies.tives andenergy mit to more ambitious environmental objec authorities and decision-makers other to com cost-effective solutions that will incite the and 1,000responsible, efficient identifying development. It of hassetitselfthechallenge economic whilstencouraging the environment, of the foundation is to reduce our impact on local authorities as they work to become carbon work tolocal authorities asthey become carbon bothindustriesand encourages partnership protection andeconomicprofitability. “clean” solutionsthatreconcile environmental rate developing transition by thezero-carbon to stimulate andaccele- action and innovation A POSITIVE IMPACT Individual andcollectiveadvantages: this amajoropportunity Shared valuesprovide co-founded by Bertrand Piccard. Theaim Bertrand co-founded by the SolarImpulse Foundation, whichwas ince 2017, of apartner ENGIEhasbeen

- - • • • • solutions andincrease theirvisibility. need to ofthese speeduptheimplementation withthesupportthey entrepreneurs provide the potential to be profitable. Thegoalis to aswell positive impactontheenvironment projects thathaveSolution” labelcertifies a tion toward planet. afuture onagreener - genera andaccompaniestheyounger neutral CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS having to have equiptheirroof, oreven aroof. itproduces without “share” inthesolarenergy electricity is shared: customers a can rent plantwhose Solarisasolarpower Community (hotels, offices etc). chilled water to more than 600customers electricityto1991. It usesrenewable deliver world’s largestdistrictcoolingsystems, since CLIMESPACE, operating has been oneofthe District coolingsystems. In Paris, ENGIE and lightingetc. an artificialintelligence to control heating datathatenables provide tion. Smartdevices Vertuoz consump - Pilotoptimisesenergy in developing countries.in developing grids to supplyelectricityto rural customers usingmini- services energy and affordable PowerCorner reliable, sustainable provides Among ENGIE’s certified solutions: Among ENGIE’scertified The SolarImpulse Foundation’s “Efficient evaluate themostsolutions. we areamongsttheexpertswho are 20ENGIEexpertsworldwideand lasting impactontheplanet.There will beeffectiverapidlyandhave a challenge istoidentifythosethat professions. WithSolarImpulse,the solutions acrossawiderangeof the mostinnovativeandefficient carbon solutions. and environmentally effectivezero- in ordertodevelopeconomically to coordinatethegroup’sexperts sustainable solutions.Myroleis expertise toidentifyeffectiveand professionsand wide rangeof “ “ EXPERTS OPINIONS

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