DOCSLIB.ORG

Black British and Black Caribbean Women's Trajectories Through the Wildernesses of Subordinated Spaces

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Black British and Black Caribbean Women's Trajectories Through the Wildernesses of Subordinated Spaces Black British and Black Caribbean Women’s Trajectories through the Wildernesses of Subordinated Spaces, (NHS workplace) and Unfamiliar Places (Higher Education): An Autoethnography “When talking about their lives, people lie sometimes, forget a lot, exaggerate, become confused and get things wrong. Yet, they are revealing truths. These truths don’t reveal the past ‘as it actually was’ spiriting to a standard of objectivity. They give us instead the truths of our experiences. Unlike the reassuring truth of scientific ideal, the truths of personal narrative are neither open to proof or self-evident.” (Personal Narratives Group 1989:261) Peggy Phencheater Warren This degree is submitted in partial fulfilment of the Doctor of Philosophy at Birmingham City University Faculty of Health Education and Life Sciences Date: September 2017 Word Count: 99,716 1 Contents Pages Acknowledgements 4 Abstract 5 New Knowledge Contribution 6 Introduction 7 Structure of the Thesis 8 Part One: 9 Chapter 1. 1.1 Literature Review 10 1.2 Research questions 12 1.3 From Jamaica to England – ‘the Motherlan’ 15 1.4 Caribbean People’s Self Identification in the United Kingdom 20 1.5 Post war Black Caribbean’s experience of Education in 31 British Educational Institutions 1.6 Post-War: Caribbean Women’s Student Nurse 37 Experiences in the United Kingdom 1.7 Nursing Education in the United Kingdom 49 1.8 The Shift from State Enrolled nurse to Healthcare Assistant 57 1.9 The Foundation Degree (fd) and the Assistant Practitioner’s role 65 1.10 The voices of Non-traditional, Mature and Black students in literature 67 1.11 The lived experiences of students on Foundation Degree courses 77 Chapter 2. 2.1 Ontological Musings 80 2.2 Case Study 92 2.3 Black Feminist Methodological Stance (BFMS) 95 2.4 Interviews and Plotting the Autoethnography 102 2 Chapter 3. 3.1 Autoethnography 108 3.2 Autoethnography is storytelling BUT with a purpose 114 3.3 Performance Autoethnography and Activism 117 3.4 Positioning and the trouble with Activism 120 3.5 Ethics 124 Part Two: Scene 1. The dreamers in Jamaica and an introduction to the characters 126 Scene 2. Session 1. - First meet up 128 Characters 131 Scene 3. Session 1a. - Getting in 132 Scene 4. Session 2. - Moving on 152 Scene 5. NHS England’s Conference - July 27, 2013 - The Drum Birmingham 162 Scene 6. Session 3. - Getting Through 171 Scene 7. Session 4. - This is how it was for me…Messages 203 Scene 8. Sankofa Reflects 235 Postscript 242 Appendices Glossary Appendix 1. 245 Gleaner Article - Windrush Announcement Appendix 2. 246 Gleaner Article - Nursing Standards Appendix 3. 247 Gleaner Article Colonial Nurse Training Appendix 4. 248 Nursing Education Timeline Chart Appendix 5. 249 Open Interview Transcript Appendix 6. 250 Ethics Approval letter from Organisation Appendix 7. 265 References 266 3 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge God who purposes each of his creation, who I choose to align with as I strive to make my small ‘world’ a little fairer than it was when I joined it. Before I embarked on this journey, I spoke to my brothers sharing my dream, they didn’t doubt me, they encouraged me and strangely promised that, ‘I would not starve’. I have been totally spoilt by their cuisines and ‘doggy bags’ over the past five years. One love Butto and Bill for the cooking and bredda for the listening. To L.A. Lawson, my superbly tolerant sounding block, thank you for the multiple hours you invested listening, as I tested out my private thoughts before I ‘outed’ them on paper. You are a dependable friend and I appreciate you. My ‘world’ is the way it is because of the grounding of Vincent Charles Warren. He raised a daughter who is: ‘likkle but tallawa.’ Major, as we affectionately call him, will always be my number 1 superhero and inspiration. Thanks to Professors Alex Kendall and Joyce Canaan for their support, guidance as well as their belief in me. Their approach to supervision enabled, encouraged and empowered me to do this study my way; to take risks and to be true to me! Birmingham City University supported me to attend international conferences where I gained exposure to autoethnography which supported me in accepting that ‘my way’ was very much a ‘legitimate way’ of doing qualitative research. I also wish to thank J. Pollitt, my deputy director for coming on board with the vision at the closing stage of this project. To the ten stalwart Black women who made this study possible…I salute you! I am indebted to you for your willingness to share and bare so much of your experiences which had never been told. YOU made this project possible. My hope is that your experiences of pain, disappointment and injustices as well as your accounts of overcoming, pride and resilience will contribute to more positive educational experiences for the future generations of Black people working in a National Health Service (NHS) context. Finally, to Sister White, Sister Richards and Sister Rose, my octogenarian anchors. I am so very blest by your continued love and care, you are undoubtedly the wind beneath my wings. 4 Abstract In 2014, the NHS Five Year Forward View (FYFV) set out new models of care and care strategies. Amongst them was the introduction of the role of Assistant Practitioner (AP). The AP role was positioned at Band 4 (of 9) on the NHS Careers Framework, gained through the successful completion of a foundation degree (fd). Those already in employment accessed the fd through day release to university and work-place clinical skills development. A qualified AP would work under the supervision of a registered nurse. This thesis examines and centralises the experiences of ten Black British and Black Caribbean women’s experiences of the fd programme and its impact on their personal and professional identities. It (re)tells, (re)captures and (re)presents their accounts of getting in, moving on and getting through Higher Education. This study disrupts the silence of Black women in the NHS. Black Feminist Methodological Stance is put to work to centre and privilege Black women who transitioned through the research process unearthing, examining and unapologetically speaking their ‘truths’. The analysis is intentionally theoretically provocative, it uses performative autoethnograpy to present the voices of the women through characters in fictional settings. The characters use the works of predominantly Black philosophers to critically reflect on their experiences of education. Their exposures to philosophies and their sharing of life leads them to Black feminist epistemologies. This study demands engagement, it challenges all who access it, to come and reside in our spaces… to feel the discomforts… to rethink the stereotypes… to speak of the biases… then to co-align with us… it questions… challenges… and seeks honest approaches to fairness in nursing education and professions; two areas, where for seven decades Black women have been professionally subordinated and exploited. This thesis demonstrates the courage of the author to engage in research which breaks the silence of Black women in NHS and makes the theorised assertion of our ‘right to write’ as Black women about Black women. The presentation of the data as performance autoethnography, renders this work accessible to the contributors, as well as significant and important for academic scholarship. This study strives for engagement, it resists recommendations which, historically are ineffective liberatory tools of the master’s house, in that they fail to make a difference to the Black women’s assigned subordinated space. Finally, this work challenges Black women in the NHS to become active agents of their professional emancipation. 5 New Knowledge Contribution This thesis contributes the following new knowledge: The production of a literature review which resists the normative approach to the production of a thesis, it utilises oral accounts which work to both contradict as well as illuminate accounts presented in written text. It retells the stories of ten Black female Health Care Assistants (HCAs). Because of their low professional status, HCAs are generally invisible and voiceless in research studies. This study centralises their experiences, making them visible, therefore providing a partial illumination of their educational experiences. The literature provides Black nurses of the 21st Century with an example of how Black nurses in the past coalesced to redress the inequitable nursing education provision they experienced during colonial times. Black nurses of the Caribbean broke the nursing profession’s class ceiling securing positions previously solely reserved for Caucasians. The unearthing and presentation of Black Caribbean women’s nursing education history provides Black nurses with a positive self-liberatory learning example from Caribbean nurses of the past. This study demonstrates the courage of the author to present the data analysis as performance autoethnography, in so doing, it renders this work accessible to the contributors, the academic as well as ordinary members of the Black community. This thesis strives for engagement and discussion asking questions of institutions rather than being prescriptive and autocratic (making recommendations). It also challenges Black women in the NHS to become active conduits of their own professional emancipation rather than awaiting ‘redemption from those using the tick box tools of the ‘master’s house’. 6 Introduction I decided to undertake this project following three separate but interrelated life occurrences. First, my firm determination to teach from the standpoint that pedagogy should be life transforming. My approach to teaching has been influenced by the works of: bell hooks, Audre Lorde, W.E.B. Dubois, Paulo Freire, Booker T. Washington and others who advocate that, for education to be meaningful, it must be a reciprocal process which leads to social or economic liberation for oppressed groups.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Through the Wire: Black British People and the Riot
    Nka THROUGH THE WIRE Black British People and the Riot o one knows why riots occur. Or, perhaps Eddie Chambers more accurately, no one knows when the N precise confluence of factors will occur to spark a riot. After all, almost as a matter of rou- tine, Black people have endured regular, almost mundane, violence and discrimination, both at the hands of society and the police. And yet riots involving Black people protesting against such violence are sporadic, rather than regular, events. Here I explore some of the ways in which press photographs have visualized key episodes of rioting involving Black people in the English cities of Lon- don and Birmingham. These range from the Not- ting Hill riots of 1958 through the riots that took place in Birmingham, Brixton, and Tottenham in 1985. Th s text considers four wire photographs from the Baltimore Sun’s historical photo archive. Wire photos differed from traditional photographic prints insofar as the wire print resulted from breakthrough technology that allowed a photographic image to be scanned, transmitted over “the wire” (telegraph, phone, satellite networks), and printed at the receiv- ing location. Opening here with a press photograph Journal of Contemporary African Art • 36 • May 2015 6 • Nka DOI 10.1215/10757163-2914273 © 2015 by Nka Publications Published by Duke University Press Nka A youth carries a firebomb on the second day of the Handsworth riots in Birmingham. © Press Association Images Chambers Nka • 7 Published by Duke University Press Nka of a group of Black youth overturning a large police of violence and conquest is being played out.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping of Race and Poverty in Birmingham
    MAPPING OF RACE AND POVERTY IN BIRMINGHAM Alessio Cangiano – ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS, University of Oxford) II Table of contents Executive Summary p. 1 1. Introduction p. 3 2. Population characteristics and demographic dynamics p. 3 3. Geographical patterns of deprivation across the city p. 5 4. Socio-economic outcomes of different ethnic groups at ward level p. 7 4.1. Access to and outcomes in the labour market p. 7 4.2. Social and health conditions p. 9 4.3. Housing p.10 5. Public spending for benefits, services and infrastructures p.11 5.1. Benefit recipients p.11 5.2. Strategic planning p.11 6. Summary and discussion p.13 6.1. Data gaps p.13 6.2. Deprivation across Birmingham wards p.14 6.3. Deprivation across ethnic groups p.14 6.4. Relationship between poverty and ethnicity p.15 6.5. Consequences of demographic trends p.15 6.6. Impact of benefits and local government’s spending p.16 References p.17 III List of figures Figure 1 – Population by ethnic group, Birmingham mid-2004 (%) p.18 Figure 2.1 – Population change, Birmingham 2001-2004 (thousand) p.18 Figure 2.2 – Population change, Birmingham 2001-2004 (Index number, 2001=100) p.19 Figure 3 – Foreign-born population by ethnic group, Birmingham 2001 (%) p.19 Figure 4 – Age pyramids of the main ethnic groups in Birmingham, 2001 (%) p.20 Figure 5 – Distribution of the major ethnic groups across Birmingham wards, 2001 (absolute numbers) p.25 Figure 6 – Population by ethnic group in selected Birmingham wards, 2001 (%) p.27 Figure 7 – Indices of Deprivation,
    [Show full text]
  • Black Oppressed People All Over the World Are One’: the British Black Panthers’ Grassroots Internationalism, 1969­1973
    `Black oppressed people all over the world are one': the British Black Panthers' grassroots internationalism, 1969-1973 Article (Accepted Version) Angelo, Anne-Marie (2018) ‘Black oppressed people all over the world are one’: the British Black Panthers’ grassroots internationalism, 1969-1973. Journal of Civil and Human Rights, 4 (1). pp. 64-97. ISSN 2378-4245 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65918/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk ‘Black Oppressed People All Over the World Are One’: The British Black Panthers’ Grassroots Internationalism, 1969-1973 Anne-Marie Angelo University of Sussex Under review with The Journal of Civil and Human Rights August 2016 On March 21, 1971, over 4,500 people opposing a proposed UK government Immigration Bill marched from Speakers’ Corner in Hyde Park, London to Whitehall.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject Guide Is on Black British Dance After World War II
    Subject Guide Black British Dance EPHEMERA/47 NUBIAN/1 SOE/1/9 Introduction Founded in 1981, Black Cultural Archives’ mission is to collect, preserve and celebrate the heritage and history of Black people in Britain. Our unparalleled and growing archive collection offers insight into the history of people of African and Caribbean descent in Britain and includes personal papers, organisational records, rare books, ephemera, photographs, and a small object collection. The bulk of the material is drawn from the twentieth century to the present day, whilst some material dates as far back as the second century. This is an introductory subject guide to Black British dance in Britain and includes a list of selected sources held by the Black Cultural Archives which relate directly to Black British dance. Though the introduction looks at the historical roots of Black dance in Britain, the focus of this subject guide is on Black British dance after World War II. Background Black dance in Britain1 draws upon the embodied histories and dance traditions of the peoples of the African diaspora whilst also responding to the cultural landscape of the UK. There have been many debates as to how best to title such dancing.2 It can be argued that there is a Black dance aesthetic or qualities specific to the dancing of peoples of the African diaspora3 serving as a thread that weaves throughout dance histories, from traditions established in Africa, to the enslavement period, to dancing in the Caribbean, America, the UK and everywhere that the influences of African diasporic traditions are significant.
    [Show full text]
  • Influential-Black-Britons-Book
    YOUR STORY, OUR HISTORY Inspirational stories exploring the lives of black Britons who have impacted UK laws and equal rights. learning.parliament.uk Contents This resource contains Olaudah Equiano stories of influential Having bought his way out of slavery, Olaudah wrote important black Britons who have letters to parliamentarians influencing the new laws that finally impacted UK laws and ended slavery. equal rights. Launched to mark Black History Mary Prince Month 2020, this Her powerful story of slavery helped to change the views resource can be used of Parliament and those of the British people. throughout the academic year to embed stories of Claudia Jones important black Britons Civil rights activist Claudia Jones, started her own newspaper across the curriculum. to share stories of black British people. She is also the founder of the Notting Hill carnival celebrating Caribbean culture. Lord Learie Constantine Famous cricketer, equal rights champion and the first black member of the House of Lords. Bernie Grant MP One of the first black African MPs ever to be voted into the House of Commons in 1987 and life-long fighter for equal rights. Eniola Aluko Decorated British footballer and trained solicitor who bravely shone a light on racism and bullying in football at a select committee. Tell your own story Students can use the templates to create their own portraits and stories of the inspirational people featured, or of their own local or family black history hero. Activities • Who is your black history hero? • Changing laws Created by Machel Bogues and Holly Greenland Illustrated by Onyinye Iwu Published September 2020 Please share your feedback UK Parliament is committed to producing learning resources that are accurate, high-quality and accessible, your feedback is important to make this happen: [email protected] Olaudah Equiano (around 1745 – 1797) Olaudah Equiano was born in a place he called ‘Eboe’ in what is now southern Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Windrush Day Nathan Bryon
    PUFFIN SCHOOLS WINDRUSH DAY WITH Ages 7+ NATHAN BRYON Educational activities for KS2 Pack written by www.puffinschools.co.uk WINDRUSH DAY with Nathan Bryon Suitable for: Ages 7+ Includes: Fun and engaging educational activities to celebrate Windrush Day on 22nd June Aim: To understand and celebrate the legacy of Windrush Day! Use with: Nathan Bryon’s quick and fun video about Windrush Day Themes: British Caribbean Communities Black British History Identity, Culture and Heritage Mary Seacole Subject Checklist: Literacy PHSE Citizenship Art, Design & Technology History Geography Puffin Books Mentioned in This Resource Clean Up! by Nathan Bryon and Dapo Adeola Join lovable, passionate Rocket as she sets off on a mission to save a Caribbean island from plastic pollution! When Rocket goes for a holiday to visit her grandparents, she’s shocked by the pollution that is spoiling their island home and putting the local sea life at risk. Can she think of a way to save the day? This is a heartwarming, timely and empowering picture book, showing how we ALL can make a difference. The Extraordinary Life of Mary Seacole by Alleanna Harris Mary Seacole is now known for her medical work in the Crimean War, and as a brilliant woman who combated the racial prejudice she experienced in her lifetime. But for a long time her story was lost. From growing up in Kingston, Jamaica, as the daughter of a doctress to helping soldiers in the war, discover the details of the amazing life that Mary Seacole led in this beautifully illustrated book with real-life stories, timelines and facts.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Race and Inequality in the UK
    “This is simply a must-read book for all those who want to understand the UK in and Inequality Race Ethnicity, racial inequalities in British society. It provides an up-to-date and convincing case that we have a long way to go in terms of achieving racial justice.” John Solomos, University of Warwick Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Fifty years after the establishment of the Runnymede Trust and the Race Relations Act of 1968, which sought to end discrimination in public life, this accessible book provides commentary by some of the UK’s foremost scholars of race and ethnicity on data relating to a wide range of sectors of society, including employment, health, education, criminal justice, housing and representation in the arts and media. It explores what progress has been made, identifies those areas where inequalities remain stubbornly resistant to change and asks how our thinking around race and ethnicity has changed in an era of Islamophobia, Brexit and an increasingly diverse population. Bridget Byrne is Professor of Sociology at The University of Manchester and Director of Khan, Nazroo and Shankley Byrne, Alexander, the ESRC research Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE). Claire Alexander is Professor of Sociology at The University of Manchester and Deputy Director of the ESRC research Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE). BRIDGET Omar Khan is Director of the Runnymede Trust, the UK’s leading independent race equality think tank. BYRNE ––– James Nazroo is Professor of Sociology at The University of Manchester, Deputy Director of the ESRC research Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) and co-director CLAIRE of the Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing.
    [Show full text]
  • Olaudah Equiano: African Or American?"
    BRYCCHAN CAREY Introduction to Special Feature "Olaudah Equiano: African or American?" An article appearing in 1650-1850 Ideas, iEsthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era Volume 17 (2008) Vo!. 17 ISBN-10: 0-404-64417-1 Vo!. 17 ISBN-13: 978-0-404-64417-8 Editor Kevin L. Cope Book Review Editor Scan Paul Gordon Contact: cdirorialrearnspressinc.com www.amspressinc.com Copyright © 2010 AMS Press, Inc. New York SPECIAL FEATURE INTRODUCTION OLAUDAH EQUIANO African or American? Brycchan Carey C//he In~resting Narrative ofthe Life ofOlattdah Eqttiano, or Gttstavtts J _~~ssa, the Afiican, published in 1789, is one of a very few texts written in English by a person of African birth (or descent) during the eighteenth century. It is also one of the first accounts of a journey up from slaverywritten by one who had personally experienced enslavement. This, as has been frequently observed, makes it one of the earliest slavenarratives: indeed, it is often cited as the original text of the genre. But The Interesting Narrative is not only an account of what it was like to be enslaved. It is also by turns a voyage narrative, a conversion narrative, an economic treatise, and an abolitionist tract. More famously, in passages that are now routinely quoted in dozens of anthologies and textbooks on both sides of the modern Atlantic Ocean, the book contains a long, detailed, and celebrated account of life in an African village-among the earliest such descriptions in the English lan- guage-as well as an equally celebrated first-person account of the Middle Passage: the journey from Africa to America in a slave ship.
    [Show full text]
  • Embodied Minstrelsy, Racialization and Redemption in Reggae
    Haynes, J. (2019). Embodied minstrelsy, racialization and redemption in reggae. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(5-6), 996-1012. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549419847111 Peer reviewed version Link to published version (if available): 10.1177/1367549419847111 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the author accepted manuscript (AAM). The final published version (version of record) is available online via Sage at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1367549419847111 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Embodied Minstrelsy, Racialization and Redemption in Reggae Abstract This article is a case study1 of a local reggae DJ (Derek) lauded for transgressing musical and ethnic boundaries and produced through discourses of racialized authenticity as flexible and heroic. While DJ Derek’s ethnically stylized performance could be construed as embodied minstrelsy, other aspects of his musical capital were equally significant in the localized context and were drawn into a wider dialogue of sustainability and collective belonging defined by Caribbean migrants. I argue that ambiguous cultural figures such as Derek have an organic, productive role within local music cultures, positioned at intergenerational moments in the process of identification and belonging for ethnically diverse audiences/producers and in this case where the cultural geography of music tastes are becoming embedded within a complex set of relations among local, national and transnational cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Attitudes to Race and Inequality; a Year After George Floyd
    Public attitudes to race and inequality; a year after George Floyd May 2021 © Ipsos | |Doc May Name 2021 | Month Year | Version # | Public | Internal/Client Use Only | Strictly Confidential Three in ten Britons Too little About the right amount Too much say the issue of racism has been discussed Among all 30% 33% 28% too little over the last Among different ethnic groups year – this rises to near People from white half among ethnic ethnic groups 27% 34% 30% minorities People from ethnic minority groups 47% 30% 15% Generally speaking, do you Black people 60% 25% 8% think that the issue of racism has been discussed in Asian people 42% 38% 12% Britain, too much, too little or Among different age groups about the right amount over the last year? 16-34 years old 37% 43% 14% 35-54 years old 31% 28% 29% 55-75 years old 22% 29% 42% Base: 2,600 Online British adults 16-75, including people from white ethnic groups (1894), ethnic minority groups (667), Black people (200), Asian people (316), those aged 16-34 (902), 35-54 (979), 55-75 (719) 7– 13 May 2021 2 © Ipsos | May 2021 Two in five Labour voters think racism is Too little About the right amount Too much discussed too little, whilst half of Among all 30% 33% 28% Conservative voters say it is too much By 2019 General Election vote Generally speaking, do you 2019 Conservative voters 13% 33% 50% think that the issue of racism has been discussed in 2019 Labour voters 43% 36% 16% Britain, too much, too little or about the right amount over the last year? By 2016 EU Referendum vote 2016 Leave voters 15% 33% 46% 2016 Remain voters 41% 34% 19% Base: 2,600 Online British adults 16-75, including 2019 Conservative voters (636), 2019 Labour voters (730), 2016 Leave voters (444), 2016 Remain voters (522), 7– 13 May 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • Tobacco and Ethnic Minorities
    Tobacco and Ethnic Minorities August 2019 INTRODUCTION Tobacco causes health problems across all ethnicities, but the way people from different ethnic backgrounds use tobacco varies considerably. Some ethnic minorities are substantially more likely to use smokeless tobacco (in particular, South Asian Britons) and shisha pipes (in particular, Middle Eastern and South Asian Britons). However, smoking remains the most common form of tobacco use in all communities. The most recent smoking rate for the UK is 14.7%, and smoking causes 95,600 deaths each year.1 This fact sheet includes the latest data and evidence on tobacco use by ethnic minorities in England, Wales, Great Britain and the UK (differences due to the population covered by each data source). It includes: • Smoking prevalence by ethnicity and nationality • Smokeless tobacco • Shisha • The health impacts of tobacco use among ethnic minorities POPULATION PROFILE Ethnic minorities in England and Wales represent approximately 14% of the total population:2 • Asian/Asian British people are the largest minority ethnic group in England and Wales, accounting for 7.5% of the total population • Black/African/Caribbean/Black British people account for 3.3% of the total population • People of mixed/multiple ethnicities make up 2.2% of the total population • And people of ‘other’ ethnicities make up 1% of the total population. Since 2001, there has also been a shift in the ethnic background of white people living in England and Wales. The proportion of the population classified as White British decreased from 88% in 2001 to 81% in 2011, while the ‘Other White’ group saw an increase in their share of the population, from 2.6% to 4.4%.3 Immigration also has an impact on the use of tobacco in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering the Crack of the Whip: African-Caribbean Artists in the UK Visualise Slavery Eddie Chambers Published Online: 31 May 2013
    This article was downloaded by: [Eddie Chambers] On: 31 May 2013, At: 02:24 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fsla20 Remembering the Crack of the Whip: African-Caribbean Artists in the UK Visualise Slavery Eddie Chambers Published online: 31 May 2013. To cite this article: Eddie Chambers (2013): Remembering the Crack of the Whip: African- Caribbean Artists in the UK Visualise Slavery, Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies, 34:2, 293-307 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2013.791179 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and- conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
    [Show full text]