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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON COUPLE PROTECTION RATE AMONG THE ELIGIBLE COUPLES BETWEEN THANJAVUR AND PUDUKKOTTAI DISTRICTS. Thesis Submitted To Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics By P. LAKSHMIKANTHAN, M.A., M. Phil., Research Scholar Research Advisor and Convener Dr. T. MANOHARAN, M.A., M. Phil., Ph.D., PGDCA, POST GRADUATE AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS GOVERNMENT ARTS COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) KUMBAKONAM – 612 001 JUNE- 2010 Dr. T. Manoharan, M.A., M. Phil., Ph.D., PGDCA, Reader and Head (Retired) Post Graduate and Research Department of Economics Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam – 612 001. Date: / /2010 CERTIFICATE This is to Certify that the thesis entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON COUPLE PROTECTION RATE AMONG THE ELIGIBLE COUPLES BETWEEN THANJAVUR AND PUDUKKOTTAI DISTRICTS” is a research work done by Mr. P. LAKSHMIKANTHAN, a Part-Time student of Ph.D., degree in Post Graduate and Research Department of Economics, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam – 612 001. The subject on which the thesis has been prepared is his original work and it has not been previously formed the basis for award to any candidate of any degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar title. The thesis represents entirely an independent work of the candidate under the general guidance given by me. Research Advisor and Convener Dr. T. Manoharan, M.A., M. Phil., Ph.D., PGDCA, Reader and Head (Retired) Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam – 612 001. P. Lakshmikanthan, Ph.D., Part – Time Research Scholar, Post Graduate and Research Department of Economics, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam – 612 001 . DECLARATION I, do hereby declare, that the thesis entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON COUPLE PROTECTION RATE AMONG THE ELIGIBLE COUPLES BETWEEN THANJAVUR AND PUDUKKOTTAI DISTRICTS” submitted by me, for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) of the Bharadhidasan University, Tiruchirapalli is the record of research work done by me and it has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar award of titles. Place: Kumbakonam Date: / /2010 (P. LAKSHMIKANTHAN) COUNTERSIGNED Dr. T. Manoharan, M.A., M. Phil., Ph.D., PGDCA, Reader and Head (Retired) Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam – 612 001. THE THESIS IS DEDICATED TO THE REVERED MEMORY OF MY MOTHER THIRUMATHI P. AMSAVALLI AMMAL. CONTENTS Chapter Title Page No Acknowledgement List of Tables List of figures List of Maps I Introduction 1 - 23 II Review of the Concepts and Literature 24 - 105 III Profile of the study Area Thanjavur and 106 - 163 Pudukkottai Districts IV Analysis and Interpretations on Couple 164 - 239 Protection Rate among the eligible couples between Thanjavur and Pudukottai Districts. V Summary of Findings and policy 240-246 implications Bibliography Appendices Appendix –I Acronyms Appendix-II Household Questionnaire Women Questionnaire Husband Questionnaire Village Questionnaire ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my most sincere and profound gratitude to my Research Advisor and Convener Dr T.Manoharan, M.A.,M.Phil., Ph.D.,PGDCA., Reader and Head( Retired), Post Graduate and Research Department of Economics, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam– 612001 for having given me an opportunity to undertake Ph.D., Degree course under his guidance. I find no words to express my profound feelings of indebtedness to him for his untiring guidance, encouragement and valuable suggestions which enabled me in completing the research successfully. I am grateful to Dr G.Chandrakumar., Reader and Head, (Retired), Department of Economics, AVC College (Autonomous), Mayiladuthurai, Member of the Doctoral Committee. I am grateful to Dr C. Ramanujam, M. Sc., Ph.D., C.P.S. (USA). Chief, Population Research Centre, The Gandhigram Institute of Rural Health and Family Welfare Trust, Ambadurai, Gandhigram Post, Dindigul District, Tamilnadu, for his help and guidance for using statistical techniques in analysis of data. I place on records my sincere thanks to the Head and all the Faculty members of the Post Graduate and Research Department of Economics, Government Arts College, (Autonomous), Kumbakonam for their valuable help. I express my sincere thanks to the Director of Family welfare, Chennai, Thiru C. Muthuswamy, M.A., M.P.S., Demographer and all other staff working in the wing of Demography and Evaluation Cell, Director of Family Welfare, Chennai. I am thankful to the Deputy Director of Medical, Rural Health Services and Family Welfare, Thanjavur Dr A. Mohammed Jan, MBBS., MS., Statistical Assistant of the District Family Welfare Bureau, Thanjavur Thiru D. Radhakrishnan, B.A., and all the staff of this Bureau. I am thankful to the Deputy Director of Medical, Rural Health Services and Family Welfare, Pudukkottai and Statistical Assistant of the District Family Welfare Bureau, Pudukkottai and all the staff of this Bureau. I will be failing in my duty if I do not thank the Senior Civil Surgeon Medical Officer, Government Primary Health Centre, Kabisthalam and all other staff who have encouraged me to do this task. I wish to record my indebted thanks to my beloved wife Tmt N. Vijaya, Audit Superintendent, Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Board, Thiruvarur and my beloved daughter Selvi.L.Venkatalakshmi for their cheerful encouragement and enduring enthusiasm that helped me to finish this project. Last, but not the least, I wish to acknowledge my thanks to Mr P.Gnanadoss M.A ., For efficient Data processing, Laser Printing, Xerox and Binding of the thesis…. P. LAKSHMIKANTHAN. List of Tables Table Name of the Table Page. No No 1 Demographic indicators of Thanjavur and 166 Pudukkottai Districts of Tamilnadu State, 2001 2 Social characteristics 167 3 Socio-Economic and demographic characteristics of 168, Thanjavur and Pudukkottai Districts. 169 4 Standard of Living Index 170 5 Economic and demographic characteristics 172 6 Couple Protection Rate in Thanjavur and 176 Pudukkottai districts 7 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods in Thanjavur 178 District 8 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods in 181 Pudukkottai District 9 No Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV) Thanjavur 186 10 No Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV)Pudukkottai 189 11 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate in Thanjavur 191 12 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate in Pudukkottai 196 13 Use of Contraception in Thanjavur 201 14 Use of Contraception in Pudukkottai 204 15 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods in 205 Thanjavaur 16 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods in 207 Pudukkkottai 17 Health Problems and Satisfaction with current use of 209 contraception in Thanjavur 18 Health Problems and Satisfaction with current use of 211 contraception in Pudukkottai 19 Reasons for Discontinuation of use and Non use of 214 Contraceptive Methods in Thanjavur 20 Reasons for Discontinuation of use and Non use of 216 Contraceptive Methods in Pudukkottai 21 Maternal Health Care Indicators 218 22 Child Care Indicators 220 23 Unmet need in Thanjavur 221 24 Unmet need in Pudukkottai 223 25 Home Visits by Health worker 226 26 Matters discussed during contacts with Health or 228 Family Planning worker 27 Visit of Health Facility 228 28 Reason for not preferring Government Health 229 Facility 29 Results of Logistic Regression analysis for 235 Thanjavur district 30 Results of Logistic Regression analysis for 236 Pudukottai district List of Figures Figure Name of the Figure Page. No No 1 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods in Thanjavur 180 District 2 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods in 182 Pudukkottai District 3 No Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV) Thanjavur 187 4 No Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV)Pudukkottai 190 5 Practice of Family Planning Methods in Thanjavur 192 District 6 Practice of Family Planning Methods in Pudukkottai 197 District 7 Home Visits by Health worker in Thanjavur and 227 Pudukkottai Districts List of Maps 1 Tamilnadu Map (page between 106-107) 2 Thanjavur District Map (page between 106-107) 3 Pudukkottai District Map (page between 136-137) Chapter – I Introduction CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION The major challenge in our era-perhaps of any year in history and one that will shape the destiny of the majority of people living in the less developed countries is, undoubtedly the “explosion” in human numbers. Growth of population has reached such dimensions and speed that it has caused wide spread anxiety and bewilderment. Obviously population trends and their implications have evoked much attention than at any time. Throughout the many thousands of years of man’s existence human population has been increasing but recently for the first time in history at such a seemingly rapid rate that there is essentially an explosion in human numbers. Within the past two centuries alone the increase in population has been four times greater than in all the previous countless years of man’s existence. The experience of the developing countries in recent years is quite different perhaps contrary from that in economically advanced countries during the course of their economic progress. The developing countries today are almost by definition countries with rapid population growth. 1 Acceleration in population growth at the early phase of economic development has proved growth to be an obstacle for economic and social progress throughout the less developed regions. Recently most of the developing countries realizing the compounding effect of population growth in their economic have taken steps to bring population growth in balance with resources. Mainly since the sixties a number of countries examined the possibility of lowering birth rates through National Family Welfare Programmes. Some of them have made significant achievements. But in general the current levels of institutional family welfare programmes are still having marginal effects on total population involved. Today the population of India is about one thousand and twenty one million and it is increasing at the rate of 1.61 per cent. Although India claims only the second place in the world regarding with the human numbers, it tops the list among nations from the point of view of absolute annual addition to total population and with only about 2.4 per cent of the world’s total area.
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    Historical Research Letter www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3178 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0964 (Online) Vol.16, 2015 The Panchayat System under the Cholas Studies from Inscriptions R. Marimuth Ph.D,Research Scholar, P.G & Research Department of History, Arignar Anna Govt Arts College, Musiri.- 621 211. INTRODUCTION The Chola kingdom of the sangam period extended from modern Trichy to southern Andhra Pradesh. There capital was first located at Uraiyur and then shifted to Tanjore the history of Cholas falls in the four period the early Cholas the interregnum period medieval Cholas and Chalukya. The Kingdom is very ancient there have been references made in Mahabharata and even in Asokan inscriptions. Among the early Chola rulers mentioned in the Sangam to literature the most marked is Karikala. 1 He is credited with constructing a Dam on the River of Kaveri. It is considered to be earliest dam in the country he carved out an Independent kingdom of his own towards the end of the second century. In ancient Tamil Nadu all the activity were done systematically. In all matters such as administrating the village. Demaracating land boundaries, maintenance the temples they took care that the rules and customs were strictly adhered. Stone inscription written in the Pallavas greater characters commerce from this period. A fact which suggests that with the conquest of chaunisam the Pallavas must have erected their dominion further south of Kanchi into the Cholas Country land adopted the administration with Sanskrit language later stone inscription. A large number of stone inscriptions and copper plate grants are the pillars of in constructing the history of medieval Cholas.
  • ANCIENT INDIA All Bights Reserved ANCIENT INDIA

    ANCIENT INDIA All Bights Reserved ANCIENT INDIA

    CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Date ANCIENT INDIA All Bights reserved ANCIENT INDIA BY S. KRISHNASWAMI AIYANGAE, M.A. Member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Oreal Britain and Ireland Fellow of the Roijal Bistorical Society, London. Member ol the Board of Studies, and Examiner in History and Economics. Vnirersity of Madras Mysore Education Serria: WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY VINCENT A. SMITH, M.A., I.C.S. (retired) ' Author of the ' Early History of India LONDON: LUZAC & Co., IC great kussell isteeet MADEAS: S.P.C.K. DEPOSITORY, VEPBEY 1911 1)5 4-04- /\fl 6 ^,©XKg^ PRINTED AT THE :. PKESS, VEPBKY, MADRAS 1911 "^QXYS^ ) INSCRIBED TO THE :ME:M0RY OP JOHN WEIE [Inspector-General op Education in JIybore] ( November 1, 1909—July 31, 1911 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022968840 PEEFACE The first chapter deals with the early portion of Indian History, and so the title ' Ancient India ' has been given to the book. The other chapters deal with a variety ot subjects, and are based on lectures given on different occa- sions. One was originally prepared as my thesis for the M.A. Degree Examination of the University of Madras. The favourable reception given to my early work by historical and oriental scholars encouraged me to put my researches into a more permanent form, which a liberal grant from the Madras School Book and Literature Society has enabled me to do.