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Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml48106 Copyright 1986 by Said, Salim All Rights Reserved THE GENESIS OF POWER: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN INDONESIA DURING THE REVOLUTION FOR INDEPENDENCE, 1945-1949 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Salim Said, B.A., Drs., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1985 Dissertation Committee: Approved by; Richard Gunther, Ph.D. Goldie Shabad, Ph.D. R. William Liddle, Ph.D., Adviser Department of Political Science ©1986 SALIM SAID All Rights Reserved Untuk generasi muda Indonesia, sipil dan m iliter, semoga mereka kelak sanggup mencapai saling pengertian untuk bersama-sama membangun Indonesia sebagai yang kita dambakan bersama. For the young generation in Indonesia, civilian and military: may they one day reach a common understanding on how to develop Indonesia together as we all desire. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to many individuals and institutions who helped me with my study, research and writing. First of all I wish to thank R. William Liddle to whom I am indebted intellectually. But more than that, I wish to thank him for his patience, tolerance and the help he extended to me and my family during our stay in Columbus. My study and our stay in Columbus would certainly have been more difficult without the help of Professor Liddle. I am also indebted to Professor B. J. Habibie, who not only encouraged me to further my study, but also partially shared the financial burden of my study. To Mr. Goenawan Mohamad of TEMPO I also wish to extend my gratitude for his constant help and encouragement. The Ford Foundation, TEMPO Magazine and The Ohio State University are the three institutions that shared the main financial burden of my study. I thank them for their help. During my research in the United States, the Netherlands and Indonesia I received the assistance of many individuals. I can only mention some of them here. In Columbus, I wish to thank two members of my dissertation committee. Associate Professors Goldie A. Shabad and Richard P. Gunther, for their guidance in seeing me through to completion, and Dr. Terry Bigalke for his advice and editorial support along the way. In Athens, Ohio, I wish to thank Mrs. Li an The Mulliner, bibliographer of the Southeast Asia Collection at Ohio 111 University, who never tired of providing me with materials I needed for my dissertation. Professor William H. Frederich from the History Department of Ohio University also helped me in many ways. He not only guided me in the f ir s t few months of my academic life in the U.S.A., but also consistently provided assistance during my study, research and writing. For that, I thank him very much. In Washington, D.C. I wish to thank Mr. John Taylor of the National Archive for letting me use the materials on Indonesia in his archival possession. In The Hague, the Netherlands, the cooperation of Mr. F. Plantingha of the Royal Dutch Archive and Mr. Adriaan Geelhoed of the Defence Ministry Archive made it possible for me to conduct my research in a short time. I thank both of them. During my field research in Indonesia, I was given special treatment by many persons, and only because of that I was able to reach my objectives without spending too much time. In Indonesia, fir s t I wish to thank President Suharto who, in spite of his hectic schedule, answered my questions presented to him through his staff. Many thanks also to General Benny Murdani, Panqlima (Commander) ABRI, who kindly spent time with me discussing the socio-political functions of Indonesian military now and in the future. I wish also to thank General (ret.) A. H. Nasution and Lt. General (ret.) T. B. Simatupang for their patience in answering my questions in repeated interviews. Thanks also to Lt. General Soepardjo Roestam, the Interior Minister and the former adjutant to the late General Sudirman, for his kindness in sharing with me his experiences with his former Commander. To Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX I also want to express many thanks for his IV kindness in relating to me his personal experiences of the revolutionary era. I take this opportunity to thank Major General (re t.) R. H. Soegandhy and Lt. General (re t.) Sarwo Edhy Wibowo who, or the last twenty years, have given me opportunities to learn from f ir s t hand sources what it was like to be a soldier and a freedom fighter during the revolutionary era. It is no exaggeration to admit here that the idea for this dissertation originated and grew out of my association with these two generals. My short field research in Indonesia was made more pleasant by the help I received from many friends. Unfortunately the space does not permit me to mention all who were so kind to me. I wish to thank my colleagues at TEMPO Magazine, my life-long friend Andi Makmur Makka, Mr. and Mrs. P. Simatupang, Jshadi, Taufiq Ismail, Taufik Abdullah, H. Prijopranoto, Marsillam Simandjuntak, Mochtar Mas'oed, Riyadi Gunawan, Umar Kayam, G. Dwipayana, Ikranagara, Arif in C. Noer, and my parents, Haji Said and Hajjah Salmah. Jayne Allison, Dorothy Shanfeld, Sandy Wood and Julia Fisher typed numerous drafts including the final one, for which I thank them. Last, but not least, I wish to thank my wif.“, Herawaty, for her constant support, patience and understanding during her long ordeal as wife of a graduate student. Herawaty and Amparita, our daughter, were the two "permanent victims" of my absorption in study at OSU. I only hope that both of them one day will be proud of the result of their long ordeal. VITA November 10, 1943 .......................................... Born — Pare-Pare, Sulawesi, Indonesia 1972 ..................................................................... B.A., University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia 1977 ..................................................................... Drs., University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia 1980 , . M.A., Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, U.S.A. 1983 ..................................................................... M.A., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. PUBLICATION Profil Dunia Film Indonesia (Profile of Indonesian Film World), Jakarta, 1983. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Comparative Politics Minor Field: Political Theory VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION....................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................... i ü VITA..................................................................................................................................... Vi LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF MAPS.................................................................................................................. X NOTE ON SPELLING......................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 Theories of Civil-Military Relations in the Third World: A Democratic B i a s ..................................... 5 The Indonesian Army and Western Civil-Military Relations Theories ..................................................................... 10 National Liberation Armies as an Alternative .................................................................................. 15 The Indonesian Army in Comparative Perspective: The Meaning and Effects of Self-Creation ................... 20 The Organization of the Dissertation............................ 25 II.