DOCSLIB.ORG

Aggregate Properties

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Appendix: Aggregateproperties In this appendix some information on aggregate proper- Following limestones in the Table are gritstones (nine ties is given. First some properties of currently produced quarries), basalts (eight quarries) and granites (five quar- British aggregates, second some more generalized data ries). These rocks have higher polished stone values and on aggregate properties worldwide, and third some the gritstones, in particular with very high PSVs (all information on how weathering affects the properties above 60), are probably quarried predominantly for of aggregates. It is strongly emphasized that all the road surfacing aggregates as well as other purposes. information given in this Appendix must be regarded All the samples are of reasonably high strength (all as providing only a general appreciation of aggregate except two have 10% fines values of 150 kN or more) properties and should not be relied upon for specific illustrating the abundance of strong aggregates in test values for particular rocks or sources. Great Britain. For those few samples for which Los Angeles abrasion values have been reported, a good correlation with aggregate crushing value is seen (see Properties of some British aggregates Chapter 7). For the 21 samples for which magnesium sulphate Table A1 gives some test results for 96 aggregates soundness values have been reported, all save one from quarries in Great Britain. The information is have values of 90 or more, again indicating the ready not exhaustive but comes solely from fact-sheets availability of high-quality aggregates. In Table A1 issued by the suppliers or from information provided the magnesium sulphate soundness values quoted are to members of the Working Party by the suppliers. the percentages retained after the test, as specified in None of the data has been confirmed independently. the British Standard test specification (see Chapter 7). Where the quarry is not named in the Table this Although only four in number, the flint gravels omission is at the request of the supplier. Because show little variation in the properties reported. It aggregate properties are liable to vary, the test results is certain that flint gravels are under-represented in the Table should not be taken as an indication of in Table A1, because this aggregate is widely won in present production for particular quarries; instead southeast England. prospective users should seek up-to-date information The means and standard deviations given in Table from the suppliers. It should be borne in mind that A1 should only be used to obtain a general com- suppliers will not usually work poor quality sources parison of overall properties and their ranges for the of aggregate, nor provide data on them. different groups and should not be used for any The rock descriptions are those of the suppliers, other purpose. See also the caveat at the foot of the supplemented in some cases by reference to entries in Table regarding the data in general. directories of quarries (BGS 1984 and BACMI 1986). For further information on British aggregates, it can The classification in Table A1 is by the broad rock be noted that some properties of 78 British aggregates groups used in the aggregates industry, including currently used for bitumen macadam roadbase are many of the suppliers of the data. Tables AI.1 and given by Bullas & West (1991). The properties tabu- A1.2 describe crushed rock aggregates and Table lated are adherent silt and clay content, magnesium A1.3 gravel aggregates. sulphate soundness, aggregate impact value and 10% The Table reflects the fact that a common aggregate fines value, but neither the quarries nor their locations in England and Wales is limestone (see Chapter 4), are identified. this rock being supplied by 36 quarries. The domi- nance of limestone as an aggregate is undoubtedly because of the widespread outcrop of the Carboni- Properties of some aggregates from ferous Limestone in northern England, Derbyshire, worldwide sources Wales and the Mendips. Limestone is an aggregate suitable for many purposes except for the surfacing Table A2 gives some property data based primarily of roads, for which its polished stone value is often upon a synthesis of the test results for 285 samples too low (see Chapter 11), and railway track ballast of materials used as aggregate from sources around (see Chapter 12). the world including the United Kingdom. These test Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4584785/9781862393790_backmatter.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 300 "2, e,,'a q .o,.., ~'~ 'i ~ ~' '~ !~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~, '~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ o ~. i ~ ,-d < < [--, Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4584785/9781862393790_backmatter.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 301 ^ J "o ,.A " ~'~ o .~z ~ o "S ~ .- g o ~ ~,. ~ ~eeeeeee~ee,. .o o ~ o ~~i~i ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ i ~.~~i 0 .E o ~ o . o o~ 0 ~'- ~ ;~ ~ zzzzz~ozz= ~z z z=z g~ ,, < !i ~ .~.~o ~ o~ Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4584785/9781862393790_backmatter.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 302 l l e~ ~ ~ oo ~o M ! ~ o ~ ~o ~ ~ oo ~ J~ c~ r~ ~~ Z Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4584785/9781862393790_backmatter.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 APPENDIX 303 TABLE A2. Comparison of some property data for various materials used as aggregate from worldwide sources including the UK. Each entry shows the range of values found and the median value in bold print (Sims & Brown 1998) Aggregate type* Water Unconfined Aggregate Aggregate 10% fines MgSO, (alphabetical absorption (%) compressive impact crushing value (kN) soundness* order) strength* (N/mm 2) value (%) value (%) (% loss) Andesite/Trachyte 1.4-7.9 210-280 12-31 11-12 170-190 0-96 (16) 3.0 -- 18 -- 180 4 Basalt 0.4-5.4 160-310 10-22 11-58 160-350 0-16 (18) 1.8 -- 18 19 220 2 Blasffurnace slag 2.0-4.8 90 15-33 33-42 55-210 (8) -- -- 28 34 85 -- Flint/Chert gravel 0.4-7.6 200 16-24 14-31 160-320 0-6 (96) 1.6 -- 20 16 2360 3 Gabbro/Dolerite 0.2-5.7 180-190 9-40 11-36 50-380 0-1 (10) 0.6 -- 18 19 190 Gneiss/Granulite 0.4--0.7 ~ 24-28 u 230 1-2 (5) 0.6 .... 1 Granite 0.2-1.9 150-250 11-35 13-32 75-280 1-31 (27) 0.6 ~ 21 24 155 2 Hornfels -- 340-370 16-17 1-15 m m (--) ......I Limestone/Dolomite 0.2-7.5 130-190 14-43 19-31 110-250 0-71 (58) 1.6 ~ 24 24 170 6 Quartzite gravel 0.7-1.2 280-390 13-22 16 140-250 (4) 0.7 -- -- -- 195 -- Sandstone 0.3-31.0 190-260 10-58 12-31 100-350 0-100 (20) 1.0 -- 18 15 200 4 Serpentinite gravel 0.5-6.6 -- 17-23 -- 150-260 3-17 (21) 1.4 -- 21 -- 240 8 Slate 1.8-3.0 -- 20-22 1 9-22 140-170 (2) ...... * Number of samples in the survey shown in parentheses for each aggregate type. Not all of the samples were tested for all of the properties shown. t Tests carried out on 25 mm diameter x 25 mm length cylinder specimens. After five cycles of the ASTM C88 test. results were obtained over a ten-year period in the recently published BS 812 method for soundness, London laboratories of Sandberg. Samples were except that the BS 812 method records the percentage included in the survey only when it was considered retained after 5 test cycles, where higher values would that the aggregate type has been established reliably, suggest better soundness. either because a petrographical examination had It is apparent that a wide range of values can be been carried out on the sample itself or occasionally expected for any property and any aggregate type, because the source was well known. Data were also so that the ranges given in Table A2 are presented taken into account from other published sources for indicative purposes only. Moreover, the nature (Phemister et al. 1946; Chapman 1967; Orchard of commercial materials assessment frequently 1976; Neville 1981). means that, in practice, only aggregate sources pre- Ranges of values are given for water absorption, established as likely to be suitable for use are sub- unconfined compressive (or crushing) strength, aggre- jected to laboratory testing. gate impact value (AIV), aggregate crushing value In Table A2, where the number of data is deemed (ACV), 10% fines value and magnesium sulphate sufficient, a median value is given (in bold print) in soundness. In all cases, except soundness, the testing addition to the range. Although the median values was carried out in accordance with the methods might be regarded as being sensibly 'typical' for given in BS 812 (see Chapter 7). each aggregate type, it is very important to recognize The soundness testing was carried out in accor- the magnitude of the potential deviations from that dance with the ASTM C88 method and the results value which are exemplified by the wide ranges represent percentage loss values after five test cycles, found in the survey. higher values thus suggesting poorer soundness. The The data in Table A2 show clearly that prospective soundness values given in Table A2 are broadly com- suitability cannot be judged on aggregate type alone. parable with the results likely to be obtained in the The median values are broadly acceptable for all Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4584785/9781862393790_backmatter.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 304 APPENDIX oo o~ .~o.~ d ~4 ~.~~ t--,. b.. ~..~~ b~ r r r e4 eq r gl ba ~ ~,~ o o ~4 < < Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/4584785/9781862393790_backmatter.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 APPENDIX 305 TABLE A4.
Recommended publications
  • Chapter (1) Introduction

    Chapter (1) Introduction

    Chapter (1) Introduction 1.1 General: Considering the need for low-cost construction materials especially in the rural areas in Sudan, the production, and the use of the durable low cost building materials such as lime and Pozzolana which are available in big quantities in many parts of the Sudan, become of very great importance. Pozzolana and lime can be produced with much less sophisticated technology than Portland cement. This means that Pozzolana and lime can be produced at relatively low cost and requires much less Pozzolana exchange than cement. Like many other developing countries Sudan suffers from housing shortage against the ever increasing demand not only due to the continuous displacement from rural to urban areas because of war, drought and natural disasters, but also dwellings are needed for returnees after peace. Conventional materials, such as concrete, timber, bricks and steel, used in walls and roofs, which contribute up to over 90% of the cost of low cost dwelling, are beyond the reach of most of the poor population. On the other hand traditional materials, mainly earth products and thatch, are subject to weathering, insect attack and fire hazard. The solution to this problem is thought to be by using substitute materials produced or developed from traditional construction materials to reduce the cost to a minimum. Soil, being one of the traditional materials, offers many advantages when used as construction material. These include availability, ease of use, cheapness, suitability to most parts of the building, and that it is environment friendly. The disadvantages of soil are being less durable, poor in tension, lacking of acceptability among social groups and institutions.
  • Division 300 Bases Section 304 Aggregate Base Course Description

    Division 300 Bases Section 304 Aggregate Base Course Description

    304.07 DIVISION 300 BASES SECTION 304 AGGREGATE BASE COURSE DESCRIPTION 304.01 This work consists of furnishing and placing one or more courses of aggregate and additives, if required, on a prepared subgrade. MATERIALS 304.02 Aggregate. The aggregates shall meet the requirements of subsection 703.03. Acceptance will be based on random samples taken from each lift. 304.03 Commercial Mineral Fillers. Portland cement shall conform to subsection 701.01. Hydrated lime shall conform to subsection 712.03. CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS 304.04 Placing. If the required compacted depth of the aggregate base course exceeds 6 inches, it shall be constructed in two or more layers of approximately equal thickness. The maximum compacted thickness of any one layer shall not exceed 6 inches. When vibratory or other approved types of special compacting equipment are used, the compacted depth of a single layer may be increased to 8 inches upon request, provided that specified density is achieved and written approval is given. 304.05 Mixing. The Contractor shall mix the aggregate by methods that insure a thorough and homogenous mixture. 304.06 Shaping and Compaction. Compaction of each layer shall continue until a density of at least 95 percent of the maximum density has been achieved as determined in accordance with AASHTO T 180 as modified by CP 23. The moisture content shall be at ± 2 percent of optimum moisture content. The surface of each layer shall be maintained during the compaction operations so that a uniform texture is produced and the aggregates are firmly keyed. Moisture conditioning shall be performed uniformly during compaction.
  • Mineral Land Classification of the Powerhouse Aggregate Project Site

    Mineral Land Classification of the Powerhouse Aggregate Project Site

    SPECIAL REPORT 218 MINERAL LAND CLASSIFICATION OF THE POWER HOUSE AGGREGATE PROJECT SITE, BUTTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA – FOR CONSTRUCTION AGGREGATE 2010 CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION STATE OF CALIFORNIA ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER GOVERNOR THE RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION LESTER A. SNOW DEREK CHERNOW SECRETARY FOR RESOURCES ACTING DIRECTOR CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JOHN G. PARRISH, Ph.D., STATE GEOLOGIST Copyright © 2010 by the California Department of Conservation, California Geological Survey. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written consent of the California Geological Survey. “The Department of Conservation makes no warranties as to the suitability of this product for any particular purpose.” SPECIAL REPORT 218 MINERAL LAND CLASSIFICATION OF THE POWER HOUSE AGGREGATE PROJECT SITE, BUTTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA - FOR CONSTRUCTION AGGREGATE By Joshua D. Smith & John P. Clinkenbeard (PG #4731) 2010 CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY’S PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICES: Southern California Regional Office Library and Headquarters Office Bay Area Regional Office 888 Figueroa Street, Suite 475 801 K Street, MS 14-31 345 Middlefield Road, MS 520 Los Angeles, CA 90017 Sacramento, CA 95814-3531 Menlo Park, CA 94025 (213) 239-0878 (916) 445-5716 (650) 688-6327 ii Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................
  • An Introduction to Pozzolana and Pozzolanic Cement

    An Introduction to Pozzolana and Pozzolanic Cement

    An Introduction to Pozzolana and Pozzolanic Cement INTRODUCTION: Pozzolana, also known as pozzolanic ash, is a fine, sandy volcanic ash. Pozzolanic ash was first discovered and dug in Italy at Pozzuoli , in the region around Vesuvius. It was later discovered at a number of other sites as well. Vitruvius speaks of four types of pozzolana: black, white, grey, and red, all of which can be found in the volcanic areas of Italy, such as Naples. Pozzolana is a siliceous and aluminous material which reacts with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water. This forms compounds possessing cementitious properties at room temperature which have the ability to set underwater. It transformed the possibilities for making concrete structures, although it took the Romans some time to discover its full potential. Typically it was mixed two-to-one with lime just prior to mixing with water. The Roman port at Cosa was built of Pozzolana that was poured underwater, apparently using a long tube to carefully lay it up without allowing sea water to mix with it. The three piers are still visible today, with the underwater portions in generally excellent condition even after more than 2100 years. Portland Pozzolanic Cements are a mix of natural or industrial pozzolans and Portland cement. In addition to underwater use, the high alkalinity of pozzolana makes it especially resistant to common forms of corrosion from sulphates. Once fully hardened, the Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) will be stronger than Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC), due to its lower porosity, which also makes it more resistant to water absorption and spalling.
  • How to Make Concrete More Sustainable Harald Justnes1

    How to Make Concrete More Sustainable Harald Justnes1

    Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 13, 147-154, March 2015 / Copyright © 2015 Japan Concrete Institute 147 Scientific paper How to Make Concrete More Sustainable Harald Justnes1 A selected paper of ICCS13, Tokyo 2013. Received 12 November 2013, accepted 16 February 2015 doi:10.3151/jact.13.147 Abstract Production of cement is ranking 3rd in causes of man-made carbon dioxide emissions world-wide. Thus, in order to make concrete more sustainable one may work along one or more of the following routes; 1) Replacing cement in con- crete with larger amounts of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) than usual, 2) Replacing cement in concrete with combinations of SCMs leading to synergic reactions enhancing strength, 3) Producing leaner concrete with less cement per cubic meter utilizing plasticizers and 4) Making concrete with local aggregate susceptible to alkali silica reaction (ASR) by using cement replacements, thus avoiding long transport of non-reactive aggregate. 1 Introduction SCMs, also uncommon ones like calcined marl 2. Replacing cement in concrete with combinations of The cement industry world-wide is calculated to bring SCMs leading to synergic reactions enhancing about 5-8% of the total global anthropogenic carbon strength dioxide (CO2) emissions. The general estimate is about 3. Producing leaner concrete with less cement per cubic 1 tonne of CO2 emission per tonne clinker produced, if meter utilizing plasticizers. fossil fuel is used and no measures are taken to reduce it. 4. Making concrete with local aggregate susceptible to The 3rd rank is not because cement is such a bad mate- alkali silica reaction (ASR) by using cement re- rial with respect to CO2 emissions, but owing to the fact placements, thus avoiding long transport of non- that it is so widely used to construct the infrastructure reactive aggregate and buildings of modern society as we know it.
  • Aggregate and the Environment Was Prepared Under the Sponsorship of the AGI Environmental Geoscience Advisory Committee with Support from the U.S

    Aggregate and the Environment Was Prepared Under the Sponsorship of the AGI Environmental Geoscience Advisory Committee with Support from the U.S

    ooperative planning by developers, government, and citizens is the key to successful protection and utilization of aggregate resources. AGI gratefully acknowledges the AGI Foundation and the U.S. Geological Survey for their support of this book and of the Environmental Awareness Series. For more information about this Series please see the inside back cover. AGI ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS SERIES,8 William H. Langer Lawrence J. Drew Janet S. Sachs With a Foreword by Travis L. Hudson and Philip E. LaMoreaux American Geological Institute in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey About the Authors William H. Langer has been a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) since 1971, and has been the USGS Resource Geologist for Aggregate since 1976. He is a member of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME), the American Society for Testing and Materials committees for Concrete Aggregate and Road and Paving Materials, and the International Association of Engineering Geologists Commission No. 17 on Aggregates. He has conducted geologic mapping and field studies of aggregate resources throughout much of the United States. He has published over 100 reports, maps, and articles relating to crushed stone and gravel resources including monthly columns about geology and aggregate resources Foreword 4 It Helps To Know 7 in Aggregates Manager and Quarry. Preface 5 Why Aggregate Is Important 9 Lawrence J. Drew has nearly 40 years of experience working on mineral and petroleum What the Environmental assessment and environmental problems in private Concerns Are 12 industry and with the federal government. Since joining the U.S. Geological Survey in 1972, he has How Science Can Help 12 worked on the development of assessment techniques for undiscovered mineral and petroleum resources.
  • Basic Aggregate Properties Section 1

    Basic Aggregate Properties Section 1

    Basic Aggregate Properties Section 1: Introduction 1 Aggregate Types Aggregates are divided into 3 categories based on particle size: • Coarse Aggregate Gravel or crushed stone Particle sizes larger than No. 4 sieve (4.75mm) • Fine Aggregate Sand or washed screenings Particle sizes between No. 4 and No. 200 sieve (4.75mm-75µm) •Fines Silt or clay Particle sizes smaller than No. 200 sieve (75µm) Coarse Aggregate Coarse Aggregate can come from several sources. Each of these sources can produce satisfactory aggregates depending on the intended use. Each parent material has advantages and disadvantages associated with it. 2 Coarse Aggregate Natural gravel Crushed stone Lightweight aggregate Recycled and waste products •slag • rubble •mine waste • asphalt and concrete pavement Important Properties of Aggregate All of these properties can have an affect on how the aggregate performs the tasks that are expected of it. •Shape • Surface texture •Gradation • Specific gravity • Absorption •Hardness • Soundness •Strength • Deleterious materials 3 The ideal aggregate is… Strong and hard to resist loads applied Chemically inert so it is not broken down by reactions with substances it comes in contact with Has a stable volume so that it does not shrink or swell Bonds tightly with asphalt and portland cement paste The ideal aggregate… Contains no impurities or weak particles Would be the perfect size and gradation for the application intended Would be locally available and economical 4 Aggregate in Practice There is a wide range in strength and hardness even among aggregates produced from the same type of parent material. Particles have pores that affect their absorption properties and how well they bond with asphalt and Portland cement.
  • Radiocarbon Dating of Mortars with a Pozzolana Aggregate Using the Cryo2sonic Protocol to Isolate the Binder

    Radiocarbon Dating of Mortars with a Pozzolana Aggregate Using the Cryo2sonic Protocol to Isolate the Binder

    Radiocarbon Dating of Mortars with a Pozzolana Aggregate Using the Cryo2Sonic Protocol to Isolate the Binder Sara Nonni, Fabio Marzaioli, Silvano Mignardi, Isabella Passariello, Manuela Capano, Filippo Terrasi To cite this version: Sara Nonni, Fabio Marzaioli, Silvano Mignardi, Isabella Passariello, Manuela Capano, et al.. Ra- diocarbon Dating of Mortars with a Pozzolana Aggregate Using the Cryo2Sonic Protocol to Isolate the Binder. Radiocarbon, University of Arizona, 2017, 60 (2), pp.1 - 21. 10.1017/RDC.2017.116. hal-01683068 HAL Id: hal-01683068 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01683068 Submitted on 29 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Radiocarbon, 2017, p. 1–21. DOI:10.1017/RDC.2017.116 © 2017 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona RADIOCARBON DATING OF MORTARS WITH A POZZOLANA AGGREGATE USING THE CRYO2SONIC PROTOCOL TO ISOLATE THE BINDER Sara Nonni1,2* • Fabio Marzaioli2,3 • Silvano Mignardi1 • Isabella Passariello2,3 • Manuela Capano4 • Filippo Terrasi2,3 1Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy. 2CIRCE (Centre for Isotopic Research on Cultural and Environmental Heritage) – INNOVA, 81020 San Nicola La Strada, Caserta, Italy.
  • Chapter 2 the Solid Materials of the Earth's Surface

    Chapter 2 the Solid Materials of the Earth's Surface

    CHAPTER 2 THE SOLID MATERIALS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 To a great extent in this course, we will be dealing with processes that act on the solid materials at and near the Earth’s surface. This chapter might better be called “the ground beneath your feet”. This is the place to deal with the nature of the Earth’s surface materials, which in later sections of the chapter I will be calling regolith, sediment, and soil. 1.2 I purposely did not specify any previous knowledge of geology as a prerequisite for this course, so it is important, here in the first part of this chapter, for me to provide you with some background on Earth materials. 1.3 We will be dealing almost exclusively with the Earth’s continental surfaces. There are profound geological differences between the continents and the ocean basins, in terms of origin, age, history, and composition. Here I’ll present, very briefly, some basic things about geology. (For more depth on such matters you would need to take a course like “The Earth: What It Is, How It Works”, given in the Harvard Extension program in the fall semester of 2005– 2006 and likely to be offered again in the not-too-distant future.) 1.4 In a gross sense, the Earth is a layered body (Figure 2-1). To a first approximation, it consists of concentric shells: the core, the mantle, and the crust. Figure 2-1: Schematic cross section through the Earth. 73 The core: The core consists mostly of iron, alloyed with a small percentage of certain other chemical elements.
  • Natural Calcined Pozzolana As Type Ii Addition for Concrete

    Natural Calcined Pozzolana As Type Ii Addition for Concrete

    EAD 260035-00-0301 May 2018 NATURAL CALCINED POZZOLANA AS TYPE II ADDITION FOR CONCRETE ©2018 European Assessment Document – EAD 260035-00-0301 2/28 The reference title and language for this EAD is English. The applicable rules of copyright refer to the document elaborated in and published by EOTA. This European Assessment Document (EAD) has been developed taking into account up-to-date technical and scientific knowledge at the time of issue and is published in accordance with the relevant provisions of Regulation No (EU) 305/2011 as a basis for the preparation and issuing of European Technical Assessments (ETA). ©EOTA 2018 European Assessment Document – EAD 260035-00-0301 3/28 Contents 1 Scope of the EAD ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Description of the construction product 4 1.2 Information on the intended use(s) of the construction product 4 1.2.1 Intended uses ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.2 Working life/Durability ............................................................................................................ 4 2 Essential characteristics and relevant assessment methods and criteria .............................. 6 2.1 Essential characteristics of the product 6 2.2 Methods and criteria for assessing the performance of the product in relation to essential characteristics of the product 7 2.2.1 Loss on ignition .....................................................................................................................
  • A Systematic Nomenclature for Metamorphic Rocks

    A Systematic Nomenclature for Metamorphic Rocks

    A systematic nomenclature for metamorphic rocks: 1. HOW TO NAME A METAMORPHIC ROCK Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: Web version 1/4/04. Rolf Schmid1, Douglas Fettes2, Ben Harte3, Eleutheria Davis4, Jacqueline Desmons5, Hans- Joachim Meyer-Marsilius† and Jaakko Siivola6 1 Institut für Mineralogie und Petrographie, ETH-Centre, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland, [email protected] 2 British Geological Survey, Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, [email protected] 3 Grant Institute of Geology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, [email protected] 4 Patission 339A, 11144 Athens, Greece 5 3, rue de Houdemont 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France, [email protected] 6 Tasakalliontie 12c, 02760 Espoo, Finland ABSTRACT The usage of some common terms in metamorphic petrology has developed differently in different countries and a range of specialised rock names have been applied locally. The Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks (SCMR) aims to provide systematic schemes for terminology and rock definitions that are widely acceptable and suitable for international use. This first paper explains the basic classification scheme for common metamorphic rocks proposed by the SCMR, and lays out the general principles which were used by the SCMR when defining terms for metamorphic rocks, their features, conditions of formation and processes. Subsequent papers discuss and present more detailed terminology for particular metamorphic rock groups and processes. The SCMR recognises the very wide usage of some rock names (for example, amphibolite, marble, hornfels) and the existence of many name sets related to specific types of metamorphism (for example, high P/T rocks, migmatites, impactites).
  • Natural Pozzolans-Like Bahariya Basalts Used As Alternative Raw Materials for Cement Clinker Portland Hatem M

    Natural Pozzolans-Like Bahariya Basalts Used As Alternative Raw Materials for Cement Clinker Portland Hatem M

    DJS Vol. 43 (1):(2021) pp.1-16 ISSN: 1012-5965 Delta Journal of Science Available online at https://djs.journals.ekb.eg/ Research Article GEOLOGY Natural pozzolans-like Bahariya basalts used as alternative raw materials for cement clinker Portland Hatem M. El-Desoky1, Ahmed E. Khalil2, Taher M. Shahin1,* and Ahmed M. Abdullah3 1. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, PO Box 11884, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. 2. Geological Sciences Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt. 3. Geologist at El-Qawmiya cement industry. *Corresponding author: Taher M. Shahin e-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS ABSTRACT Basalt, alternative Mid-Tertiary volcanism in the Western Desert Egypt was material, clinker, associated with the opening of the Red Sea, a period of 30 Ma. Basalts Bahariya, Western are composed of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine minerals. Basalt Desert, Egypt. used as natural volcanic pozzolans materials; represent large interest of researches as a real alternative to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The present work was performed on six samples of experimental cement clinker, one with ordinary raw materials (limestone & shale) as a reference sample, and five others with various substance (limestone & basalts), which show the possibility of the utilization of natural pozzolan for maintainable construction material. The chemical, mineralogical composition and texture produced clinkers were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). It is concluded that the produced clinkers which made from basalt are coincidence ordinary Portland cement clinker. They are characterized by increasing in setting time, compressive strength and resistance to sulfate attack.