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Contents of CD In CD you have all the source codes of this book, few other tutorials, programming tools and other useful programs. Few of them are sharewares, so if you use them you are supposed to pay the author. The CD includes: • Ralf Brown’s Interrupt List • Alexander Rusell’s Game Programming Guide and other programs • BIOS source codes • Programs for Communication between computers • Compiler creating tools • Device driver kit • Assemblers • Disassemblers • DJGPP – 32 bit compiler • Allegro library • Editor source code • Programs and tools for embedded systems • File Formats Encyclopedia • PC Game Programmers’ Encyclopedia • Graphics programs and tools • Keyboard programs • Music programs • Operating sytems’ source code • Networking libraries • TSR programs and tools • Printer programs • Virus and Anti-virus programs • Novell Netware programs • Useful programming documents • WinZip 8.0 (Shareware Evaluation version) • And many more… “Test everything. Hold on to the good.” First Chapter 1 Greetings. It is a common practice to skip the acknowledgement and book organization. So we have placed them in the First Chapter! Please read this chapter without fail to understand this book better. 1.1 Acknowledgement Throughout the world many people have contributed to this book. We must acknowledge all those good people. We sincerely thank Dr. Dennis M. Ritchie, creator of C language for granting permission to use his photo. Our thanks also goes to Dr. Ralf Brown for providing us his great source—Ralf Brown’s Interrupt List for this book. We must thank Mr. Alexander Russell for his unconditional support to this book. We are proud to thank all the real and international programmers who provided their source code to us. Ms. Lyril Sugitha ([email protected]) helped us a lot to translate this book from “Tanglish” to English! We sincerely thank her as she worked with us even in her tight schedules. I specially thank my mother for her prayers for the success of this project and my father for his support by presenting me a computer. My sincere thanks to my sister Lincy, brother Bensley and my friend Brighton for their encouragement. I benefited greatly from my uncle Azariah, who helped me in finding many useful materials. I thank all my friends and relatives who remembered me in their prayers. K. Joseph Wesley I am grateful to all my friends who are interested in me. I remember all my teachers for their care towards me. I especially thank my Lecturer Mr. Richard Devaraj, American College for his concern towards my career. I must thank Mr. D. Joseph Devadason (Lecturer in Management Studies, American College, [email protected]), one of my good and old friends for helping me to understand English in a better way. Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my family members who are behind my development: Papa, Amma, Patti, Mama, Mami & Akka. R. Rajesh Jeba Anbiah 1.2 Book Organization Part I - ANSI C 2 A to Z of C Part II - DOS Programming Part III - Advanced Graphics Programming Part IV - Advanced Programming Part V - Mathematics & C Part VI - Algorithms & C Part VII - Illegal Codes Part VIII - Next Step Part IX - Smart Dictionary Part X - Postlude 1.3 FAQ about A to Z of C Q: What do you mean by FAQ? A: FAQ is the acronym for Frequently Asked Questions. So when you read FAQ, most of your questions will be answered! Q: Why have you written this book? A: Because of the dissatisfaction over the existing books on C! Yes. We have lots of books on C, but most of the books do not cover advanced topics and most of the books are priced higher. So we have decided to write a non-profit book and to let the secrets open! We could see many Indian authors who have stolen the works of International Programmers without acknowledging them. So, in our book, we decided to acknowledge those intelligent people. (Many authors had thrust different myths & mistakes directly or indirectly in the minds of Indian C Programmers) Q: What is the user level of this book? A: Intermediate to Advanced Q: What is the category of this book? A: Programming. We’ve got so many ways to solve a single problem. And hence this book also introduces various approaches to solve different problems. Q: To whom have you written this book? A: C lovers, students, programmers, and other enthusiasts. Q: Is this book for students of top level institutions? A: No. We never think that those people are super human beings. Our doctrine is “If you can, then I can! If I can, then you can!” This book is for learners. A to Z of C 3 Q: I want to score more marks in University examination. Will this book help me? A: No. We are dead against the mark-based culture. This book is purely for enthusiasts. This book is written to open many secrets of C. Q: What are the special features of this book? A: This book is not only written by K. Joseph Wesley & R. Rajesh Jeba Anbiah, but many renowned International programmers’ and authors’ materials are also used with permission. The supplement CD got many sources, and utilities. For more details about CD , see “Contents of CD ” Q: How far I can trust source codes of this book? A: We have tested all the codes. Certain source codes of this book are of real programmers. We have used their codes according to their terms. So all codes should logically work! But, obviously there must be some flaws in the approach/solution; the readers are encouraged to find better—alternate solution. Q: Which compiler & IDE you are going to use? A: We have used TC++3.0. And all parts of this book refer the IDE (Integrated Development Environment) TC++3.0 unless otherwise noted. Q: How should I use this book? A: Read all the contents of the book first. Then workout examples and exercises. After gaining confidence, dare to do projects! 1.4 Book Style The book contains “Note” & “Caution” wherever it is necessary. We thought the word “We” would confuse the reader whether it refers “authors & reader” or “K. Joseph Wesley & R.Rajesh Jeba Anbiah (authors)”. So we have decided to use “I” instead of “We” for clarity. And hereafter the word “I” refers “authors (K. Joseph Wesley & R. Rajesh Jeba Anbiah)” and “We” refers “authors & reader”. “Every good tree produces good fruit.” Birth of C 2 C is very often referred as a “System Programming Language” because it is used for writing compilers, editors and even operating systems. C was developed and implemented on the UNIX operating system on the DEC PDP-11, by Dennis M. Ritchie. C was evolved during 1971-73 from B language of Ken Thompson, which was evolved (in 1969-70) from BCPL language of Martin Richards. Dennis M. Ritchie, Creator of C Language Courtesy: Lucent Technologies Timeline Year Language/OS Remarks 1956-63 Assembly Language IBM developed Assembly language 1954-57 FORTRAN (FORmula A team lead by John W. Backus developed a TRANslation) numerically orientated language called FORTRAN 1958 ALGOL(ALGOrithmic An important structured programming Language) language was developed by committee of European and American computer scientists FORTRAN & ALGOL’s type structures later influenced many other languages including BCPL, B & C 1964 PL/I (Programming IBM developed a clean language intended for Language 1) both business and scientific purposes 1965 The famous “Multics project” was started by MIT, Bell Labs & General Electric as a joint venture. Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) is an experimental Operating System. It was the first operating system written in a high level language namely PL/I TMG McClure developed TMG as a language for (TransMoGrifiers) writing compilers A to Z of C 5 Year Language/OS Remarks 1967 BCPL (Basic Martin Richards wrote BCPL, while he was Combined visiting MIT Programming Language) Dennis M. Ritchie joined Bell Labs 1969 Bell Labs pulled out of the Multics project because of lack of hardware support PL/I was proved to be inefficient with Multics project. Ken Thompson & Dennis M. Ritchie felt that BCPL was also inefficient, who were using BCPL in Multics project too. Unix Ken Thompson wrote original Unix system in PDP-7 assembler McIlroy and Bob Morris used TMG to write PL/I compiler for Multics 1969-70 B Challenged by McIlroy's feat in reproducing TMG, Ken Thompson wrote a system programming language called B B is a BCPL squeezed into 8k bytes of memory. One theory says that B’s name is derived from BCPL. But other theory says B’s name is a contraction of Bon, another language created by Ken Thompson during Multics days. Bon is thought to be named after Bonnie, Ken Thompson’s wife. B compiler on PDP-7 did not generate machine code instructions, instead generated ‘threaded code’ 1971 NB (New B) Dennis M. Ritchie began to rewrite B’s compiler to generate PDP-11 machine instructions. He also added character types to B for brevity. At the early stage he called it as NB (New B) 1971-73 C Dennis M. Ritchie added few more features to NB and C was born 1973(summer) AT&T scientists rewrote Unix kernel in C. That incident added popularity to C 1978 Brian Kernighan & Dennis M. Ritchie wrote “The C Programming Language”, the first authoritative book on C. This book is often nicked as “K&R” or “white book” 1977-1979 C has undergone few more changes when Unix system’s popularity was demonstrated 6 A to Z of C Year Language/OS Remarks 1983 ANSI established X3J11 committee to standardize C language 1979-1983 C++ Bjarne Stroustrup wrote C++, an object oriented language at AT&T Bell labs.
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