Journal of Threatened Taxa

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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication Further studies on two species of the moth genus Paralebeda Aurivillius (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea: Lasiocampidae) from northwestern India

Amritpal Singh Kaleka, Devinder Singh & Sujata Saini

26 September 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 12 | Pages: 14593–14598 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4621.11.12.14593-14598

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2019 | 11(12): 14593–14598

Further studies on two species of the moth genus Paralebeda Aurivillius (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea:

Lasiocampidae) from northwestern India ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Short Communication Short ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Amritpal Singh Kaleka 1 , Devinder Singh 2 & Sujata Saini 3 PLATINUM 1,2 Department of Zoology & Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patala, Punjab 147002, India. OPEN ACCESS 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Insttute of Science Educaton & Research, SAS Nagar Mohali, Punjab 140306, India. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected]

Abstract: The known Indian species of the moth genus Paralebeda Aurivillius (1894) established the genus Paralebeda Aurivillius namely femorata (Menetries) and the type species plagifera with plagifera (Walker) as its type species. This genus is (Walker) have been taxonomically treated. The external morphological characters partcularly species specifc features such as wing venaton represented by large sized moths with elongated wings and genitalic characters have been studied and illustrated. The genus having a pointed apex. The medial dark coloured loop in diagnosis has been updated and a key has also been formulated. its forewing is its diagnostc feature. This genus is known Keywords: Genitalia, femorata, Lasiocampidae, Paralebeda, plagifera, from Palaearctc and Indo-Australian regions. taxonomy. Lajonquière (1980) and Holloway (1982) reviewed Abbreviatons: 1A—First anal vein | 2A—Second anal vein | 3A— this genus. Holloway (1987) included two species, Third anal vein | AED—Aedeagus | ANT. APO—Anterior apophyses | i.e., uniformis Holloway and lucifuga (Swinhoe) of this AP.S—Apical spur | CRP. BU—Corpus Bursae | CRN—Cornut | CU — 1 genus in the Moths of Borneo. Chang (1989) and Kishida First cubital vein | CU2—Second cubital vein | CU.A—Cubile arms | DU.BU—Ductus Bursae | DU.EJ—Ductus Ejaculatorius | HM—Humeral (1992) listed its species namely femorata (Menetries)

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4621.11.12.14593-14598 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7D944F00-C37B-4460-A02A-1212E4398A5F

Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaton: 26 September 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4621 | Received 07 October 2018 | Final received 20 May 2019 | Finally accepted 08 September 2019

Citaton: Kaleka, A.S., D. Singh & S. Saini (2019). Further studies on two species of the moth genus Paralebeda Aurivillius (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea: Lasiocampidae) from northwestern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(12): 14593–14598. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4621.11.12.14593-14598

Copyright: © Kaleka et al. 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: DST-DBT, New Delhi (Grant no. BT/PR4548/ INF/22/146/2012).

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to DST-DBT, New Delhi (Grant no. BT/PR4548/ INF/22/146/2012) for the fnancial support. We are thankful to the authorites of the forest departments of Himachal Pradesh and Utarakhand for grantng permission to carry out the samplings for our research material during the collecton-cum-surveys.

14593 Studies on two moth species of genus Paralebeda Kaleka et al.

Irungbam & Irungbam (2018) listed plagifera (Walker) cell, humeral veins obsolete. Legs clothed with scales; from Bhutan. foreleg with epiphysis; mid-tbia and hind-tbia with At present, this genus is represented by seven species a pair of minute tbial spurs; claws distnct. Abdomen namely achillesi Zolotuhin et al., crinodes (Felder), clothed with scales. Male genitalia indistnct uncus; socii femorata (Menetries), lagua Zolotuhin et al., lucifuga distnct; valva weak; cubile arms of vinculum fatened, (Swinhoe), plagifera (Walker), and pluto Zolotuhin et al. without any tooth-like serratons; aedeagus tubular with Out of these, only two species, plagifera (Walker) and diagnostc shape of apical spur. Female genitalia with femorata (Menetries), are known from India. corpus bursae globular, with or without signum; papilla analis prominent, armed with setae. Material and Methods While undertaking surveys, 14 adult representatves Key to the Indian species of genus Paralebeda Aurivillius of the genus Paralebeda had been collected from 1. General colouraton darker; forewing Himachal Pradesh and Utarakhand and identfed with with medial loop broader, tornus with spot; the help of relevant literature. The method proposed vein R4 from middle of common stalk of by Zimmerman (1978) was followed for the preparaton M1 and R5; hindwing with vein Rs beyond of permanent slides of forewings and hindwings. The middle of cell; male genitalia with saccus genitalia had been dissected out as per the method rounded; cubile arms broader, petolate; proposed by Robinson (1976). The terminology for aedeagus of moderate size with two apical naming genitalic parts is afer Klots (1970). spurs .………………………… femorata (Menetries) - General colouraton paler; forewing with Results and Discussion medial loop narrower, tornus without any spot;

In the present study, the external morphological vein R4 from before middle of common stalk characters including the wing maculaton, wing venaton of M1 and R5; hindwing with vein Rs before and partcularly the external genitalic features of middle of cell; male genitalia with prominent, two species namely plagifera (Walker) and femorata cone-shaped saccus; cubile arms narrow, not (Menetries) of the genus Paralebeda Aurivillius have petolate; aedeagus short with one apical spur been studied on a uniform patern. These characteristcs ………...... ………….... plagifera (Walker). have been included in the diagnosis and diferentaton of these two species. Paralebeda femorata (Menetries) (Images 1–7) Genus Paralebeda Aurivillius Lasiocampa femorata Menetries, 1855, Bull. Acad. Aurivillius, 1894, Dt. Ent. Z. Iris. 7: 178; Holloway, Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, 17(24): 218. 1987, Moths Borneo, 3: 13; Zolotuhin et al., 1997, Paralebeda femorata Menetries: Zolotuhin, 1996, Lasiocampidae Philippines, 17: 150; Zolotuhin & Wit, Asiatc Lasiocampidae, 13(17): 247; Hauenstein et al., 2000, Lasiocampidae Vietnam, 3(11): 71; Zolotuhin & 2011; Lasiocampidae Bhutan, 67: 32. Pinratana, 2005, Lasiocampidae Thailand, 4: 83; Youqiao Diagnosis: Head with vertex and frons clothed & Chunsheng, 2006, Fauna Sinica, 47: 303–304. with fuscous scales. Labial palpus with fuscous scales. Type species: Lebeda plagifera Walker Antennae with scape and shaf fuscous. Thorax, collar Distributon: India, China, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, and tegula clothed with fuscous scales; underside Philippines, Russia, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. fuscous. Legs with fuscous scales. Abdomen covered Diagnosis: Labial palpus long, upturned. Antennae with fuscous scales; underside fuscous. bipectnate, well developed in males, shorter in females. Wing maculaton: Forewing with ground colour Thorax dressed with scales. Forewing broad, elongated, fuscous, females brown; markings black; antemedial line apex pointed, medial dark colored loop prominent; distnct; medial loop broader, medial porton prominent discal cell closed; vein 1A+2A fused, without forming a with hump startng from inner margin, reaching below basal fork; 3A present; M3 from lower angle of cell; M1 costa, upper zone of loop darker and reddish-brown; stalked with R5 and R4; R3 and R2 highly stalked; Sc from loop broader and less humped in females; a prominent base of wing not reaching up to apex, conjoined with dark black spot on tornus; postmedial line indistnct; costa and R1. Hindwing with discal cell closed; vein 1A submarginal doted line present; underside fuscous, loop and 2A present; 3A present; veins M3 and M2 stalked; and tornal spot distnct. Hindwing with ground colour

Sc+R1 anastomosing with Rs to form a short humeral fuscous without any distnct patern; antemedial and

14594 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2019 | 11(12): 14593–14598 Studies on two moth species of genus Paralebeda Kaleka et al.

1 2

3 4 5

6 7

postmedial lines obsolete; medial line paler; underside middle of cell. Hindwing rounded; discal cell one-thirds fuscous. length of wing; 3A present, basal area obsolete; Cu2 from

Wing venaton: Forewing with apex pointed; one- three-fourths of cell; Cu1 from lower angle of cell; M3 thirds length of wing; 3A present, basal half obsolete; and M2 well stalked from lower angle of cell; M1 from

1A+2A from base of wing, basal area swollen; Cu2 from upper angle of cell; Rs from beyond middle of discal cell; one-thirds of cell; Cu1 from just beyond two-thirds of Sc+R1 anastomosing with Rs to form a narrow humeral cell; M2 just above lower angle of cell; M1, R5 and R4 cell, shorter than discal cell, humeral veins absent. stalked, R4 from middle of common stalk of M1 and R5; R3 Wing Expanse: male: 72–78 mm; female: 98mm and R2 stalked from three-fourths of cell; R1 from beyond Body Length: male: 38–40 mm; female: 55mm

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2019 | 11(12): 14593–14598 14595 Studies on two moth species of genus Paralebeda Kaleka et al.

Male genitalia: Uncus absent; tegumen weakly London, 16(8): 178. developed, nearly membranous, lateral sides having Parlebeda urdabacki de Lajonquiere, 1980, Z. setosed pads representng socii, slightly knobbed near Arbeitsg, Osterr. Entomol., 32(1/2): 25. vinculum; vinculum ‘U’ shaped, both arms narrow, Diagnosis: Head with vertex and frons clothed medially dilated, oval, ending into rounded saccus; cubile with brown scales. Labial palpus with brown scales. arms larger, broader and petolate, well sclerotzed; juxta Antennae with scape and shaf brown. Thorax, collar well developed, well sclerotzed, dilated proximally, and tegula furnished with brown scales; underside constricted in the middle, notched at distal end. Valva brown. Legs with brown scales. Abdomen covered with reduced, nearly membranous, basal one-third porton brown scales; underside brown. setosed; distally ending into fnger-like projecton with Wing maculaton: Forewing with ground colour rounded apex. Aedeagus of moderate size, moderately brown sufused with reddish; antemedial line indistnct; sclerotzed, constricted near proximal end; ductus medial loop narrow, short hump startng from inner ejaculatorius entering directly into proximal end; distal margin, reaching just below costa, upper zone of loop end having two apical spur, distal one shorter, both spur darker and reddish-brown; postmedial line indistnct; with dentate walls; vesica armed with minute dentcles doted submarginal line distnct; cilia brown; underside representng cornut. brown, loop paler. Hindwing with ground colour brown; Female genitalia: Corpus bursae short, oblong, medial line distnct; postmedial and submarginal lines membranous without any signum; ductus bursae of indistnct; cilia brown; underside brown. moderate length, membranous, slightly dilated towards Wing venaton: Forewing with apex pointed; discal distal end; ductus seminalis originatng from its middle; cell one-thirds length of wing; 3A present, basal half apophyses narrow with their apices dilated, posterior obsolete; 1A+2A from base, basal area swollen; Cu2 from ones slightly longer than anterior ones; papilla analis one-thirds of cell; Cu1 from two-thirds of cell; M2 from well developed, long, setosed with micro and macro above lower angle of cell; M1, R5 and R4 well stalked, setae. R4 just before middle of common stalk of M1 and R5; R3

Material Examined: Himachal Pradesh: PUP-LA- and R2 highly stalked from before upper angle of cell; R1 78a-c, Basantpur, 9.vii.2013, 3 females (31.208° N, from beyond middle of cell. Hindwing rounded; discal 77.174° E); PUP-LA-78d-e, Habban, 7.vii.2014, 2 males cell one-thirds length of wing; 1A present, 2A with basal

(30.915° N, 77.325° E); PUP-LA-78f-j, Jhumar, 10.vii.2015, area swollen; 3A present, basal area obsolete; Cu2 from

4 males, 1 female (32.560° N, 76.161° E). well before lower angle of cell; Cu1 from lower angle of

Distributon: India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & cell; M3 and M2 well stalked from lower angle of cell; M1

Kashmir, Punjab, Utarakhand); Bhutan; northeastern from upper angle of cell; Rs before middle of cell; Sc+R1 and eastern China; Nepal; northeastern Pakistan; anastomosing with Rs to form narrow humeral cell, northern Vietnam; Russia; Taiwan. shorter than discal cell, humeral veins obsolete. Remarks: The present species can be easily Wing Expanse: male: 62–64 mm; female: not diferentated from plagifera (Walker) on the basis of examined general colouraton, wing expanse and genitalic features. Body Length: male: 39–40 mm; female: not examined Male genitalia: Uncus absent; tegumen weakly Paralebeda plagifera (Walker) developed, ‘C’ shaped, lateral sides having minute (Images 8–13) setosed pads representng socii; vinculum well Lebeda palgifera Walker, 1855, List Spec. Lepid. developed, triangular, ending into cone-shaped saccus Insects Colln. Br. Mus., 6: 1459. with rounded end; cubile arms fatened, not petolate, Paralebeda plagifera Walker: Zolotuhin & Wit, well sclerotzed; juxta semi-sclerotzed, oblong. Valva 2000, Lasiocampidae Vietnam, 3(11): 72; Zolotuhin reduced, lower lobe triangular, setosed with rounded & Pinratana, 2005, Lasiocampidae Thailand, 4: 83-84; ending; upper lobe narrow with rounded apex, medial Youqiao & Chunsheng, 2006, Fauna Sinica, 47: 305; area membranous. Aedeagus short, moderately Zolotuhin & Ihle, 2008, Lasiocampidae Laos, 20(4): 14; sclerotzed; ductus ejaculatorius entering directly into Hauenstein et al., 2011; Lasiocampidae Bhutan, 67: 31. proximal end; distal end rounded, armed with prominent Odonests plagifera Walker: Grunberg, 1911, In Seitz, dentatons; medially having a prominent, long well Pal. Schmet., 2: 175; Hampson, 1892, Moths India, 1: sclerotzed spur almost of same size of aedeagus; vesica 427. without any distnct armature. Odonests urda Swinhoe, 1915, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Material Examined: Himachal Pradesh: PUP-LL-

14596 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2019 | 11(12): 14593–14598 Studies on two moth species of genus Paralebeda Kaleka et al.

8 9

10 11

12 13

Images 8–13. Paralebeda plagifera (Walker): 8—forewing | 9—hindwing | 10–11—male genitalia-ventral view | 12–13—aedeagus.

77a-b, Sangla, 22.vi.2014, 2 males (31.425° N, 78.265° Morus nigra Linnaeus, Quercus acutssima Carruthers, E); PUP-LA-77c, Serighat, 11.viii.2013, 1 male (31.050° Quercus dentate Thunberg, Maesa chisia Hamilton, N, 77.069° E); Utarakhand: PUP-LA-77d, Kandikhal, Citrus retculata Blanco, Citrus maxima Merrill, and 21.v.2014, 1 male (30.433° N, 78.405° E). Theobroma cacao Linnaeus (Robinson et al. 2001). Distributon: Northern and central India; Bhutan; The external genitalic features in insects are highly Laos; northern Myanmar; northern Thailand; northern species specifc in general and of high relevance Vietnam; southern and southeastern China. partcularly in Lepidoptera. In the present study, Remarks: Its caterpillars are polyphagous in nature these characters such as indistnct uncus; distnct and feed on Cupressus funebris Endlicher, Ginkgo biloba socii; reduced valva; distnct cubile arms and tubular Linnaeus, Phoebe nanmu Gamble, Morus alba Linnaeus, aedeagus with diagnostc shape of apical spur in male

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2019 | 11(12): 14593–14598 14597 Studies on two moth species of genus Paralebeda Kaleka et al. genitalia and globular corpus bursae, with or without Kishida, Y. (1992). Lasiocampidae, Moths of Nepal. Part 1. Tinea 13(2): signum and prominent papilla analis in female genitalia 76–79. Klots, A. B. (1970). Lepidoptera, pp. 115–130. In: Tuxen, S.D. (ed.). proved as important features of taxonomic signifcance Taxonomists Glossary of Genitalia in Insects, 2nd Editon. Munksgaard, for diagnosis and diferentaton of these taxa. Copenhagen. Lajonquiere, Y. (1980). Le genre Paralebeda Aurivillius, 1894, contributon a letude des Lasiocampides. Zeitschrif der References Arbeitsgemeinschaf Osterr Entomologen 32(1/2): 18–28. Robinson, G.S. (1976). The preparaton of slides of Lepidoptera Aurivillius, C. (1894). Die palaearktschedGatungen der genitalia with special reference to Microlepidoptera. Entomologist’s Lasiocampiden, Striphnopterygiden und Megalopygiden. Deutsche Gazete 27: 127–132. Entomologische Zeitschrif Lepidoptera Hefe 6: 121–192. Robinson, G.S., P.R. Ackery, I.J. Kitching, G.W. Beccaloni & L.M. Chang, B.S. (1989). The Illustrated Moths of Taiwan - 1. Taiwan, 194pp. Hernandez (2001). Hostplants of the moth and buterfy caterpillars Holloway, J.D. (1982). Lasiocampidae. Note 22., pp. 197–198. In: of the Oriental Region. Natural History Museum London, 744pp. Barlow, H.S. (ed.). An Introducton to the Moths of South East Asia. Shah, S.K.R., A. Das, R. Duta & B. Mitra (2018). A current list of the Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 305pp. moths (Lepidoptera) of West Bengal. Bionotes 20(1): 48–52. Holloway, J.D. (1987). The Moths of Borneo. 3. South dene, Kuala Zimmerman, E.C. (1978). Microlepidoptera Insects of Hawaii University Lumpur, Malaysia, 199pp. Press Hawaii Honolulu, xviii+1903pp. Irungbam, J.S. (2017). The moths of Shirui Hills, Manipur, NE India. Zolotuhin, V.V., C.G. Treadaway & T.J. Wit (1997). The Lasiocampidae 20th European Congress of Lepidopterology, Podgora, Croata: 24–30 (Lepidoptera) of the Philippines. Nachrichten des Entomologischen April 2017. Vereins Apollo 17: 133–222. Irungbam, J.S. & M.J. Irungbam (2018). Two moth species of Lasiocampidae (Lepidoptera) recorded for the frst tme from Bhutan. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(11): 12598–12601. htps:// Threatened Taxa doi.org/10.11609/jot.3297.10.11.12598-12601

14598 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2019 | 11(12): 14593–14598

PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

September 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 12 | Pages: 14471–14630 Date of Publicaton: 26 September 2019 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2019.11.12.14471-14630

Artcle Dhole Cuon alpinus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) rediscovered in Bardia Natonal Park, Nepal Ornithophony in the soundscape of Anaikaty Hills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, – Shailendra Kumar Yadav, Babu Ram Lamichhane, Naresh Subedi, India Ramesh Kumar Thapa, Laxman Prasad Poudyal & Bhagawan Raj Dahal, – Chandrasekaran Divyapriya & Padmanabhan Pramod, Pp. 14471–14483 Pp. 14582–14586

Communicatons Observatons of Brown Mongoose Herpestes fuscus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Herpestdae) in the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, India A case study on the public knowledge and awareness of the – Vignesh Kamath & Kadaba Shamanna Seshadri, Pp. 14587–14592 Philippine Pangolin Manis culionensis (Mammalia: Pholidota: Manidae) – Frances Mae Tenorio & Joselito Baril, Pp. 14484–14489 Further studies on two species of the moth genus Paralebeda Aurivillius (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea: Lasiocampidae) from northwestern India Winter food habits of the Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus – Amritpal Singh Kaleka, Devinder Singh & Sujata Saini, Pp. 14593–14598 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Viverridae) in Patna Bird Sanctuary, India – Khursid Alam Khan, Jamal Ahmad Khan, Khursheed Ahmad & The genus Grewia (Malvaceae: Grewioideae) in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Narendra Mohan, Pp. 14490–14495 India with a conservaton note on the endemic G. indandamanica – K.C. Kishor & Mayur D. Nandikar, Pp. 14599–14605 Report of fve interestng avian species from Durgapur ecoregion, West Bengal, India by citzen science efort Three grasses (Poaceae), additons to the fora of Andhra Pradesh, India – Sagar Adhurya & Shantanu Bhandary, Pp. 14496–14502 – Anil Kumar Midigesi & Boyina Ravi Prasad Rao, Pp. 14606–14611

Brief insight into the behavior, actvity, and interspecifc interactons of urban Ethnobotanical survey of indigenous leafy vegetables consumed in rural Trimeresurus (Cryptelytrops) albolabris (Reptlia: Squamata: Viperidae) vipers areas of Terai-Dooars region of West Bengal, India in Bangkok, Thailand – Mallika Mazumder & Anup Kumar Sarkar, Pp. 14612–14618 – Curt Hrad Barnes & Tyler Keith Knierim, Pp. 14503–14510 Australasian sequestrate Fungi 20: Russula scarlatna (Agaricomycetes: The distributonal patern of benthic macroinvertebrates in a spring-fed Russulales: Russulaceae), a new species from dry grassy woodlands of foothill tributary of the Ganga River, western Himalaya, India southeastern Australia – Vijay Prakash Semwal & Asheesh Shivam Mishra, Pp. 14511–14517 – Todd F. Elliot & James M. Trappe, Pp. 14619–14623

Seasonal vegetaton shif and wetland dynamics in vulnerable granitc rocky Notes outcrops of Palghat Gap of southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India – Pathiyil Arabhi & Maya Chandrasekharan Nair, Pp. 14518–14526 The Himalayan Crestless Porcupine Hystrix brachyura Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Rodenta: Hystricidae): frst authentc record from Bangladesh A comprehensive checklist of endemic fora of Meghalaya, India – Mohammad Ashraf Ul Hasan & Sufa Akter Neha, Pp. 14624–14626 – Aabid Hussain Mir, Krishna Upadhaya, Dilip Kumar Roy, Chaya Deori & Bikarma Singh, Pp. 14527–14561 A new distributon record of Asplenium scalare Rosenst. (Aspleniaceae) in India Shola tree regeneraton is lower under Lantana camara L. thickets in the upper – Periyasamy Vijayakanth, Jaideep Mazumdar, S. Sahaya Sathish, Nilgiris plateau, India Veluchamy Ravi & Ramachandran Kavitha, Pp. 14627–14628 – Muneer Ul Islam Najar, Jean-Philippe Puyravaud & Priya Davidar, Pp. 14562– 14568 Response & Reply

Overcoming the pollinaton barrier through artfcial pollinaton in the Response to spiders of Odisha: a preliminary checklist additons to the Wild Nutmeg Knema atenuata (Myristcaceae), an endemic tree of the spider checklist of Odisha Western Ghats, India – John T.D. Caleb, Pp. 14629–14630 – Murugan Govindakurup Govind, Koranapallil Bahuleyan Rameshkumar & Mathew Dan, Pp. 14569–14575 Reply to response: spiders of Odisha – Sudhir Ranjan Choudhury, Manju Siliwal & Sanjay Keshari Das, P. 14630 Short Communicatons

The frst photographic record of the Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) from Lamjung District outside Annapurna Conservaton Area, Nepal – Ganesh Ghimire, Malcolm Pearch, Badri Baral, Bishnu Thapa & Rishi Baral, Pp. 14576–14581 Publisher & Host

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