AP Environmental Science Unit: Population

Exam III: Chapter 6 (Population Biology) & Chapter 7(Human Population)

1. In the real world, many factors determine the numbers of organisms in any one population. Yet, a "superfly" with unlimited food and no mortality would show what type of growth?

A. geometric increase B. Irruptive growth C. Exponential growth D. Logistic growth E. Malthusian growth

2. A population growing at 1 percent per year should double in about ___ years.

A. 30 B. 70 C. 10 D. 2 E. 0.7

3. Carrying capacity is the population

A. That an environment can support in an optimal year B. Of a species that an environment can support on a long-term basis C. That remains after a catastrophic dieback has occurred D. Of a species without limiting factors E. Of a species without predators

4. In the real world, population explosion is usually followed by

A. Continuous high population levels B. A gradual decrease in population as food supplies dwindle C. A tremendous increase in genetic diversity D. A gradual increase in population due to the availability of mates E. A population crash

5. A dieback or population crash, often occurs after a species ______its environmental carrying capacity.

A. Meets B. Undershoots C. Overshoots D. Oscillates around E. Decreases

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6. An island has formed off the coast of the Pacific Northwest. The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has determined that there is enough land area for a herd of 100 elk, yet they say the carrying capacity is only 60 elk. This inequality can best be explained by the fact that the

A. DNR is probably being careful not to overestimate B. DNR must have added up the environmental resistance incorrectly C. Elk population will probably fluctuate between 60 and 100 animals D. Physical factor of space is only one of the determiners for population size in a community E. Law of limiting factors determines the maximum growth rate for a given population

7. Logistic growth rates are those in which a population

A. Grows very slowly when conditions are good and when conditions are not optimal B. Grows rapidly when conditions are good, then slows as it approaches carrying capacity C. Overshoots and dies back repeatedly D. Remains significantly below carrying capacity E. Grows at a constant rate of increase per unit time

8. The horizontal line on a population oscillation graph represents

A. Fecundity B. Biotic potential C. Predator populations D. Arithmetic growth E. Carrying capacity

9. Which of the following organisms has the highest biotic potential?

A. Dogs B. Elephants C. Oak trees D. Humans E. Lions

10. Widespread starvation is an example of ______population control.

A. Predator-caused B. Biotic C. Density-dependent D. Density-independent E. Abiotic

11. You are studying an organism that is a pioneer species is an opportunist and does not care for its offspring. This organism probably has a ______population growth strategy.

A. k-adapted B. r-adapted C. Irregular D. Catastrophic E. R-adapted and irregular

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12. You are studying an organism that is fairly large, matures slowly, lives fairly long and cares for its offspring. This organism probably has a ______population growth strategy.

A. K-adapted B. R-adapted C. Irregular D. Catastrophic E. R-adapted and irregular

13. Density-independent population control factors cause mortality

A. When the population becomes too large B. When the density becomes too high C. When the population becomes too small D. When the density becomes too low E. Regardless of population size

14. The term "fecundity" refers to an organism's ______while fertility is ______.

A. Physical ability to reproduce; actual number of offspring produced B. Actual number of offspring produced; physical ability to reproduce C. Average life span; physical ability to reproduce D. Replacement level of reproduction; actual number of offspring produced E. Physical ability to reproduce; replacement level of reproduction

15. Based on the graph, the average ______of people in the United States is around 80 years.

A. Survivorship B. Mortality C. Fecundity D. Life span E. Life expectancy

16. The longest period of life that a given type of organism can reach is known as

A. Survivorship B. Life span C. Life expectancy D. Mortality E. Fecundity

17. Which of the following is an abiotic population control mechanism?

A. B. Disease C. Water shortages D. Prey shortages E. Competition

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18. Which of the following is a biotic population control mechanism?

A. Nutrients B. Precipitation C. Day length D. Climate E. Pathogens

19. In general, abiotic regulatory factors tend to be ______while biotic factors tend to be ______.

A. Interspecific; intraspecific B. Intraspecific; interspecific C. Density-dependent; density-independent D. Density-independent; density-dependent E. Interspecific; density-independent

20. Which of the following is an intraspecific interaction?

A. Mutualism B. Territoriality C. Parasitism D. Predation E. All of these are examples of intraspecific interactions

21. Island biogeography explains the phenomenon of ______terrestrial species on islands small and far from the mainland when compared to larger islands that are closer to the mainland and have ______terrestrial species.

A. Fewer; more B. More; fewer C. Larger; smaller D. Smaller; larger E. About the same number of; about the same number of

22. How does island biogeography apply to other than islands?

A. Relatively rare ecosystems such as coastal areas are more stable if they have high species diversity B. Habitats that are large and close to development are more adversely affected than smaller fragmented habitats C. Habitat fragmentation has formed islands of habitat in "oceans" of development D. Along with islands in oceans and lakes, the principles of island biogeography apply only to wetland areas E. Island biogeography is only concerned with islands in oceans and lakes

23. Genetic diversity is lost in a small population when

A. The ecological diversity is high B. Genetic mutations cause some individuals in a population to be different in coloration or size C. Individuals from other populations are introduced into the population and the genes are diluted D. Only a few individuals survive a catastrophe E. Genetic mutations cause most individuals in a population to have similar genetic makeup

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Use the following information. DNA studies suggest that all existing cheetahs share a single male ancestor that survived in the not-too-distant past. Generally, all male cheetahs are now nearly genetically identical and have abnormal sperm with decreased reproductive success. The population is extremely vulnerable and genetically, may be predestined for extinction.

24. The first part of this scenario describes

A. The founder effect or a demographic bottleneck B. Genetic drift C. Inbreeding D. Malthusian strategies E. Inbreeding or a genetic drift

25. Historically, up until the middle ages, human populations were mostly limited by

A. Low fertility rates B. Culturally imposed family planning practices C. Disease, famine and war D. Religious restrictions on marriage E. Infanticide

26. Human population growth most closely resembles

A. Carrying capacity geometric increase B. Irruptive growth C. Malthusian growth D. S-shaped growth curve E. J-shaped growth curve

27. The world human population reached 1 billion in about ______and passed ______in 1999.

A. 1400; 78 billion B. 1500; 6 trillion C. 1600; 78 million D. 1700; 6 million E. 1800; 6 billion

28. The population theory held by Thomas Malthus was that the human population would

A. Never reach its environment's carrying capacity B. Develop a modern utopia C. Reach its environment's carrying capacity and then maintain equilibrium D. Maintain equilibrium with its carrying capacity E. Outstrip its resources, then suffer starvation and misery

29. Demography is the science that describes

A. The earth's carrying capacity B. Population changes and characteristics C. Energy resources D. Food production E. Environmental factors that affects population sizes

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30. Ninety percent of the world's population growth in the next century is expected to occur in

A. Less-developed countries B. China C. Developed countries D. Moderately developed nations E. India

31. The I = PAT formula says that our environmental impacts (I) are the product of

A. The population size times affluence and the amount of time it took for the population to reach B. its current size C. The population size times affluence and the technology used to produce goods and services consumed D. The population size times the amount of technology used E. The percentage of affluence times the percentage of technology produced

32. The zero population growth rate is slightly over two children per couple because

A. We always need slightly more young people B. The older generation is dying C. Some children die and some couples do not have children D. That is as low as birth rates can reasonably be expected to get E. The zero population growth rate is not slightly over two children per couple

33. According to the graph, which region has the greatest fertility reduction?

A. Africa B. The Americas C. Eastern Mediterranean D. Europe E. South-East Asia

34. The total fertility rate is the number of children born

A. To the average woman per year B. To the average woman during her lifetime C. In the world during a single year D. In a population during a single year E. In a population during an entire generation

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35. The main cause of world population growth in the past 300 years has been

A. Increasing fecundity B. Rising fertility C. Higher birthrates in developing countries D. Increasing immigration E. Falling mortality

36. The population represented by the age class histogram on the right will

A. Have a large population of old people soon B. Not grow much in the coming years C. Soon begin to decline D. Grow substantially in the future E. Grow slowly in the future

37. The age class histogram on the right could represent the population of

A. The United States B. Western Europe C. Kenya D. Japan E. Sweden

38. Pronatalist pressures are influences that lead people to

A. Increase fecundity B. Have more children C. Have fewer children D. Prevent infant mortality E. Wait until later in life to have children

39. Which of the following is considered a true pronatalist pressure?

A. Legitimate needs for support in old age B. The need for hands to help in farm work and to watch younger siblings C. Macho pride in men who have many children D. Woman's status determined by the number of children she has E. All of these are correct

40. Women who ______are least likely to have many children.

A. Cannot afford children B. Live where many children die young C. Are subordinate to their husbands D. Are able to earn an income for themselves E. All of these are correct

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41. Birth rate would tend to decrease with a

A. Decrease in education B. Decrease in affluence C. Decrease in infant mortality rate D. Decrease in average marrying age E. Decrease in sanitation

42. The demographic transition refers to a country's change from

A. High birth and death rates to low birth and death rates B. High to low birth rates and low to high death rates C. Low to high birth rates and high to low death rates D. A majority of young people to a majority of elderly people E. A majority of elderly people to a majority of young people

43. A demographic transition is expected to accompany

A. Colonization, as in Africa and Asia B. Economic development and stabilization C. The development of capitalism D. The introduction of modern medicine E. All of these

Use the following demographic data on three hypothetical countries.

44. Which of the following demographic categories best identifies Country "A"?

A. Developed B. Moderately developed C. Less developed D. Developing E. Third World

45. Country "C" probably has ______rate of female literacy when compared to the other two countries.

A. The highest B. An intermediate C. The lowest D. An equal E. It is impossible to use the data in the table to identify the rate of female literacy

46. Less developed countries can best argue that developed countries are primarily responsible for problems because

A. Developed countries grow most of the global food resources B. Less developed countries have no population-based environmental problems C. Less developed countries have recently drastically reduced their fertility rates D. Developed countries do not understand a global society E. Less developed countries were many times impoverished by colonialism 8

47. The graph indicates that more children die

A. In the last stage of demographic transition B. In the first stage of demographic transition C. When their mothers are illiterate D. When their mothers are literate E. When their mothers are poor

48. The graph indicates that there is

A. A strong relationship between infant mortality and education for women B. Little relationship between infant mortality and education for women C. A relationship between infant mortality and education in general D. More importance for female rather than male education E. A relationship between birth rate and education for women

49. A collection of separate populations that interact with each other is called a metapopulation. True (a) False (b) 50. According to the video ‘Wolves: A Legend Returns to Yellowstone’, acclimation pens served to

A. familiarize the wolves to the sights, sounds and smells of Yellowstone National Park B. give the park ranger time to train the wolves C. prevent the wolves from bolting back to their native home in Canada D. both a and c E. none of the above

51. According to the video ‘Wolves: A Legend Returns to Yellowstone’, when a pack of wolves start the hunt, they often times chase the elk in a non-threatening manner, passing the ‘baton’ of pursuit from wolf to wolf. What purpose do biologists seem to think this stage of the hunt represents?

A. It is how wolves have fun B. It is how wolves select their target C. It is how wolves exercise D. It is how wolves show their dominance to one another E. None of the above

53. According to the video ‘Wolves: A Legend Returns to Yellowstone’, how do biologists study wolf kills when trying to determine which individuals in an elk herd are being taken down?

A. They do a census of the elk population regularly B. They examine how worn the elk’s teeth are to determine age at kill sites C. They examine the color and consistency of the bone marrow to get an indication of the health of the animal. D. Both b and c

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Select the answer ‘a’ (Japan), b (Kenya) or c (India) for the following 7 questions pertaining to the video ‘The People Paradox’ from the NOVA: World in the Balance documentary series.

54. This country has a strong ‘son preference’, which is partially responsible for its high birth rates.

55. This country’s population is expected to shrink by ½ by the year 2050.

56. Women with children are seen as a burden in this country’s workforce.

57. The husband’s family often times interferes with a woman’s decision to use birth control in this country.

58. ½ of this country is under the age of 25 and is reaching the reproductive age.

59. HIV/ AIDS has left 11 million orphans in this country.

60. Which country has the only increasing death rate?

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AP Environmental Science Name: ______Unit: Population

Exam III: Ch 6: Population Biology & Ch 7: Human Populations

Part II: Constructed Response (40 points)

Instructions: Write to 4 of the following 8 questions. Select 2 from the ‘Human Population’ choices #1-4 and 2 from the ‘Population Biology’ choices #5-8. You MUST choose question #1 or #2 as one of your ‘Human Population’ selections. Scratch off the 4 questions that you are NOT choosing to write to. Please write neatly and use complete sentences.

Question 1: Human Population

(a) Create a graph of the data from table 1 below on the axes provided.

Table 1: Worldwide Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Year TFR 1950 5.0 1960 4.9 1970 4.7 1980 3.7 1990 3.4 2000 3.0

(b) Identify and discuss TWO of the causes for the trend in worldwide TFR that you graphed in part (a).

Table 2: Population Data for Selected Nations (2005)

Country TFR Crude Birth Crude Death Infant Mortality Per Capita Income (U.S. Rate * Rate * Rate * Dollars) China 1.6 12 7 27 6,500 Japan 1.3 9 8 2.8 31,400 Kenya 5.9 43 19 100 1,000 United 2.0 14 8 6.7 42,000 States

*Rates are per thousand per year

(c) Consider the data in table 2 above. Identify and discuss TWO economic or societal factors that account for the differences between the TFR of Kenya and that of the United States.

(c) Describe TWO human activities related to the rapidly growing world population that are having an impact on the Earth’s biodiversity.

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Question 2: Human Population

A certain fictional country called Industria is tracking its population data. In 1855, the first year vital statistics were reported for the country, the population was 1.6 million, with a crude birth rate of 43 per 1,000. At that time the population of Industria was growing quite slowly, because of the high death rate of 41 per 1,000. In 1875 the population began to grow very rapidly as the birth rate remained at its 1855 level, while the crude death rate dropped dramatically to 20 per 1,000. Population growth continued to increase in the small country into the late 1800’s, even though birth rates began to decline slowly.

In 1895 the crude death rate had dropped to 37, and the death rate to 12 per 1,000. In that year (1895) a complete census revealed that the population of Industria had grown to 2.5 million. By 1950 population growth gradually began to decline as the death rate remained at its 1895 level, while the birth rate continued to decline to 22 per 1,000. In 1977 vital statistics revealed that the death rate was 10 per 1,000, and that population growth had slowed even more to an annual rate of 0.4%. By 1990 Industria had reduced its birth rate to that of its now constant, low death rate, and the population transition was complete.

(a). Create a graph and plot the crude birth-rate data from 1855 to 1990. Now plot the crude death-rate data on the same axes. Clearly label the axes and the curves.

(b). What was the annual growth rate of Industria in 1950? What was the birth rate in Industria in 1977?

(c). Indicate TWO factors that might have accounted for the rapid decline in the death rate in Industria between 1855 and 1895. Indicate one specific reason why the birth rate might have been so high in 1855 and was so slow to decrease between 1855 and 1950.

(d). Determine what the population size of Industria would have been in 1951 if the population had continued to grow at the annual rate of growth recorded for Industria in 1895.

Question 3: Human Population

What social challenges are posed by a pyramid shaped population profile versus an inverted pyramid shaped age structure.

Question 4: Human Population

Briefly explain how the status of women affects population growth.

Question 5: Population Biology

Compare and contrast r-selected and k-selected species. Give specific examples of each. Be sure to include the following terms/ concepts in your answer (biotic potential, , and parental investment)

Question 6: Population Biology

Explain the history of wolf management in the United States focusing on 1) Eradication 2) Protection and 3) Reintroduction. Be specific in your explanations and be sure to explain the impact on the each step of the way.

Question 7: Population Biology

What is island biogeography and why is it important in conservation biology?

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Question 8: Population Biology

Is carrying capacity a fixed entity? Discuss the role of humans in regulating the carrying capacity for human species and in altering the carrying capacity for other species.

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