Density Dependence in Ungulates: a Review of Causes, and Concepts with Some Clarifications
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Stopover Ecology of a Migratory Ungulate
Journal of Animal Ecology 2011, 80, 1078–1087 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01845.x Stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate Hall Sawyer1,2* and Matthew J. Kauffman3 1Department of Zoology and Physiology, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; 2Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., 200 South 2nd St., Laramie, WY 82070, USA; and 3Department of Zoology and Physiology, United States Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA Summary 1. Birds that migrate long distances use stopover sites to optimize fuel loads and complete migra- tion as quickly as possible. Stopover use has been predicted to facilitate a time-minimization strat- egy in land migrants as well, but empirical tests have been lacking, and alternative migration strategies have not been considered. 2. We used fine-scale movement data to evaluate the ecological role of stopovers in migratory mule deer Odocoileus hemionus – a land migrant whose fitness is strongly influenced by energy intake rather than migration speed. 3. Although deer could easily complete migrations (range 18–144 km) in several days, they took an average of 3 weeks and spent 95% of that time in a series of stopover sites that had higher for- age quality than movement corridors. Forage quality of stopovers increased with elevation and distance from winter range. Mule deer use of stopovers corresponded with a narrow phenological range, such that deer occupied stopovers 44 days prior to peak green-up, when forage quality was presumed to be highest. Mule deer used one stopover for every 5Æ3 and 6Æ7 km travelled during spring and autumn migrations, respectively, and used the same stopovers in consecutive years. -
Boselaphus Tragocamelus</I>
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey 2008 Boselaphus tragocamelus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) David M. Leslie Jr. U.S. Geological Survey, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Leslie, David M. Jr., "Boselaphus tragocamelus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)" (2008). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 723. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/723 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MAMMALIAN SPECIES 813:1–16 Boselaphus tragocamelus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) DAVID M. LESLIE,JR. United States Geological Survey, Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3051, USA; [email protected] Abstract: Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas, 1766) is a bovid commonly called the nilgai or blue bull and is Asia’s largest antelope. A sexually dimorphic ungulate of large stature and unique coloration, it is the only species in the genus Boselaphus. It is endemic to peninsular India and small parts of Pakistan and Nepal, has been extirpated from Bangladesh, and has been introduced in the United States (Texas), Mexico, South Africa, and Italy. It prefers open grassland and savannas and locally is a significant agricultural pest in India. It is not of special conservation concern and is well represented in zoos and private collections throughout the world. DOI: 10.1644/813.1. -
Modeling Techniques
Appendix A Modeling Techniques A.1 Population Growth Models Using Differential Equations Our main goal here is to introduce a few modeling techniques we use throughout this book. We do not intend however to provide here the fundamentals on modeling, a tutorial or a review. For these, we refer to other sources (DeAngelis et al. 1992; Ford 2009; Grimm et al. 2006; Kuang 1993). This Appendix is rather a refresher as well as an example of why using different modeling techniques for one and the same problem can be beneficial to understand biological processes better. We start with the simple exponential population growth to make modeling accessible even to complete beginners. Biologists generally define a population as a collection of individuals that belong to the same species and can potentially breed with each other. One of the best-known early models on population growth was outlined by Malthus (1798). He famously maintained that the human population is predicted to grow in an exponential manner, but the crucial products needed to sustain the population grow in but a linear manner. He argued that these different types of growths will trigger disasters when the population’s needs are not satisfied. The basic exponential growth model consists of a single positive feedback loop that arises from the fact that every individual (N) is predicted to have a fixed number of offspring (r), regardless of the size of the population, and thus also regardless of the remaining resources in the habitat: dN = rN dt (A.1.1) This exponential growth model had a profound effect on biology such as developing the theory of natural selection (Darwin 1859). -
Density Dependence in Demography and Dispersal Generates Fluctuating
Density dependence in demography and dispersal generates fluctuating invasion speeds Lauren L. Sullivana,1, Bingtuan Lib, Tom E. X. Millerc, Michael G. Neubertd, and Allison K. Shawa aDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108; bDepartment of Mathematics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292; cDepartment of BioSciences, Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005; and dBiology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 Edited by Alan Hastings, University of California, Davis, CA, and approved March 30, 2017 (received for review November 23, 2016) Density dependence plays an important role in population regu- is driven by reproduction and dispersal from high-density pop- lation and is known to generate temporal fluctuations in popu- ulations behind the invasion front (13–15)]. The conventional lation density. However, the ways in which density dependence wisdom of a long-term constant invasion speed is widely applied affects spatial population processes, such as species invasions, (16, 17). are less understood. Although classical ecological theory suggests In contrast to classic approaches that emphasize a long-term that invasions should advance at a constant speed, empirical work constant speed, there is growing empirical recognition that inva- is illuminating the highly variable nature of biological invasions, sion dynamics can be highly variable and idiosyncratic (18–25). which often exhibit nonconstant spreading speeds, even in sim- There are several theoretical explanations for fluctuations in ple, controlled settings. Here, we explore endogenous density invasion speed (which we define here as any persistent tem- dependence as a mechanism for inducing variability in biologi- poral variability in spreading speed), including stochasticity in cal invasions with a set of population models that incorporate either demography or dispersal (24–28) and temporal or spatial density dependence in demographic and dispersal parameters. -
Plant Diversity Increases with the Strength of Negative Density Dependence at the Global Scale
RESEARCH FOREST ECOLOGY predators, pathogens, or herbivores) and/or com- petition for space and resources (2–4, 7). Numer- ous studies have documented the existence of CNDD in one or several plant species (8–12), and Plant diversity increases with the most of these studies explicitly or implicitly as- sume that stronger CNDD maintains higher spe- strength of negative density cies diversity in communities. However, only a handful of studies have explicitly examined dependence at the global scale the link between CNDD and species diversity (4, 11, 13, 14),andnostudyhasexaminedthis relationship across temperate and tropical lat- Joseph A. LaManna,1,2* Scott A. Mangan,2 Alfonso Alonso,3 Norman A. Bourg,4,5 itudes. Despite decades of study, our understand- Warren Y. Brockelman,6,7 Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin,8 Li-Wan Chang,9 ing of how processes at local scales—such as Jyh-Min Chiang,10 George B. Chuyong,11 Keith Clay,12 Richard Condit,13 density-dependent biotic interactions—influence Susan Cordell,14 Stuart J. Davies,15,16 Tucker J. Furniss,17 Christian P. Giardina,14 18 18 19,20 global patterns of biodiversity remains in flux I. A. U. Nimal Gunatilleke, C. V. Savitri Gunatilleke, Fangliang He, 1 15 21 22 23 ( , ). Robert W. Howe, Stephen P. Hubbell, Chang-Fu Hsieh, Both species-specific and more generalized 14 24 25 15,16 Faith M. Inman-Narahari, David Janík, Daniel J. Johnson, David Kenfack, mechanisms can cause CNDD, but only CNDD 3 24 26 17 Lisa Korte, Kamil Král, Andrew J. Larson, James A. Lutz, caused by species-specific mechanisms can main- 27,28 4 29 Sean M. -
"Density Dependence and Independence"
Density Dependence and Advanced article Independence Article Contents . Introduction: Concepts and Importance in Ecology Mark A Hixon, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA . Mechanisms of Density Dependence . Old Debates Resolved Darren W Johnson, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA . Detecting Density Dependence . Future Directions Online posting date: 15th December 2009 Density dependence occurs when the population growth parameter of interest involves population dynamics, rate, or constituent gain rates (e.g. birth and immi- including the population growth rate and the four primary gration) or loss rates (death and emigration), vary caus- demographic (or vital) rates – birth, death, immigration ally with population size or density (N). When these and emigration – although related parameters, such as growth and fecundity, are also investigated. See also: parameters do not vary with N, they are density-inde- Population Dynamics: Introduction pendent. Direct density dependence, where the popu- Use of the words ‘density dependence’ alone normally lation growth rate or gain rates vary as a negative means ‘direct density dependence’ (or compensation): the function of N, or the loss rates vary as a positive function of per capita (proportional) gain rate (population or indi- N, is necessary but not always sufficient for population vidual growth, fecundity, birth or immigration) decreases regulation. The opposite patterns, inverse density as N increases (Figure 1a) or the loss rate (death and/or dependence or the Allee effect, may push endangered emigration) increases as N increases (Figure 1b). The populations towards extinction. Direct density depend- opposite patterns are called inverse density dependence (or ence is caused by competition, and at times, predation. -
Literature Cited in Lizards Natural History Database
Literature Cited in Lizards Natural History database Abdala, C. S., A. S. Quinteros, and R. E. Espinoza. 2008. Two new species of Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from the puna of northwestern Argentina. Herpetologica 64:458-471. Abdala, C. S., D. Baldo, R. A. Juárez, and R. E. Espinoza. 2016. The first parthenogenetic pleurodont Iguanian: a new all-female Liolaemus (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from western Argentina. Copeia 104:487-497. Abdala, C. S., J. C. Acosta, M. R. Cabrera, H. J. Villaviciencio, and J. Marinero. 2009. A new Andean Liolaemus of the L. montanus series (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from western Argentina. South American Journal of Herpetology 4:91-102. Abdala, C. S., J. L. Acosta, J. C. Acosta, B. B. Alvarez, F. Arias, L. J. Avila, . S. M. Zalba. 2012. Categorización del estado de conservación de las lagartijas y anfisbenas de la República Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetologia 26 (Suppl. 1):215-248. Abell, A. J. 1999. Male-female spacing patterns in the lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. Amphibia-Reptilia 20:185-194. Abts, M. L. 1987. Environment and variation in life history traits of the Chuckwalla, Sauromalus obesus. Ecological Monographs 57:215-232. Achaval, F., and A. Olmos. 2003. Anfibios y reptiles del Uruguay. Montevideo, Uruguay: Facultad de Ciencias. Achaval, F., and A. Olmos. 2007. Anfibio y reptiles del Uruguay, 3rd edn. Montevideo, Uruguay: Serie Fauna 1. Ackermann, T. 2006. Schreibers Glatkopfleguan Leiocephalus schreibersii. Munich, Germany: Natur und Tier. Ackley, J. W., P. J. Muelleman, R. E. Carter, R. W. Henderson, and R. Powell. 2009. A rapid assessment of herpetofaunal diversity in variously altered habitats on Dominica. -
STAGE STRUCTURE, DENSITY DEPENDENCE and the EFFICACY of MARINE RESERVES Colette M. St. Mary, Craig W. Osenberg, Thomas K. Frazer
BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 66(3): 675–690, 2000 STAGE STRUCTURE, DENSITY DEPENDENCE AND THE EFFICACY OF MARINE RESERVES Colette M. St. Mary, Craig W. Osenberg, Thomas K. Frazer and William J. Lindberg ABSTRACT The habitat requirements of fishes and other marine organisms often change with on- togeny, so many harvested species exhibit such extreme large-scale spatial segregation between life stages that all life stages cannot be protected within a single marine reserve. Nevertheless, most discussions of marine reserves have focused narrowly on single life- history events (e.g., reproduction or settlement) or a single life stage (e.g., adult or re- cruit). Instead, we hypothesize that an effective marine reserve system should often in- clude a diversity of protected habitats, each appropriate to a different life stage. In such a case, the spatial configuration of habitats within reserves, and of separate reserves across larger spatial scales, may affect how marine resources respond to reserve design. We explored these issues by developing a mathematical model of a fish population consist- ing of two benthic life stages (juvenile and adult) that use spatially distinct habitats and examined the population’s response to various management scenarios. Specifically, we varied the sizes of reserves protecting the two life stages and the degree of coupling between juvenile and adult reserves (i.e., the fraction of the protected juvenile stock that migrates into the adult reserve upon maturation). We examined the effects when density dependence operated in only the juvenile stage, only the adult stage, or both. The results demonstrated that population stage structure and the nature of density dependence should be incorporated into the design of marine reserves but did not provide robust support for the general tenet that all life stages must be protected for an effective reserve system. -
Ungulate and Human Risk Perception in Shared Environments
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2020 Ungulate and human risk perception in shared environments Benjamin Johnson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Johnson, Benjamin, "Ungulate and human risk perception in shared environments" (2020). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17960. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17960 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ungulate and human risk perception in shared environments by Benjamin J. Johnson A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program of Study Committee: Robert Klaver, Co-major Professor Cassandra Nuñez, Co-major Professor Amy Toth Dara Wald The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2020 Copyright © Benjamin J. Johnson, 2020. All rights -
Hooves and Herds Lesson Plan
Hooves and Herds 6-8 grade Themes: Rut (breeding) in ungulates (hoofed mammals) Location: Materials: The lesson can be taught in the classroom or a hybrid of in WDFW PowerPoints: Introduction to Ungulates in Washington, the classroom and on WDFW public lands. We encourage Rut in Washington Ungulates, Ungulate comparison sheet, teachers and parents to take students in the field so they WDFW career profile can look for signs of rut in ungulates (hoofed animals) and experience the ecosystems where ungulates call home. Vocabulary: If your group size is over 30 people, you must apply for a Biological fitness: How successful an individual is at group permit. To do this, please e-mail or call your WDFW reproducing relative to others in the population. regional customer service representative. Bovid: An ungulate with permanent keratin horns. All males have horns and, in many species, females also have horns. Check out other WDFW public lands rules and parking Examples are cows, sheep, and goats. information. Cervid: An ungulate with antlers that fall off and regrow every Remote learning modification: Lesson can be taught over year. Antlers are almost exclusively found on males (exception Zoom or Google Classrooms. is caribou). Examples include deer, elk, and moose. Harem: A group of breeding females associated with one breeding male. Standards: Herd: A large group of animals, especially hoofed mammals, NGSS that live, feed, or migrate. MS-LS1-4 Mammal: Animals that are warm blooded, females have Use argument based on empirical evidence and scientific mammary glands that produce milk for feeding their young, reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic three bones in the middle ear, fur or hair (in at least one stage animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the of their life), and most give live birth. -
INFLUENCE of a POPULATION IRRUPTION by ROOSEVELT ELK on a VEGETATION INDEX by Heath D. Starns, B.S. a Thesis Submitted To
INFLUENCE OF A POPULATION IRRUPTION BY ROOSEVELT ELK ON A VEGETATION INDEX by Heath D. Starns, B.S. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a Major in Wildlife Ecology May 2014 Committee Members: Floyd W. Weckerly, Chair M. Clay Green Thomas R. Simpson COPYRIGHT by Heath D. Starns 2014 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Heath D. Starns, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply grateful to the three members of my advisory committee for their support and guidance through this process. Butch Weckerly provided useful insight into the statistical procedures used and kept me focused while writing the manuscript. I am also indebted to Mark Ricca for his advice regarding the method used to obtain vegetation data, as well as to all the students involved with counting elk throughout the time of the study: R. Keleher, J. Hunt, D. Lancaster, M. Longoria, R. Luna, M. O’Dell, K. Richardson, S. Robinson, S. Shelton, G. Street, and D. Wolcott. Further assistance with counts, in addition to logistical support, was provided by staff biologists of Redwood National and State Parks. -
AZA Ungulate TAG Midyear Meetings March 23-25, 2021 “Many Hooves, One Herd”
AZA Ungulate TAG Midyear Meetings March 23-25, 2021 “Many Hooves, One Herd” Tuesday March 23 - DAY 1 (All times are Eastern Standard Time) 11am-1pm Welcome, Overview, and Agenda for the Week – Moderator, Steve Metzler, Antelope, Cattle, Giraffid, and Camelid TAG Chair AZA Ungulate TAG Chair Briefings • Rhino TAG – Adam Eyres, TAG Chair, Fossil Rim Wildlife Center • Equid TAG – Tim Thier, TAG Chair, Saint Louis Zoo • Hippo, Peccary, Pig, and Tapir TAG – Martin Ramirez, TAG Chair, Woodland Park Zoo • Deer (Cervid/Tragulid) TAG – Michelle Hatwood, TAG Chair, Audubon Species Survival Center • Caprinae TAG – Gil Myers, TAG Chair, Smithsonian National Zoo • Antelope, Cattle, Giraffid, and Camelid (ACGC) TAG – Steve Metzler, TAG Chair, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance 1pm-2:30pm Animal Program Leaders Meeting 3pm-5pm The Future of SSPs and How it May Impact the Ungulate TAGs and Collection Planning – Presentations and Discussion, Moderator, Steve Metzler • Panelists, Dave Powell, Animal Population Management Committee, Saint Louis Zoo and Ungulate TAG Chairs Wednesday March 24 – DAY 2 (All times are Eastern Standard Time) 11am-1pm Reports from the Field Part 1 – Moderators, Wendy Enright and RoxAnna Breitigan, The Living Desert Zoo and Gardens • Peninsular Pronghorn Conservation Project – Melodi Tayles, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance • Large-antlered Muntjac CGF Grant – Michelle Hatwood, Audubon Species Survival Center • Action Indonesia Update – James Burton, IUCN Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group • Saola Working Group activities - James Burton,