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Géographie Du Système Alimentaire Des Inuit Du Nunavik : Du Territoire Nourricier Au Supermarché Annie Lamalice

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Géographie Du Système Alimentaire Des Inuit Du Nunavik : Du Territoire Nourricier Au Supermarché Annie Lamalice Géographie du système alimentaire des Inuit du Nunavik : du territoire nourricier au supermarché Annie Lamalice To cite this version: Annie Lamalice. Géographie du système alimentaire des Inuit du Nunavik : du territoire nourricier au supermarché. Géographie. Université Montpellier; Université de Montréal, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019MONTG085. tel-02861902 HAL Id: tel-02861902 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02861902 Submitted on 9 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER En écologie de la santé École doctorale GAIA Unité de recherche : Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175 En partenariat international avec l’Université de Montréal, CANADA Géographie du système alimentaire des Inuit du Nunavik : du territoire nourricier au supermarché. Présentée par Annie LAMALICE Le 16 décembre 2019 Sous la direction de Jean-Louis MARTIN, Thora Martina HERRMANN et Sylvie BLANGY Devant le jury composé de Malek BATAL, professeur titulaire, Université de Montréal Président Jean-Pierre POULAIN, professeur, Université Toulouse 2 Jean Jaurès, ISTHIA Rapporteur Myriam FILLION, professeure, Université TELUQ Rapporteuse Anne ATLAN, directrice de recherche, Université Rennes 2 Examinatrice Séverine DURAND, chercheure associée, UMR Pacte Examinatrice iii Résumé Cette thèse se penche sur la transition du système alimentaire du Nunavik et sur ses conséquences pour le bien-être des Inuit. Elle soumet l’hypothèse que la nouvelle configuration territoriale du système alimentaire modifie les interactions humains-milieux, ce qui le rend incompatible à la fois avec les écosystèmes du Nunavik, et avec la culture et l’identité inuit. L’intensification des liens entre économie inuit et économie globalisée concourt à placer les territoires nordiques dans une position d’échange inégal et de dépendance envers les producteurs et les fournisseurs d’un secteur agroalimentaire exogène au sein duquel les résidents du Nord ont peu d’occasions de se faire entendre. La souveraineté alimentaire à l’égard des aliments du marché est ainsi fortement limitée, ce qui affecte négativement la santé et le bien-être inuit. Des pistes de solution pour améliorer la résilience du système alimentaire, dont le développement de projets de jardinage communautaire et l’amélioration de l’accès aux aliments traditionnels, y sont explorées. La collecte des données pour réaliser les quatre articles qui forment le corps de cette thèse s’est échelonnée entre octobre 2015 et mars 2019 dans les villages nordiques de Kuujjuaq et Kangiqsujuaq, au Nunavik. La variété des méthodes utilisées, alliant les entretiens semi- dirigés, la réalisation de cartes mentales, des analyses de sol et des ateliers participatifs, a permis de relever le triple défi de l’interdisciplinarité, de la recherche-action participative et d’un terrain particulièrement difficile d’accès. Les résultats illustrent que les aliments traditionnels issus des activités de chasse, de pêche et de cueillette demeurent des vecteurs importants de la relation au territoire et du bien-être inuit, malgré le fait qu’ils ne représentent plus qu’une petite fraction de l’alimentation. La perte de mobilité et l’adoption d’un nouveau mode de vie, accompagnées et rendues possibles par la transition du système alimentaire, ont perturbé les interactions humains-milieux à différents niveaux. La plus grande pression exercée sur l'environnement naturel provient des activités humaines menées ailleurs sur la planète et d’un modèle de consommation incompatible qui génèrent de nombreuses externalités négatives sur l’environnement et la santé humaine. L’un des apports les plus significatifs de cette thèse est d’avoir montré comment les questions alimentaires, sociales, climatiques et énergétiques sont interreliées, et par quels mécanismes. La conclusion pointant les conséquences cumulatives des changements climatiques, de la contamination environnementale et de la colonisation fait une synthèse des enjeux auxquels est confronté le système socioécologique du Nunavik. Abstract This thesis focuses on the transition of Nunavik’s food system and on the consequences of that transition for the region’s inhabitants. The thesis’s hypothesis is that the food system’s new territorial configuration changes the interactions between humans and the natural environment, and thus becomes incompatible with Nunavik’s ecosystems as well as Inuit culture and identity. Intensifying relations between the Inuit economy and the globalized economy put northern territories in a position of unequal exchange and dependency in relation to producers and suppliers from an exogenous agri-food sector that offers northern residents few opportunities to be heard. Food market sovereignty is thus severely restricted, which harms Inuit health and well-being. This thesis explores potential solutions for improving the food system’s resilience, such as developing community gardening projects and improving access to traditional foods. The data on which the four articles of this thesis are based was collected between October 2015 and March 2019 in the northern villages of Kuujjuaq and Kangiqsujuaq, in Nunavik. The variety of methods used, combining semi-constructed interviews, the development of mental maps, soil analyses and participatory workshops, made it possible to meet the triple challenge of interdisciplinarity, participatory action research, and terrain particularly difficult to access. The results illustrate that traditional foods from hunting, fishing and gathering activities remain major factors for the Inuit in their interactions with the natural environment and in their well-being, although those activities now represent only a small fraction of the food supply. Loss of mobility and the adoption of a new lifestyle, accompanied and made possible by the food system’s transition, have disturbed the interactions between humans and the natural environment on various levels. The greatest pressure exerted on the natural environment originates from human activities carried out elsewhere in the world and from an incompatible consumption model that generate numerous negative externalities on the environment and human health. One of the most significant contributions of this thesis is to have demonstrated the mechanisms by which nutritional, social, climate and energy issues are interrelated. The conclusion, pointing to the cumulative consequences of climate change, environmental contamination and colonization, summarizes the issues confronting Nunavik’s socio-ecological system. Table des matières Résumé __________________________________________________________________ iv Abstract __________________________________________________________________ iv Liste des tableaux ___________________________________________________________ x Liste des figures ___________________________________________________________ xi Liste des sigles et abréviations _______________________________________________ xiii Remerciements ___________________________________________________________ xvi Introduction générale ________________________________________________________ 1 Chapitre 1 – Mise en contexte et problématique __________________________________ 8 1.1. L’alimentation traditionnelle inuit ___________________________________________ 8 1.1.1. La toundra hospitalière : terre nourricière des Inuit du Nunavik __________________________ 8 1.1.2. Les activités de subsistance ______________________________________________________ 13 1.1.3. Le régime traditionnel et ses bienfaits ______________________________________________ 15 1.1.4. L’alimentation au cœur de l’identité et de la culture __________________________________ 17 1.2. Transformations alimentaires et territoriales _________________________________ 18 1.2.1. L’intensification de la présence européenne au Nunavik _______________________________ 19 1.2.2. Les politiques coloniales canadiennes et québécoises _________________________________ 21 1.2.3. Les grands projets hydro-électriques et la Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord-du-Québec 22 1.2.4. Le Plan Nord et le Plan Nunavik : des iniquités qui se perpétuent ________________________ 27 1.2.5. La genèse du système alimentaire mondial __________________________________________ 29 1.2.6. Une transition alimentaire drastique et rapide _______________________________________ 33 1.3. Les défis contemporains du système alimentaire mixte au Nunavik _______________ 35 1.3.1. Accessibilité et qualité de l’offre alimentaire _________________________________________ 35 1.3.2. Pression démographique et déficience des infrastructures _____________________________ 37 1.3.3. Vulnérabilité face aux changements climatiques _____________________________________ 38 1.3.4. Exposition aux contaminants environnementaux _____________________________________ 40 1.3.5. Enjeux de géopolitique et de gouvernance __________________________________________ 41 1.3.6. Les effets de la transition nutritionnelle sur la santé et le bien-être ______________________
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