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Safety Culture, Training, Understanding, Aviation Passion: the Impact on Manual Flight and Operational Performance

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Safety Culture, Training, Understanding, Aviation Passion: the Impact on Manual Flight and Operational Performance Dissertations and Theses 1-2019 Safety Culture, Training, Understanding, Aviation Passion: The Impact on Manual Flight and Operational Performance Karlene Kassner Petitt Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/edt Part of the Aviation and Space Education Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Petitt, Karlene Kassner, "Safety Culture, Training, Understanding, Aviation Passion: The Impact on Manual Flight and Operational Performance" (2019). Dissertations and Theses. 436. https://commons.erau.edu/edt/436 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Safety Culture, Training, Understanding, Aviation Passion: The impact on Manual Flight and Operational Performance By Karlene Kassner Petitt A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Aviation in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Aviation Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, Florida January 2019 © 2019 Karlene Kassner Petitt All Rights Reserved. ii ABSTRACT Researcher: Karlene Kassner Petitt Title: Safety Culture, Training, Understanding, Aviation Passion: The impact on Manual Flight and Operational Performance Institution: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Degree: Doctor of Philosophy in Aviation Year: 2017 The objective of this study was to understand pilots’ proclivity toward automation usage by identifying the relationship among pilot training, aircraft and systems understanding, safety culture, manual flight behavior, and aviation passion. A survey instrument titled Manual Flight Inventory (MFI) was designed to gather and assess self-reported variables of manual flight behavior, aviation passion, safety culture perception, pilot training, and pilot understanding. Demographic data and automation opinion-based questions were also asked to fully understand pilots’ thoughts on automation, safety culture, policies, procedures, training methodologies and assessment measures, levels of understanding, and study techniques. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was utilized to identify underlying factors from the data, followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm the factor structure. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to test the relationships between the variables. All hypotheses were significant; however, four of the thirteen hypotheses were not supported due to a negative relationship. The significant predictors of manual flight were identified to be pilot understanding, pilot training, aviation passion, and safety culture. Pilots’ understanding of the aircraft operating systems was determined to have the greatest influence over a pilot’s decision to manually fly. Aviation passion was identified as the second largest influencing factor. Pilot iv training had the greatest influence over pilot understanding, and safety culture presented the greatest influence over pilot training. Results identified that safety culture was negatively impacting pilot training, and pilot training had a negative influence over pilots’ decision to manually fly. The contributions of this research have identified the significance of safety culture as associated with Safety Management Systems (SMS) as an influencing factor over pilot training and resultant operational performance. Pilot understanding is a direct result of pilot training, and current training practices are negatively influencing the decision for manual flight. Therefore, a solution to the industry problem—operational confusion (understanding), as well as guidance versus control (Abbott, 2015), and the lack of hand flying skills and monitoring ability (OIG, 2016)—can now be addressed by improving training practices. Future research and recommendations were provided. v DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the thousands of pilots worldwide who participated in this research, and to those who are courageous enough to use these results to create positive change. When this work began, I was required to acquire 1,599 surveys. I was told that was impossible. At the most I would get 300, maybe 350. Eight months later I had 7,492 surveys. The significance of this number identifies that pilots worldwide care about the safety of the industry. Comments received from these pilots have further identified concern with the trajectory and ensuing safety of where this industry is going. The hope is that this research will be used for betterment of this industry to make positive steps for the future to ensure safe travel for all. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This researched could not have come to fruition without consultation of a team of subject matter experts who gave freely not only of their time, but also shared their vast experience to assist in the future of aviation: Dr. Chris Broyhill, Captain Ray Wallace, Captain Tim Tobin, Captain Carl Davis, Captain Bo Corby, Captain John Doherty, Captain Jay Sakas, and First Officer Daniel Sallee. These professionals’ experience (found in the body of this paper) and their willingness to give their valuable time is what made this project a success. Many individuals also assisted along the way. My proctor Dr. Johnny Summers, an Alaska Airlines Captain, FAA designee, and aviation enthusiast, provide his masterful proctoring skills, but more than that—unending support. Many representatives of organizations stepped forward to help share the survey information: Alitalia, Allied Pilots Association, Spanish Union of Airline Pilots (SELPA), Female Aviators Standing Together (FAST), ERAU, 99s, and Curt Lewis, as did many individuals. Armond Angeles, who was my go to stats guru, provided assistance that was invaluable. My committee: Dr. Alan Stolzer introduced me to Safety Management Systems and the quintessential importance of safety culture in airline operations. Dr. Haydee Cuevas introduced me to adaptive expertise and shared her expertise in human factors, helped take my writing to the doctoral level, and her overall support and compassion were like none other. Dr. Tony Kern continually reminds me that professionalism and associated behavior will make the skies safer. He gave his valuable time to add operational realism as an aviator with expertise for safety and human reliability to improve this work. Dr. Dave Esser, the professor who had the most daunting task of the chair, showed patience and perseverance, and reminded me that good things take time. Dr. Cortes posed excellent operational questions that assisted in vii providing clarity. Captain David Romig combined his aviation and human factors expertise with his editing talents of a pre-read. Dr. Friend stepped in as interim associate dean and added his editing expertise. Dr. Dothang Truong provided valuable help through this program with his statistical expertise and willingness to always answer questions, and was the driving force for my first published article. Daniel L. Hammes, ERAU Campus Director Seattle, San Francisco Bay, and Tacoma Campuses, represents the essence of aviation passion; and throughout this process he stood by my side supporting the future of aviation which reminded me why this research was important. A huge thanks to Jennifer Hunt and Jen Edwards, my cohort sisters, for the laughter and challenges we shared daily along this journey. I would like to acknowledge all those in my cohort and those I shared classes with, and inspired critical thinking along the way, and for Troy for his continued support and our very enjoyable legal debates in Aviation Law. Nathan Everett assisted in formatting this document, and helped to turn this dissertation into a published book. My mother, Pat Kassner, gave her unending support in the pursuit of my education and supported me with all that has transpired as a result of this work. Lee Seham reduced the weight off my shoulders while finishing this work, and inspired me as to the type of attorney I will become. Last but not least, I thank my husband, Dick Petitt, who is a partner in this research and my life. He is the person I bounced ideas off of, read my work, and who understood that the pursuit of this education was more than just a plaque on the wall. When the lessons of SMS and safety culture opened my eyes to operational reality, he stood by my side throughout the ensuing and unexpected path I traveled. His unending support and encouragement to do the right thing on behalf of safety will make the skies just a little bit safer. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xix List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xxi Chapter I Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Significance of the Study ................................................................ 6 Statement of the Problem ............................................................... 6 Purpose Statement .......................................................................... 6 Research Questions ........................................................................ 7 Delimitations .................................................................................
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