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A Case Study Along an Altitudinal Transect in the Garhwal Region of Central Himalaya

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A Case Study Along an Altitudinal Transect in the Garhwal Region of Central Himalaya Tropical Ecology 57(4): 637-647, 2016 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology www.tropecol.com Implying quantitative ecology of Drosophilid fauna as a tool for biodiversity assessment - A case study along an altitudinal transect in the Garhwal region of Central Himalaya MANISHA SARSWAT, PRADEEP C. SATI, SAURABH DEWAN & RAJENDRA S. FARTYAL* Cytogenetics and Molecular Systematics Laboratory, UGC-SAP Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal-246174, Uttarakhand, India Abstract: Very few studies to date have exploited Drosophilids as potential bio-indicators of biodiversity or ecological integrity. Here we investigate the Drosophila assemblage as a bio- indication system especially for the management of tropical areas with high rates of habitat destruction and biodiversity loss. Several sampling surveys were carried out for more than a year along an altitudinal gradient at six stations in the Garhwal region to provide information about the composition of the drosophilid community. Various diversity indices, constancy method and cluster analysis were used to analyse species occurrence. The ecological indices showed a possible positive association between species abundance and environmental heterogeneity of the studied areas. Mandal (1600 m asl) being a transition area between sub-tropical and temperate zones, with a high degree of heterogeneity in climate and vegetation, proved to be most diverse of all stations studied. Consistent with the fact that the corridor from Mandal via Kanchula-Kharak upto Chopta is already advocated as a protected zone, our study proposes usage of drosophilid assemblage composition as a very efficient and accurate tool for future selection and design of protected areas in the region. Key words: Altitudinal distribution, biodiversity, climate change, cluster analysis, diversity indices, Mandal, Uttarakhand. Handling Editor: Christopher D. Beatty Introduction of proper methods to assess and monitor biodiversity, especially at regional scales. Uttarakhand state in the central Himalayan Regardless of imperative efforts to prevent the loss region of India was carved out in the year 2000, of biodiversity in the state, the decline has recognising the socio-economic demands of the continued largely due to lack of simple yet efficient locales and a need for better management of a methods of biodiversity assessment. Conversely, it plethora of ecological resources. Fundamental to is never sensible to measure every aspect of any good governance policy in a newly created biodiversity at all spatial and temporal levels. state is the harmonious relationship between Thus, the need has arisen for a well optimized biodiversity and subsequent ecosystem services. assessment method that could be well correlated This harmonious link between biodiversity and with all levels of biodiversity and ecosystem ecosystem services is often severed due to the lack integrity. *Corresponding Author; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 638 DROSOPHILA ECOLOGY ON AN ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT The development of an efficient indicator & Tidon 2005; Parsons 1991, 1995; Powell 1997; system for assessing and monitoring ecosystem Saavedra et al. 1995) the prospect of these flies as health and functioning has been long advocated bio-indicators remains to be tested in this region. (UN 2002). Assessing species diversity is among Several drosophilid species have been recorded the most sensitive and extensively adopted and described so far from varied eco-geographical measures of biodiversity (Colwell & Coddington zones in India (Gupta 2005). The results of the 1994) which could be robustly related with taxonomic studies in this state have revealed the different levels of ecosystem organization. How- presence of many interesting species in these areas ever, an indicator species should also be represen- besides some of the common species. To name few, tative of the diversity of other groups and depict a Drosophila nainitalensis, D. paunii, D. bishtii, D. clear correlation with any disturbance gradient. neobaimai, D. neokhaoyana, D. sarswati, Scapto- Invertebrates have universally been employed as drosophila hirsute, Hirtodrosophila hexaspina, model organisms in research delineating data for Leucophenga neolacteusa, L. angulata, L. clubiata, conservation planning and management, and sub- L. trispina, Scaptomyza quadruangulata, Stegana sequent implications in selection of protected nainitalensis and Micodrosophila bamanpuriensis areas. They respond quickly to even subtle diffe- were described as new species. Gitona distigma, D. rences in habitat and ecosystem disturbances, sulfurigaster, Amiota biprotrusa, Hirtodrosophila serving as indicators of discrete biogeographical quadrivittata, H. actinia, Leucophenga albiceps, zones, regions of endemism or potential bio- Mulgravea parasiatica, Dittopsomyia nigrovittata diversity hotspots. Thus, studying community and Dichaetophora acutissima and Leucophenga structures or assemblages of insects can provide argentata de Meijere were recorded for the first substantial data valuable towards policies of time from India (Fartyal & Singh 2002, 2004; conservation planning and management (Kremen Singh & Bhatt 1988; Singh & Fartyal 2002; Singh et al. 1993). & Negi 1989, 1992, 1995; Singh et al. 2004; Studies on Drosophila have long contributed to Upadhyay & Singh 2007, 2012). This list is not our understanding of principles of genetics, exhaustive, yet it shows Central Himalaya as a molecular biology, population genetics and even drosophilid biodiversity hotspot, and suggests the evolution, as they are highly sensitive to slight potential of this group for evolutionary and environmental modifications that are reflected by conservation biology research. significant variation in their natural population Therefore, through this work we propose size and structure, morphology and even in their drosophilid assemblages as a potential bio- ecology. As compared to other conventional eco- indicator system based on extensive exploration of types which are well integrated units and undergo the drosophilid fauna inhabiting Garhwal region of no substantial change in shorter time span, the Central Himalaya. Garhwal region is among the altitudinal or latitudinal ecotypes in drosophilids key components of the Himalayan hotspot with are in a constant flux due to short generation high conservation value and several disturbance times, and they respond to environmental diffe- threats. It is undergoing extensive transformation rences by adaptive modification of genetic compo- due to rapid, unplanned urbanization, which poses sition leading to niche specialization. Local a threat to the rich bio-diverse legacy of the region. adaptation is most probable when populations Thus, we aimed to develop a diagnostic tool which inhabit highly divergent adjoining ecological would aid in monitoring and management of environments, such as found in the Central biodiversity and future conservation planning for Himalayan region of India, which encompasses this region. We explored the drosophilid assem- tropical to temperate taxa in the span of just few a blages along an altitudinal gradient from a few hundred kilometres. Here, altitudinal isolation selected sites with habitats as varied as Tropical- arises as a response of the species to environ- Subtropical Forest zone, Subtropical-Temperate mental differences in the habitats at different zone and Temperate-Subalpine zone in an attempt elevations. However, despite such highly varied to find any correlation with already established and sensitive environmental conditions, no such conservation areas in the region (Mandal- studies involving drosophilids as proposed bio- Kanchula-Kharak corridor) and also compared indicator in this geographic region have been these with other much disturbed and human inter- conducted. Though Drosophila is documented by vened habitats. In particular, we analysed the several workers as potentially good bio-indicators, similarity in assemblage composition between diffe- in comparison to any other insect group (Ferreira rent regions so as to determine the relative impor- SARSWAT et al. 639 Fig. 1. Sampling Sites (SG - Srinagar-Garhwal, AG - Augustyamuni, UC - Upper Chamoli, MD - Mandal, KK - Kanchula-Kharak and CP - Chopta). tance of regional drosophilid diversity as a Kanchula-Kharak (2100 m asl, 28° 43´ N and 77º potential bio-indicator. 34´ E, District-Chamoli) and Chopta (2700 m asl, 30° 29´ N and 79° 10´ E, District- Rudraprayag). Materials and methods Sample collection For the present study several sampling surveys were carried out for more than a year, The cosmopolitan or wide ranging species of from February 2013 to March 2014, so as to assess fruit fly were easily collected from the rotten Drosophilid diversity of Garhwal region (Fig. 1) fruits, fungi, flowers and other vegetable materials especially from Srinagar-Garhwal (550 m asl, 30° rich in carbohydrates, but the collection of 22´ N and 78° 78´ E, District-Pauri), Augustya- Drosophilid flies from natural habitats required muni (800 m asl, 30° 39´ N and 79° 02´ E, District- the application of a large range of techniques. The Rudraprayag), Upper Chamoli (1150 m asl, 30° 24´ following methods were used during the present N and 79° 21´ E, District-Chamoli), Mandal (1600 survey. The specimens studied were preserved in m asl, 30° 46´ N and 79° 26´ E, District-Chamoli), 70 % ethanol. 640 DROSOPHILA ECOLOGY ON AN ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT i) Trap bait method:
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