Fly Times Issue 52, April 2014
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ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES and PASSERINE DIET: EFFECTS of SHRUB EXPANSION in WESTERN ALASKA by Molly Tankersley Mcdermott, B.A./B.S
Arthropod communities and passerine diet: effects of shrub expansion in Western Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors McDermott, Molly Tankersley Download date 26/09/2021 06:13:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/7893 ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES AND PASSERINE DIET: EFFECTS OF SHRUB EXPANSION IN WESTERN ALASKA By Molly Tankersley McDermott, B.A./B.S. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks August 2017 APPROVED: Pat Doak, Committee Chair Greg Breed, Committee Member Colleen Handel, Committee Member Christa Mulder, Committee Member Kris Hundertmark, Chair Department o f Biology and Wildlife Paul Layer, Dean College o f Natural Science and Mathematics Michael Castellini, Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Across the Arctic, taller woody shrubs, particularly willow (Salix spp.), birch (Betula spp.), and alder (Alnus spp.), have been expanding rapidly onto tundra. Changes in vegetation structure can alter the physical habitat structure, thermal environment, and food available to arthropods, which play an important role in the structure and functioning of Arctic ecosystems. Not only do they provide key ecosystem services such as pollination and nutrient cycling, they are an essential food source for migratory birds. In this study I examined the relationships between the abundance, diversity, and community composition of arthropods and the height and cover of several shrub species across a tundra-shrub gradient in northwestern Alaska. To characterize nestling diet of common passerines that occupy this gradient, I used next-generation sequencing of fecal matter. Willow cover was strongly and consistently associated with abundance and biomass of arthropods and significant shifts in arthropod community composition and diversity. -
Wing Polymorphism in European Species of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera)
ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Published 17.xii.2012 Volume 52( 2), pp. 535–558 ISSN 0374-1036 Wing polymorphism in European species of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) Jindřich ROHÁČEK Slezské zemské muzeum, Tyršova 1, CZ-746 46 Opava, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The wing polymorphism is described in 8 European species of Sphae- roceridae (Diptera), viz. Crumomyia pedestris (Meigen, 1830), Phthitia spinosa (Collin, 1930), Pteremis fenestralis (Fallén, 1820), Pullimosina meijerei (Duda, 1918), Puncticorpus cribratum (Villeneuve, 1918), Spelobia manicata (Richards, 1927), Spelobia pseudonivalis (Dahl, 1909) and Terrilimosina corrivalis (Ville- neuve, 1918). These cases seem to belong to three types of alary polymorphism: i) species with separate macropterous and brachypterous forms – Crumomyia pedestris, Pteremis fenestralis, Pullimosina meijerei; ii) species with a continual series of wing forms ranging from brachypterous to macropterous – Puncticor- pus cribratum, Spelobia pseudonivalis, Terrilimosina corrivalis; iii) similar to the foregoing type but with only slightly reduced wing in the brachypterous form – Phthitia spinosa, Spelobia manicata. The variability of venation of wing polymorphic and brachypterous species of the West-Palaearctic species of Sphaeroceridae was examined and general trends in the reduction of veins during evolution are defi ned. These trends are found to be different in Copromyzinae (C. pedestris) and Limosininae (all other species) where 6 successive stages of reduction are recognized. The fi rst case of a specimen (of Pullimosina meije- rei) with unevenly developed wings (one normal, other reduced) is described in Sphaeroceridae. Causes of the origin of wing polymorphism, variability of wing polymorphic populations depending on geographical and climatic factors, importance of wing polymorphism in the evolution of brachypterous and apterous species and the probable genetic background of wing polymorphism in European species are discussed. -
New Records of the Genus Callicera Panzer, 1806 (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Serbia
Acta entomologica serbica, 2015, 20: 59-66 UDC 595.773.1(497.11) DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.45389 NEW RECORDS OF THE GENUS CALLICERA PANZER, 1806 (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) FROM SERBIA ZORICA NEDELJKOVIĆ1*, MARIJA MILIČIĆ2, LAURA LIKOV2, SNEŽANA RADENKOVIĆ2 and ANTE VUJIĆ2 1 BioSensе Institute - Research Institute for Information Technologies in Biosystems Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia *E-mail: [email protected] 2 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Abstract Only one species of the genus Callicera Panzer, 1806, Callicera aenea (Fabricius, 1777), has been recorded in Serbia so far. In addition to the recurring detection of this species, the first records of Callicera aurata (Rossi, 1790) and Callicera spinolae Rondani, 1844 are documented. Based on the collected and studied material, the distribution maps and identification key for Serbian species are provided. KEY WORDS: Callicera aurata, Callicera spinolae, distribution, Serbia, identification key. Introduction With about 6000 described species, hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) represent one of the most species-rich dipteran families. About 1800 species were recorded in the Palaearctic region (Van Veen, 2004). Hoverflies are significant pollinators of many plant species, and 19% of all insect pollinators are from the family Syrphidae (Rotheray & Gilbert, 2011). The genus Callicera Panzer, 1809 belongs to the subfamily Eristalinae, tribe Callicerini (Thompson & Rotheray, 1998). Callicera comprise robust bee-mimicking species, with very long antennae with arista posted at the apex of the third antennal segment. 60 Z. NEDELJKOVIĆ et al. The distribution of Callicera species is limited to the Holarctic and Indomalayan regions. -
Diptera, Empidoidea) 263 Doi: 10.3897/Zookeys.365.6070 Research Article Launched to Accelerate Biodiversity Research
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 365: 263–278 (2013) DNA barcoding of Hybotidae (Diptera, Empidoidea) 263 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.365.6070 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Using DNA barcodes for assessing diversity in the family Hybotidae (Diptera, Empidoidea) Zoltán T. Nagy1, Gontran Sonet1, Jonas Mortelmans2, Camille Vandewynkel3, Patrick Grootaert2 1 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny (JEMU), Rue Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium 2 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny (Ento- mology), Rue Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium 3 Laboratoire des Sciences de l’eau et environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Albert Thomas, 23, 87060 Limoges, France Corresponding author: Zoltán T. Nagy ([email protected]) Academic editor: K. Jordaens | Received 7 August 2013 | Accepted 27 November 2013 | Published 30 December 2013 Citation: Nagy ZT, Sonet G, Mortelmans J, Vandewynkel C, Grootaert P (2013) Using DNA barcodes for assessing diversity in the family Hybotidae (Diptera, Empidoidea). In: Nagy ZT, Backeljau T, De Meyer M, Jordaens K (Eds) DNA barcoding: a practical tool for fundamental and applied biodiversity research. ZooKeys 365: 263–278. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.365.6070 Abstract Empidoidea is one of the largest extant lineages of flies, but phylogenetic relationships among species of this group are poorly investigated and global diversity remains scarcely assessed. In this context, one of the most enigmatic empidoid families is Hybotidae. Within the framework of a pilot study, we barcoded 339 specimens of Old World hybotids belonging to 164 species and 22 genera (plus two Empis as outgroups) and attempted to evaluate whether patterns of intra- and interspecific divergences match the current tax- onomy. -
Dipterists Forum
BULLETIN OF THE Dipterists Forum Bulletin No. 76 Autumn 2013 Affiliated to the British Entomological and Natural History Society Bulletin No. 76 Autumn 2013 ISSN 1358-5029 Editorial panel Bulletin Editor Darwyn Sumner Assistant Editor Judy Webb Dipterists Forum Officers Chairman Martin Drake Vice Chairman Stuart Ball Secretary John Kramer Meetings Treasurer Howard Bentley Please use the Booking Form included in this Bulletin or downloaded from our Membership Sec. John Showers website Field Meetings Sec. Roger Morris Field Meetings Indoor Meetings Sec. Duncan Sivell Roger Morris 7 Vine Street, Stamford, Lincolnshire PE9 1QE Publicity Officer Erica McAlister [email protected] Conservation Officer Rob Wolton Workshops & Indoor Meetings Organiser Duncan Sivell Ordinary Members Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD [email protected] Chris Spilling, Malcolm Smart, Mick Parker Nathan Medd, John Ismay, vacancy Bulletin contributions Unelected Members Please refer to guide notes in this Bulletin for details of how to contribute and send your material to both of the following: Dipterists Digest Editor Peter Chandler Dipterists Bulletin Editor Darwyn Sumner Secretary 122, Link Road, Anstey, Charnwood, Leicestershire LE7 7BX. John Kramer Tel. 0116 212 5075 31 Ash Tree Road, Oadby, Leicester, Leicestershire, LE2 5TE. [email protected] [email protected] Assistant Editor Treasurer Judy Webb Howard Bentley 2 Dorchester Court, Blenheim Road, Kidlington, Oxon. OX5 2JT. 37, Biddenden Close, Bearsted, Maidstone, Kent. ME15 8JP Tel. 01865 377487 Tel. 01622 739452 [email protected] [email protected] Conservation Dipterists Digest contributions Robert Wolton Locks Park Farm, Hatherleigh, Oakhampton, Devon EX20 3LZ Dipterists Digest Editor Tel. -
Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) 321-356 ©Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria; Download Unter
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Entomofauna Jahr/Year: 2007 Band/Volume: 0028 Autor(en)/Author(s): Yefremova Zoya A., Ebrahimi Ebrahim, Yegorenkova Ekaterina Artikel/Article: The Subfamilies Eulophinae, Entedoninae and Tetrastichinae in Iran, with description of new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) 321-356 ©Entomofauna Ansfelden/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Entomofauna ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ENTOMOLOGIE Band 28, Heft 25: 321-356 ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 30. November 2007 The Subfamilies Eulophinae, Entedoninae and Tetrastichinae in Iran, with description of new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Zoya YEFREMOVA, Ebrahim EBRAHIMI & Ekaterina YEGORENKOVA Abstract This paper reflects the current degree of research of Eulophidae and their hosts in Iran. A list of the species from Iran belonging to the subfamilies Eulophinae, Entedoninae and Tetrastichinae is presented. In the present work 47 species from 22 genera are recorded from Iran. Two species (Cirrospilus scapus sp. nov. and Aprostocetus persicus sp. nov.) are described as new. A list of 45 host-parasitoid associations in Iran and keys to Iranian species of three genera (Cirrospilus, Diglyphus and Aprostocetus) are included. Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel zeigt den derzeitigen Untersuchungsstand an eulophiden Wespen und ihrer Wirte im Iran. Eine Liste der für den Iran festgestellten Arten der Unterfamilien Eu- lophinae, Entedoninae und Tetrastichinae wird präsentiert. Mit vorliegender Arbeit werden 47 Arten in 22 Gattungen aus dem Iran nachgewiesen. Zwei neue Arten (Cirrospilus sca- pus sp. nov. und Aprostocetus persicus sp. nov.) werden beschrieben. Eine Liste von 45 Wirts- und Parasitoid-Beziehungen im Iran und ein Schlüssel für 3 Gattungen (Cirro- spilus, Diglyphus und Aprostocetus) sind in der Arbeit enthalten. -
I Ohten Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Allgemeine Und Angewandte Entomologie E.V., Ulm 6
i ohten Deutsche Gesellschaft für allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie e.V., Ulm 6. Jahrgang, Heft 1 ISSN 0931-4873 Februar 1992 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS AUS DEN ARBEITSKREISEN: AK "Nutzarthropoden", S. 2; AK "Dipteren", S. 13; Ankündigungen der AKe "Dipteren", S. 20; Einladung AK "Nutzarthropoden", S. 21; Einladung AK "Epigäische Raubarthropoden", S. 22; ÜBERSICHTEN ÜBER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ARBEITSGRUPPEN: Limnologische Flußstation Schlitz des MPI für Limnologie, S. 23; BITTE UM MITARBEIT (Staphylinidologen), S. 28; TAGUNGEN, S. 30; GESELLSCHAFTSNACHRICHTEN: Meigen-Medaille, S. 32; Neue Mitglieder, S. 37; Ehrenmitglieder, S. 38; Austritte 1991 und in 1991 ver- storbene Mitglieder, S. 38; Spendenbescheinigung, S. 39; Anschriftenänderun- gen; Mitgliedsbeiträge, Konten, Impressum, S. 40. !!! Studentische Mitglieder !!! Bitte unbedingt eine Studienbescheinigung an den Kassenwart senden, sofern nicht bereits im Wintersemester 1991/1992 geschehen. Wenn keine Studienbe- scheinigung vorliegt, muß der volle Mitgliedsbeitrag berechnet werden. Bitte beachten: Neue Anschrift des Kassenwartes: Dr. Paul Bernhard Koch Aligemeine Zoologie (Biologie I) Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 7900 Ulm Tel. 0731/502-2600, FAX 0731/502-2038 AUS DEN ARBEITSKREISEN Arbeitskreis "Nutzarthropoden" Die 10. Tagung des Arbeitskreises "Nutzarthropoden" fand am 18. und 19. Sep- tember 1991 im Landwirtschaftsamt, Karlsruhe-Durlach (Augustenberg) statt. Gastgeber waren Herr Amtsleiter A. BEEG und Herr P. DETZEL, Beratungsdienst "Nützlingseinsatz". Ungefähr 50 Kollegen nahmen Teil. Dabei wurden -
Malaise-Hyönteispyynti Lapin Suojelualueilla 2012–2014
Jukka Salmela, Stefan Siivonen, Patrycja Dominiak, Antti Haarto, Kai Heller, Juhani Kanervo, Petri Martikainen, Matti Mäkilä, Lauri Paasivirta, Aki Rinne, Juha Salokannel, Guy Söderman ja Pekka Vilkamaa Malaise-hyönteispyynti Lapin suojelualueilla 2012–2014 Metsähallituksen luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. Sarja A 221 Jukka Salmela, Metsähallitus, Lapin luontopalvelut, jukka.salmela(at)metsa.fi Stefan Siivonen, Metsähallitus, Lapin luontopalvelut, stefan.siivonen(at)metsa.fi Patrycja Dominiak, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdansk, heliocopris(at)gmail.com Antti Haarto, Mietoinen, ahaarto(at)gmail.com Kai Heller, Quickborn, kaiheller(at)gmx.de Juhani Kanervo, Turku, jussi.kanervo(at)luukku.com Petri Martikainen, Juva, petri.martikainen(at)uef.fi Matti Mäkilä, Rovaniemi, makila.entomology(at)gmail.com Lauri Paasivirta, Salo, lauri.paasivirta(at)suomi24.fi Aki Rinne, Helsinki, aki.rinne(at)pintakasittelytekniikka.fi Juha Salokannel, Tampere, juha.salokannel(at)gmail.com Guy Söderman, Helsinki, guy.soderman(at)pp.inet.fi Pekka Vilkamaa, Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Helsingin yliopisto, pekka.vilkamaa(at)helsinki.fi Kansikuva: Malaise-pyydys Pallas–Yllästunturin kansallispuiston Röyninkurussa 2013. Lähteisten latvapurojen varret, varsinkin sellaiset joita ympäröi luonnontilainen havu- metsä, ovat monimuotoisia elinympäristöjä. Tältä paikalta havaittiin mm. Euroopalle uusi sienissääskilaji Mycetophila monstera, erittäin harvinainen pikkuvaaksiainen ou- taruskokirsikäs (Limonia messaurea) ja pohjoinen surviaissääski -
The Flower Fly Genus Eosphaerophoria Frey (Diptera, Syrphidae)
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 33: 39–80 (2010) Revision of the genus Eosphaerophoria 39 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.33.298 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.pensoftonline.net/zookeys Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The flower fly genus Eosphaerophoria Frey (Diptera, Syrphidae) Ximo Mengual1,†, Kumar Ghorpadé2,‡ 1 Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC-0169. Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA 2 Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwar 580 005, India † urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:A509310D-B567-4830-B8A4-BCB139BB8768 ‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:E06260FC-0C09-4E41-8F2B-205B388198EC Corresponding author: Ximo Mengual ([email protected]) Academic editor: Chris Th ompson | Received 09 October 2009 | Accepted 11 January 2010 | Published 21 January 2010 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C8A7B96F-81D7-4EE9-B26E-3EA2599E9F4A Citation: Mengual X, Ghorpadé K (2010) Th e fl ower fl y genus Eosphaerophoria Frey (Diptera, Syrphidae). ZooKeys 33: 39–80. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.33.298 Abstract Th e fl ower fl y genus Eosphaerophoria is revised. Eight new species are described (adornata sp. n. Mengual, bifi da sp. n. Mengual, brunettii sp. n. Ghorpadé, hermosa sp. n. Mengual, luteofasciata sp. n. Mengual, ni- grovittata sp. n. Mengual, symmetrica sp. n. Mengual, and vietnamensis sp. n. Mengual), and an identifi ca- tion key is provided. Redescriptions, illustrations, synonymies, diagnoses and distributional data are given for all 11 known species of Eosphaerophoria. Th e new described species increase the genus’ distribution, now recorded from Nepal and Sri Lanka east to New Guinea. All information data, images and drawings, as well as additional images and relevant information, are available online via the internet as an example of the utility of international standards for biodiversity informatics. -
Sex Allocation and Clutch Size in Parasitoid Wasps That Produce Single-Sex Broods
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 1999, 57, 265–275 Article No. anbe.1998.0958, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on ARTICLES Sex allocation and clutch size in parasitoid wasps that produce single-sex broods S. A. WEST, K. E. FLANAGAN & H. C. J. GODFRAY Department of Biology & NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park (Received 12 March 1998; initial acceptance 1 May 1998; final acceptance 8 August 1998; MS. number: 5825) The parasitoid wasp genus Achrysocharoides (Eulophidae) is unusual in that many of its species lay male and female eggs in single-sex clutches. The average clutch size of female broods is always greater than that of male broods, and in some species male clutch size is always one. We constructed models that predicted that severely egg-limited wasps should produce equal numbers of male and female eggs while severely host-limited wasps should produce equal numbers of male and female broods (and hence an overall female-biased sex ratio). Theory is developed to predict clutch size and sex ratio across the complete spectrum of host and egg limitation. A comparison of 19 surveys of clutch composition in seven species of Achrysocharoides showed a general pattern of equal numbers of male and female broods with a female-biased sex ratio (suggesting host limitation) although with considerable heterogeneity amongst collections and with a number of cases of unexpectedly low frequencies of male broods. Using a previous estimate of the relationship between fitness and size in the field, we predicted the maximally productive (Lack) clutch size for female broods of Achrysocharoides zwoelferi to be three. -
Diptera) of Finland
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 441: 37–46Checklist (2014) of the familes Chaoboridae, Dixidae, Thaumaleidae, Psychodidae... 37 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.441.7532 CHECKLIST www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Checklist of the familes Chaoboridae, Dixidae, Thaumaleidae, Psychodidae and Ptychopteridae (Diptera) of Finland Jukka Salmela1, Lauri Paasivirta2, Gunnar M. Kvifte3 1 Metsähallitus, Natural Heritage Services, P.O. Box 8016, FI-96101 Rovaniemi, Finland 2 Ruuhikosken- katu 17 B 5, 24240 Salo, Finland 3 Department of Limnology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel-Oberzwehren, Germany Corresponding author: Jukka Salmela ([email protected]) Academic editor: J. Kahanpää | Received 17 March 2014 | Accepted 22 May 2014 | Published 19 September 2014 http://zoobank.org/87CA3FF8-F041-48E7-8981-40A10BACC998 Citation: Salmela J, Paasivirta L, Kvifte GM (2014) Checklist of the familes Chaoboridae, Dixidae, Thaumaleidae, Psychodidae and Ptychopteridae (Diptera) of Finland. In: Kahanpää J, Salmela J (Eds) Checklist of the Diptera of Finland. ZooKeys 441: 37–46. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.441.7532 Abstract A checklist of the families Chaoboridae, Dixidae, Thaumaleidae, Psychodidae and Ptychopteridae (Diptera) recorded from Finland is given. Four species, Dixella dyari Garret, 1924 (Dixidae), Threticus tridactilis (Kincaid, 1899), Panimerus albifacies (Tonnoir, 1919) and P. przhiboroi Wagner, 2005 (Psychodidae) are reported for the first time from Finland. Keywords Finland, Diptera, species list, biodiversity, faunistics Introduction Psychodidae or moth flies are an intermediately diverse family of nematocerous flies, comprising over 3000 species world-wide (Pape et al. 2011). Its taxonomy is still very unstable, and multiple conflicting classifications exist (Duckhouse 1987, Vaillant 1990, Ježek and van Harten 2005). -
Diptera: Dolichopodidae), with the Description of Four New Species
Neotrop Entomol (2019) 48:604–613 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-018-0660-1 SYSTEMATICS, MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY The Genus Enlinia Aldrich in Chile (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), with the Description of Four New Species 1 2,3,4 JB RUNYON ,MPOLLET 1Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Bozeman, Montana and Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT, USA 2Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium 3Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC), Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium 4Entomology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels, Belgium Keywords Abstract Neotropical, micro-dolichopodids, Enlinia, Four new species of Enlinia Aldrich are described from Chile: Enlinia biobio Enliniinae, South America, new species, n. sp., Enlinia chilensis n. sp., Enlinia enormis n. sp., and Enlinia isoloba n. Chile, Andes, Valdivian temperate rain forest sp. These specimens were collected during a 2013 invertebrate survey in sclerophyll and Valdivian temperate rain forest habitats of the central and Correspondence JB Runyon, Rocky Mountain Research southern Chilean Andes. The only other species of Enlinia recorded from Station, USDA Forest Service, Bozeman, Chile is E. atrata (Van Duzee). Photos of holotypes and type localities and a Montana and Montana Entomology key to the five species known to occur in Chile are provided. Collection, Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT, USA; [email protected] Edited by Patrícia J Thyssen – UNICAMP Received 20 August 2018 and accepted 26 November 2018 Published online: 19 December 2018 * This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; for- eign copyright protection may apply 2018 Introduction but many species await description.