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Université D'antananarivo Université d’Antananarivo Faculté des Sciences Département de Biologie Animale ΘΞΘΘΞΘΘΞΘ MEMOIRE DE RECHERCHE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES OPTION ECOLOGIE-ENVIRONNEMENT CONTRIBUTION A L’ETUDE DE LA DISPERSION DES COMMUNAUTES DE CAMELEONS (REPTILIA-SQUAMATA-CHAMAELEONIDAE) A TRAVERS LES CORRIDORS FORESTIERS RIPICOLES DANS LA REGION D’ANDASIBE, CENTRE-EST DE MADAGASCAR par RAKOTONDRAVONY Hery Andriamirado 16 Janvier 2001 Membres du Jury: RAMILIJAONA Olga, Président RAKOTONDRAVONY A. Daniel S.R., Rapporteur RAKOTONDRAINY Aimé, Examinateur CADLE E. John, Ph.D., Examinateur SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE i ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv …………………………………………… v LISTE DES FIGURES ET TABLEAUX vi …………………………………………………………………………………………… vi REMERCIEMENT 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………… RESUME 5 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 ………………………………………………… 6 ABSTRACT 9 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 …………………………………………… 10 INTRODUCTION GENERALE 11 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 ………… 12 12 PREMIERE PARTIE: 13 I. PRESENTATION DU MILIEU D’ETUDES ET DES ANIMAUX ETUDIES 15 .…………………………… 17 I.A. LE MILIEU D’ETUDES 17 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 …… 18 I.A.1. Le Parc National de Mantadia (PNAM) …………………………………………… 19 I.A.2. Les sites d’Analamazoatra 19 ……………………………………………………………………… 20 I.A.3. Les autres sites de la zone périphérique ……………………………… 21 I.B. QUELQUES APERÇUS SUR LA BIODIVERSITE DE LA REGION 26 ………………………… 27 I.C. DESCRIPTION PHYSIQUE …………………………………………………………………………………………………… … I.C.1. GEOMORPHOLOGIE …………………………………………………………………………………………………… I.C.2. GEOLOGIE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………… 29 I.C.3. HYDROGRAPHIE 29 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29 … 31 I.C.4. CLIMATOLOGIE 32 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35 … 35 I.C.5. VEGETATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35 ……… 36 I.D. LES MATERIELS BIOLOGIQUES 36 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 35 I.D.1. GENERALITES SUR LES CAMELEONS 37 ………………………………………………………………………… 37 I.D.1.a. Positions systématiques ……………………………………………………………………… 37 I.D.1.b. Aperçus généraux sur les caméléons malgaches ……………… 38 I.D.1.b.1. Quelques particularités des “vrais caméléons” I.D.1.b.2. Quelques particularités des “caméléons nains” I.D.2. DESCRIPTION DES ESPECES ETUDIEES 41 ………………………………………………………………… 41 I.D.2.a. Genre Calumma 41 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 41 … 41 I.D.2.b. Genre Brookesia 41 …………………………………………………………………………………………… 45 I.D.3. BIOGEOGRAPHIE 47 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47 …………… 47 49 DEUXIEME PARTIE: II. METHODOLOGIES ET MODES D’ANALYSE DES DONNEES ……………………………………………… II.A. METHODE D’ECHANTILLONNAGE “DISTANCE SAMPLING” ………………………………… 51 II.A.1. PRINCIPE DE “DISTANCE SAMPLING” ………………………………………………………………… II.A.2. LE PROGRAMME “DISTANCE” 56 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 56 II.A.3. APPLICATION DE LA METHODE SUR TERRAIN 56 ………………………………………………… 56 II.B. STRUCTURE SPECIFIQUE DE LA COMMUNAUTE 56 ……………………………………………………… 56 II.B.1. INVENTAIRE QUALITATIF 56 …………………………………………………………………………………………… 60 II.B.1.a. Diversité spécifique de la communauté dans chaque site …………………………………………………………………………………………… 61 …………………………………………………… II.B.1.b. Structure de la communauté 62 …………………………………………………………… 64 II.B.1.b.1. Mensurations morphométriques …………………………………… 64 II.B.1.b.2. Déterminations des âges et sexes ………………………… II.B.2. INVENTAIRE QUANTITATIF ………………………………………………………………………………………… 66 II.B.2.a. Densité calculée par DISTANCE …………………………………………………… 69 II.B.2.b. Estimation de la densité à partir de la fréquence relative 71 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… II.B.3. ANALYSE DE LA VARIANCE ………………………………………………………………………………………… TROISIEME PARTIE: III. RESULTATS, ANALYSES ET COMMENTAIRES ……………………………………………………………………… III.A. STRUCTURE SPECIFIQUE DE LA COMMUNAUTE …………………………………………………… III.A.1. INVENTAIRE QUALITATIF ………………………………………………………………………………………… III.A.1.a. Diversité spécifique ………………………………………………………………………… III.A.1.b. Structure de la communauté ………………………………………………………… III.A.1.b.1. Mensurations morphométriques ………………………………… III.A.1.b.2. Structure d’âges de la communauté …………………… III.A.1.b.3. Structure par sexe …………………………………………………………… III.A.2. INVENTAIRE QUANTITATIF ……………………………………………………………………………………… III.A.2.a. Densité estimée par le programme DISTANCE ………………… III.A.2.b. Estimation de la densité de chaque espèce à partir de la fréquence relative …………………………………………………………………………………………… III.B. STRUCTURE SPATIALE DE LA COMMUNAUTE: ANALYSE DE LA VARIANCE. Répartition spatiale de la communauté selon l’emplacement des transects …………………………………………………………………………………… QUATRIEME PARTIE: IV. DISCUSSIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………… IV.A. “DISTANCE SAMPLING” …………………………………………………………………………………………………… IV.A.1. Richesse spécifique ……………………………………………………………………………………………… IV.A.2. Habitats préférentiels des espèces ……………………………………………………… IV.B. STRUCTURE SPECIFIQUE DE LA COMMUNAUTE …………………………………………………… IV.B.1. INVENTAIRE QUALITATIF ………………………………………………………………………………………… IV.B.1.a. Diversité spécifique de la communauté …………………………… IV.B.1.b. Structure de la communauté ………………………………………………………… IV.B.2. INVENTAIRE QUANTITATIF: Densité estimée par le programme DISTANCE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………… IV.C. STRUCTURE SPATIALE DE LA COMMUNAUTE: ABONDANCE DES CAMÉLÉONS À TRAVERS LES DIFFÉRENTS TYPES D’EMPLACEMENT DES TRANSECTS …………… IV.D. BIOGEOGRAPHIE …………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… IV.E. CONSERVATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… CINQUIEME PARTIE: V. CONCLUSION et RECOMMANDATIONS…………………………………………………………………………… …… GLOSSAIRE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………… BIBLIOGRAPHIE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………… LISTE DES FIGURES FIGURE PAGE I.0. CARTE DE LOCALISATION DES SITES ET DE L’HYDROGRAPHIE DE LA RÉGION D’ÉTUDES 8 …………………………………………………………………………………… ………… I.1. DIAGRAMME OMBROTHERMIQUE DE GAUSSEN DE LA STATION 14 D’ANALAMAZOATRA, D’APRÈS LES MOYENNES DE 30 ANNÉES (1961- 1990) 25 …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………… I.2. CARACTÈRES UTILISÉS POUR LA DÉTERMINATION DES CAMÉLÉONS. 30 II.1. COURBE THÉORIQUE DE DÉTECTION MONTRANT LA PROBABILITÉ DE 34 DÉTECTION G(X) AVEC L’AUGMENTATION DE LA DISTANCE PERPENDICULAIRE X. 42 …………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 42 II.2. UN TRANSECT. …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… 53 III.1. RICHESSE SPÉCIFIQUE DE CHAQUE SITE D’ÉTUDES. …………………… III.2. VALEURS DE 1/D DE SIMPSON DANS CHAQUE SITE. ……………………… 53 III.3. CONDENSATION DES MOYENNES DES OBSERVATIONS DES DEUX GENRES DE CAMÉLÉONS DANS TOUTES LES STRATES 54 D’EMPLACEMENT DE TRANSECTS. ……………………………………………………………………… III.4. CONDENSATION DES MOYENNES DES OBSERVATIONS DES DEUX GENRES DE CAMÉLÉONS DANS TOUTES LES STRATES D’EMPLACEMENT DE TRANSECTS. ……………………………………………………………………… III.5. OBERVATIONS MOYENNES DES DEUX GENRES DE CAMÉLÉONS DANS CHAQUE STRATE D’EMPLACEMENT DE TRANSECTS. ………………………………… LISTE DES TABLEAUX TABLEAU PAGE III.1. DISTRIBUTION DES ESPÈCES ET DIVERSITÉ SPÉCIFIQUE DANS CHAQUE SITE. 43 …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………… 44 III.2. RÉSULTATS DES MENSURATIONS MORPHOMÉTRIQUES DES ESPÈCES RENCONTRÉES. …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………… 46 III.3. STRUCTURE DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ MONTRANT LES DIFFÉRENTES PROPORTIONS POUR LA STRUCTURE PAR SEXE ET LES DIFFÉRENTES 48 CLASSES D’ÂGE. ………………………………………………………………………… 49 III.4. DENSITÉS CALCULÉES PAR DISTANCE [D(/HA)] DE CHAQUE GENRE DANS CHAQUE D’ÉTUDES. ……………………………………………………………………… III.5. DENSITÉS [DFR(/HA)] CALCULÉES À PARTIR DES FRÉQUENCES RELATIVES DE CHAQUE ESPÈCE DANS CHAQUE SITE. ………………………… REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie Dieu de m’avoir donné la force et le courage d’affronter les différents obstacles durant la mise au terme de cet ouvrage. Je remercie également tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, ont contribué à l’élaboration de ce travail. Premièrement, je remercie le Professeur RAMILIJAONA Olga, Responsable de la formation en troisième cycle au sein du Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo d’avoir accepter de présider la soutenance de ce mémoire. Je salue également le Docteur RAKOTONDRAVONY Daniel, Chef du Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo d’avoir accepter d’être mon rapporteur durant la soutenance de ce mémoire. Mes profonds respects et gratitudes vont également envers tout le corps-enseignants de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, et particulièrement au Professeur RAKOTONDRAINY Aimé qui a accepté de manifester encore une fois ses savoirs et expériences en siégeant parmis les membres du Jury. Le Docteur CADLE E. John, Curator of Herpetology, du Field Museum of Natural History a accepté grâcieusement de prendre part dans l’examination de ce mémoire. Les conseils précieux de BRADY Lee et de JENKINS Richard avant, pendant et après les travaux de terrain ont constitué une bonne partie de l’ossature de cet ouvrage.Les soutiens moraux de RANDRIANANTOANDRO Christian, de RAZAFIMAHATRATRA Bertrand, de BISOA Michel, de TAM- ALKIS Jonas et Sharon m’ont beaucoup aidé sur le terrain. Les moyens logistiques ont été fournis par Madagascar Institut pour la Conservation des Ecosystèmes Tropicaux (MICET). Et vody heña tsa mihinga aloha, je tiens à saluer vivement mes parents qui m’ont beaucoup soutenu moralement et financièrement même durant les périodes les plus difficiles. RESUME Une étude de la dispersion de la communauté de caméléons à travers les corridors formés par les formations forestières
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