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Descargar En Cupn.indd 1 23/06/2008 10:54:12 a.m. Cupn.indd 2 23/06/2008 10:54:13 a.m. ao 2 • nmero 4 • 2007 Número 4.indb 3 07/05/2008 08:50:28 a.m. Comité Editorial Enrique Belda Pérez Pedrero (Espaa); José Luis Caballero Ochoa (México); Miguel Carbonell Sánchez (México); Miriam Cárdenas Cant (México); Víctor Manuel Collí Borges (México); Édgar Corzo Sosa (México); Juan Manuel Charry Uruea (Colombia); Paulette Dieterlen Struck (México); Alejandro Straffon Ortiz (México); Yolanda Gmez Sánchez (Espaa); Rafael Grasa Hernández (Espaa); Consuelo Maqueda Abreu (Espaa); Rafael Márquez Piero (México); Ana Rosa Martín Minguijn (Espaa); Víctor Manuel Martínez Bullé Goyri (México); Marcos Francisco Masso Garrote (Espaa); Gonzalo Moctezuma Barragán (México); Julio César Ortiz (Colombia); Serafín Ortiz Ortiz (México); Ricardo Pozas Horcasitas (México); María Elena Rebato Peo (Espaa); Francisco Javier Díaz Revorio (Espaa); José Luis Soberanes Fernández (México) Reserva al título en Derechos de Autor: 04-2006-051514073300-102; ISSN: 1870-5448; Ao 2, Nm. 4, 2007 Editor responsable: Formacin tipográfi ca: Víctor M. Martínez Bullé Goyri H. R. Astorga Coordinacin editorial: Diseo de portada: Eugenio Hurtado Márquez Éricka Toledo Pin Comisin Nacional Centro Nacional de los Derechos Humanos de Derechos Humanos Periférico Sur 3469, Av. Río Magdalena nm. 108, col. San Jernimo Lídice, col. Tizapán, Delegacin Álvaro Obregn, Delegacin Magdalena Contreras, C. P. 01090, México, D. F. C. P. 10200, México, D. F. Teléfonos: 56 16 86 92 al 95 Teléfono: 56 81 81 25 y del 97 al 99, Lada sin costo: 01800 715 2000 Fax: 56 16 86 96 Correo electrnico: [email protected] Número 4.indb 4 07/05/2008 08:50:29 a.m. Artículos Fundamentos antropolgicos de los derechos humanos Luciano Barp Fontana 7 Derecho a la dignidad: de cmo debe protegerse la dignidad Alfredo Islas Colín 45 Proteccin de los derechos humanos de los mexicanos condenados a pena de muerte María Elena Lugo Garfias 79 Consideraciones en torno a los delitos de peligro abstracto Rafael Márquez Piero 105 El acceso al agua potable en México Luisa Fernanda Tello Moreno 119 Comentarios legislativos Reformas al Cdigo Penal Federal en materia de delitos de difamacin y calumnias, y al Cdigo Civil Federal en materia de dao moral. Sus consecuencias para el ejercicio del derecho a la libertad de expresin Luisa Fernanda Tello Moreno 139 Reformas al Cdigo Penal Federal en materia de explotacin sexual y comercial infantil Luisa Fernanda Tello Moreno 149 Comentarios bibliográfi cos La sociedad multiétnica. Pluralismo, multiculturalismo y extranjeros, de Giovanni Sartori Moisés Jaime Bailn 163 Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, de Jared Diamond Carlos Brokmann Haro 173 Número 4.indb 5 07/05/2008 08:50:29 a.m. Mesoamerican Voices. Native-Language Writings from Colonial Mexico, Oaxaca, Yucatan, and Guatemala, edicin de Matthew Restall, Lisa Sousa y Kevin Terraciano Carlos Brokmann Haro 185 Los derechos sociales y sus garantías. Elementos para una reconstruccin, de Gerardo Pisarello Vernica de la Rosa Jaimes 197 Organismos autnomos y democracia, de John M. Ackerman Mauricio I. Ibarra 201 La Cour Europée des Droits de L`Homme, de Jean-Pierre Marguénaud Alfredo Islas Colín 205 Régimen jurídico del agua. Culturas y sistemas jurídicos comparados, coordinacin de Jorge Fernández Ruiz y Javier Santiago Sánchez Luisa Fernanda Tello Moreno 209 Comentarios hemerográfi cos “The Second Great Transformation: Human Rights Leapfrogging in the Era of Globalization”, de Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann Carlos Brokmann Haro 219 “To preserve and build on its achievements and to redress its shortcomings: The journey from the Commission on Human Rights to the Human Rights Council”, de Paul Gordon Lauren Vernica de la Rosa Jaimes 227 “Dignité de la Personne Humaine”, de Marie-Luce Pavia Alfredo Islas Colín 231 “La tortura y el trato cruel, inhumano y degradante: contenido y significado en el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos”, de Daniel O’Donnell María Elena Lugo Garfias 237 Bibliografía Bibliografía sobre el Sistema Interamericano Eugenio Hurtado Márquez 241 Nuevas publicaciones Enero-abril 2007 261 Número 4.indb 6 07/05/2008 08:50:29 a.m. Artículo Fundamentos antropolgicos de los derechos humanos Luciano Barp Fontana* SUMARIO: I. Introduccin. II. El “homo religiosus”, rasgo original de la constitucin humana. III. El fundamento de la universalidad de los derechos humanos. IV. El derecho de la vida intelectiva, que el hombre participa de la inteligencia divina. V. El derecho de la vida volitiva de autodeterminacin, que el hombre participa de la voluntad divina. VI. El derecho de la vida personal, que el hombre participa de Dios, la primera Persona. VII. El derecho de la vida de los valores, que el hombre partici- pa del autor de la ley natural moral. VIII. Conclusin. IX. Bibliografía. I. Introduccin na declaracin universal de los derechos humanos es frágil, si se reduce a un conjunto de recomendaciones para que cada perso- U na y cada organismo de la sociedad se esfuerce para promover, mediante la enseanza y la educacin, el respeto a una serie de valores y de derechos ligados a la dignidad humana. Esta reduccin sigue depau- perando la expresin “derechos humanos”, que, a veces, llega a confun- dirse con unas instancias en las cuales se pueden frustrar las esperanzas de quien busca justicia. Para que una declaracin sea slida, es necesario fundamentarla en la constitucin universal humana. Solamente así quedará asegurada y garantizada su inviolabilidad. En efecto, la primera violacin a los derechos humanos consiste en descuidar el deber urgente de aclarar la respuesta a la pregunta “¿qué es el ser humano?” De hecho, el tema de los derechos humanos debe ser fundamental- mente ontolgico-antropolgico. De la postura antropolgica derivará el * Investigador. Direccin de Postgrado e Investigacin. Universidad La Salle, México, D. F. 7 Número 4.indb 7 07/05/2008 08:50:29 a.m. Luciano Barp Fontana tema axiolgico de la dignidad del ser humano. De la postura axiolgica brotará el tema deontolgico del deber ser del ser humano. Finalmente, de la postura deontolgica derivará el tema jurídico de los derechos hu- manos de todo los humanos. Brevemente. El punto de partida es necesariamente el ser. El segundo momento es el ser humano. El tercer momento es el valor (dignidad) del ser humano. El cuarto momento será el deber ser del ser humano. La fundamentacin de los derechos humanos, que proponemos en este artículo, consiste en un proceso dinámico-histrico de una humanizacin concebida y realizada como una liberacin de cada hombre y de todos los hombres, sin concesiones a posturas totalitarias que devalan el valor del individuo, o bien a posturas liberales que no respetan la igualdad de todos los grupos humanos. En efecto, cada persona goza de los mismos derechos humanos, no por un beneficio concedido por una cierta clase social o por el Estado, sino precisamente por la prerrogativa propia de ser persona. II. El “homo religiosus”, rasgo original de la constitucin humana La pregunta acerca del origen del ser humano nos lleva a la afirmacin de la existencia de un ser personal superior que es la razn de ser de todo ser humano. De él, todos participamos originalmente el ser.1 1 Anotamos algunas categorías filosficas: Ente es todo aquello que existe o puede existir. El ente que existe por sí es Dios. El ente que existe por otro es la creatura. Esencia es la respuesta a la pregunta ¿qué es? Por ejemplo: “animal racional” nos dice la esencia de “hombre”; “polígono de tres lados” nos dice la esencia de “triángulo”. Ser (= existir). Etimolgicamente, existir significa “estar fuera de su causa”. De hecho, antes de “estar fuera”, todo ente “está adentro” de la inteligencia que lo pens. Hablando con precisin: Dios es el existente. Sustancia (= sujeto) es todo aquello que existe “en sí” y no “en otro” (sustancia es sujeto de los accidentes que son las modificaciones del sujeto mismo). La sustancia puede ser abstracta (pensada) o concreta (ésta, aquí y ahora). Accidente es todo aquello que existe “en otro”, es decir, en la sustancia (accidente significa modificacin del sujeto: cantidad, cualidad, relacin, tiempo, lugar, accin, re- cepcin, situacin, hábito). Naturaleza significa el sujeto (sustancia), en cuanto es principio de las operaciones que brotan necesariamente del sujeto mismo. 8 Número 4.indb 8 07/05/2008 08:50:29 a.m. Fundamentos antropolgicos... Hemos heredado tal cosmovisin principalmente de dos corrientes que han influido en la formacin de nuestra actual cultura mexicana (el saber prehispánico y el pensamiento grecolatino). Segn la cultura prehispánica, “El Ometéotl” (ome: dos, téotl: dios) es la divinidad una y dual con un rostro masculino y con un rostro femenino. Su rostro masculino es el agente generador, su rostro femenino es quien concibe y da a luz. A él corresponden los atributos de seor, dueo del cerca y del junto, dador de la vida, aquél por quien se vive, noche y vien- to, quien a sí mismo se piensa. Segn la cultura helénico-escolástica, “El mismo existir subsistente” es el principio original de la existencia del cosmos. Sus atributos son la infini- tud, la unicidad, la inmutabilidad, la eternidad, la inmensidad, la omnipre- sencia, la potencia creadora, la potencia conservadora y la providencia. Las dos cosmovisiones que nos pertenecen se identifican en lo funda- mental, en cuanto admiten un Dios, quien es la ltima y la nica razn de la existencia del universo. Él es la causa ltima creadora que plane y realiz la naturaleza humana comn. Precisamente de la naturaleza humana comn brotan directamente los derechos naturales humanos, que constituyen la ley a la cual el ser huma- no se va conformando lealmente, es decir, legalmente, para alcanzar su propia realizacin, que consiste en un proceso de ajuste con el modelo original de ser humano, que se encuentra originalmente en la mente del Hacedor.
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