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N Biieiicangmuscum n bIieiicanGMuscum PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. I0024 NUMBER 2307 OCTOBER 20, I967 Systematic Notes on the Bird Family Cracidae. No. 101 The Genera Mitu and Pauxi and the Generic Relationships of the Cracini BY CHARLES VAURIE2 GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE CRACINI The Cracidae were divided by Huxley (1868) in two subfamilies, the Penelopinae and the Cracinae, based on a very clear-cut difference in the proportions of the pelvis. This division was adopted by Sclater and Salvin (1870) who modified it, however, by recognizing an additional subfamily, the Oreophasinae, for Oreophasis which Huxley had included in the Penelopinae. This arrangement was not adopted by some of the authors who followed, but it has been revived by some present-day authors. I believe that it certainly represents a natural division of the family, but, because subfamily rank may be too important to accord to the three groups, I recognize three tribes: the Penelopini, the Cracini, and the Oreophasini. These correspond to the subfamilies of Sclater and 1 The present paper completes this subseries of systematic notes on the Cracidae. The genus Oreophasis was not discussed, but the specimens of Oreophasis that I have examined are included here in the list of specimens, to give a complete list of all the material that I have studied. A monographic study of the family is in preparation and is based in part on these systematic notes. 2 Associate Curator, Department of Ornithology, the American Museum of Natural History. 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2307 Salvin, but I have reversed their order by placing the Penelopini ahead of the Cracini because the former is less specialized. Verheyen (1956) apparently was the first author to divide the family into tribes rather than subfamilies, but he recognized an additional tribe, the Pipilini, which is a subdivision of the Penelopinae of Sclater and Salvin. This subdivision seems unnecessary, and I do not adopt it, but do not deny the fact that the genera that I include in the Penelopini (the same that were included by Sclater and Salvin) can be divided into three groups: one consisting of Ortalis and Penelope, another of Pipile, Aburria, and Chamaepetes (the Pipilini of Verheyen), and the third of Penelopina, which I think is quite distinct, not at all intermediate between Ortalis and Penelope as Vuilleumier (1965) stressed. The following discussion is concerned only with the Cracini which consist of four genera: Nothocrax Burmeister, 1856, which is aberrant; and Mitu Lesson, 1831, Pauxi Temminck, 1813, and Crax Linnaeus, 1758, which are more closely related. All these genera were merged with Crax by Vuilleumier (loc. cit.) who stated in his summary: ". it is evident that characters such as the casque, relied upon heavily in the past to establish genera, are only of specific value; there is thus no reason to keep Nothocrax, Pauxi, and Mitu separate from Crax, where they undoubtedly belong. In Crax, color pattern, voice, and tracheal structure are much better clues to the relationships than wattles and/or casque." Color pattern seems to be a conservative character, but the color pattern of Nothocrax urumutum is so different from that of Mitu, Pauxi, and Crax that it needs no elaboration. Nothocrax urumutum is chestnut and rufous, mottled above, has no true black in its plumage, and is not glossy anywhere, whereas the plumage is black and white and glossy, generally speaking, in the other three genera. One of the two color phases of female P. pauxi is brown and barred, and some females of C. rubra have some brown in the plumage, but the pattern is not at all similar to that of N urumutum. Nothocrax is also very much smaller,l has a completely different crest, and is nocturnal rather than diurnal. I do not at all agree, therefore, that Nothocrax must be merged with Crax, and I believe also that Taibel (1965) was certainly incorrect when he stated that Nothocrax is inter- mediate between Mitu and Crax. Vuilleumier accorded great generic importance to the similarities in vocalizations which consist of a buzzy or booming note in the male 1 The mean wing length of the males measures, in round numbers, 294 mm. in N. urumutum, as against 379 in Mitu, 395 in Pauxi, and 385 in Crax. 1967 VAURIE: CRACIDAE 3 which is apparently correlated with a convolution in the trachea where this sound is amplified. But the vocalizations and tracheal structure vary in Crax. Yarrell (1830) has shown that the trachea is not convoluted in C. globulosa (which he called C. yarrellii),l and the vocalizations of C. daubentoni consist of a long-drawn-out whistle, not of a booming call. It is probable that the trachea of C. daubentoni is not convoluted, although the information is not clear. It is known, moreover, that the vocaliza- tions and tracheal structure vary in Penelope from species to species, the trachea being convoluted in some species, but not in others. I believe, therefore, that the vocalizations (associated with tracheal structure) are primarily important for species recognition, a species character, but not one of significance at the generic level. Mitu, Pauxi and Crax are related and are similar in size. All the males, and some females, share also the same color pattern. The pattern is, however, different in other females, especially in Crax, and the three genera have constant, well-marked differences in the structure of the bill and crest. The degree of sexual dimorphism varies. Mitu is not sex- ually dimorphic, other than slightly so in size, but Pauxi is partly di- morphic, and Crax is completely so, although the degree of dimorphism varies greatly in this genus. The base of the upper bill is flattened and depressed, not arched, and is strongly compressed laterally in Crax (fig. 1), and, together with the base of the mandible, is covered by fleshy membranes which form a knob on the culmen, or on the wattles on the mandible, or on both, in six of its seven species. These membranes and fleshy appendages are not found in Mitu and Pauxi, as the rhamphotheca covers the whole bill, but the rhamphotheca ends at the base of the helmet in Pauxi which is covered by skin which shrinks after death, not by a layer of horn. The helmet of Pauxi, and the swelling at the base of the premaxillary bone in M. mitu, are certainly analogous, but this character and its integument have been modified to a conspicuous degree in Pauxi. Figure 2 shows also some modifications in the palate, which have not been investigated and the significance of which is unknown to me. The base of the premaxillary bone is not swollen in M. tomentosa, and is only very slightly so in M. salvini. The crest is completely different in all the four genera. It is composed of long feathers in Crax, which grow in rows and are strongly stiffened, except at the tip which is very gracefully curled, the crest remaining 1 In an adult male of C. globulosa, dissected by Amadon during the course of this study, the trachea was perfectly straight, not convoluted. 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2307 I~~~~. FIG. 1. Skulls of some species of the Cracidae. Upper left: Nothocrax urumutum. Upper right: Crax globulosa. Center: Mitu mitu. Bottom: Pauxi pauxi. semi-erect as a rule. In Mitu, the crest is composed of very flat feathers (fig. 4) which broaden out distally, but do not curl, and remain de- pressed although they are erectile. This crest is well developed in only two species (fig. 4). The crest of Pauxi unicornis is very strange (fig. 5) and is composed of very short, erect, and stiff feathers, very metallic at the tip and very tightly curled forward, but P. pauxi has no crest. The crest grows much farther back in P. unicornis, on the nape and hind neck 1967 VAURIE: CRACIDAE -, b.,-; FIG. 2. Palates. Left: Pauxi pauxi. Right: Mitu mitu. as well as on the crown, but the feathers grow only on the crown in Crax, and not beyond its center in Mitu. The crest is glossy in all these three genera, but not in Nothocrax in which it is composed of soft and loosely integrated feathers, which are narrow and very long. The characters that are described and discussed above show that Nothocrax is very distinct indeed, and is much less closely related to Mitu, Pauxi, and Crax than these are to one another. The last three share two important characters (general size and the coloration of the males and of some females), but it is evident that the species in each have become modified along three different evolutionary lines. I believe the degree of relationship is clarified best by the recognition of three genera, whereas relationships become completely confused when all the species are placed in a single genus. Crax is the most evolved of the three genera, Pauxi is intermediate, and Mitu is the least evolved. 6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2307 MITU This genus, which is widely distributed in South America (fig. 3), consists of three closely related species forming a superspecies. These are M. tomentosa which ranges from Guyana westward through southern Venezuela to southeastern Colombia, and south to northern Brazil on the Rio Branco and upper and middle Rio Negro; M. salvini which ranges from southeastern Colombia to eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru; and M. mitu which ranges, south of the Amazon, from eastern Para to Peru, central Bolivia, and about the fifteenth and sixteenth parallels in the Mato Grosso. The range of M.
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