GLOBAL ENTANGLEMENTS OF A MAN WHO NEVER TRAVELED A Seventeenth-Century Chinese Christian and His Conflicted Worlds DOMINIC SACHSENMAIER GLOBAL ENTANGLEMENTS OF A MAN WHO NEVER TRAVELED Columbia Studies in International and Global History Columbia Studies in International and Global History Cemil Aydin, Timothy Nunan, and Dominic Sachsenmaier, Series Editors This series presents some of the finest and most innovative work coming out of the current landscapes of international and global historical scholarship. Grounded in empirical research, these titles transcend the usual area bound- aries and address how history can help us understand contemporary problems, including poverty, inequality, power, political violence, and accountability beyond the nation-state. The series covers processes of flows, exchanges, and entanglements—and moments of blockage, friction, and fracture—not only between “the West” and “the Rest” but also among parts of what has variously been dubbed the “Third World” or the “Global South.” Scholarship in interna- tional and global history remains indispensable for a better sense of current complex regional and global economic transformations. Such approaches are vital in understanding the making of our present world. Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought Adam M. McKeown, Melancholy Order: Asian Migration and the Globalization of Borders Patrick Manning, The African Diaspora: A History Through Culture James Rodger Fleming, Fixing the Sky: The Checkered History of Weather and Climate Control Steven Bryan, The Gold Standard at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Rising Powers, Global Money, and the Age of Empire Heonik Kwon, The Other Cold War Samuel Moyn and Andrew Sartori, eds., Global Intellectual History Alison Bashford, Global Population: History, Geopolitics, and Life on Earth Adam Clulow, The Company and the Shogun: The Dutch Encounter with Tokugawa Japan Richard W. Bulliet, The Wheel: Inventions and Reinventions Simone M. Müller, Wiring the World: The Social and Cultural Creation of Global Telegraph Networks Will Hanley, Identifying with Nationality: Europeans, Ottomans, and Egyptians in Alexandria Perin E. Gürel, The Limits of Westernization: A Cultural History of America in Turkey GLOBAL ENTANGLEMENTS OF A MAN WHO NEVER TRAVELED A Seventeenth-Century Chinese Christian and His Conflicted Worlds DOMINIC SACHSENMAIER COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex c u p . c o l u m b i a . e d u Copyright © 2018 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Sachsenmaier, Dominic, author. Title: Global entanglements of a man who never traveled : a seventeenth- century Chinese Christian and his conflicted worlds / Dominic Sachsenmaier. Other titles: Seventeenth- century Chinese Christian and his conflicted worlds Description: New York : Columbia University Press, [2018] | Series: Columbia studies in international and global history | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017048768 (print) | LCCN 2018013663 (ebook) | ISBN 9780231547314 (electronic) | ISBN 9780231187527 (cloth : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Zhu, Zongwen, active 1652. | Scholars— China— Biography. | Christians— China— Biography. | China— Intellectual life— 17th century. | China— Civilization— Western influences. Classification: LCC CT3990.Z579 (ebook) | LCC CT3990.Z579 S23 2018 (print) | DDC 951/.032092 [B] — dc23 LC record available at https: // l c c n . l o c . g o v / 2 0 1 7 0 4 8 7 6 8 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America Cover design: Noah Arlow CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Introduction: Situating Zhu Zongyuan 1 1. A Local Life and Its Global Contexts 22 2. A Globalizing Organization and Chinese Christian Life 44 3. A Teaching Shaped by Constraints 65 4. Foreign Learnings and Confucian Ways 100 5. European Origins on Trial 130 Epilogue 153 Glossary 169 Notes 173 Bibliography 225 Index 253 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS t was several years ago that I first thought of studying an untraveled man from a combination of microscopic and mac- I roscopic perspectives. Like many research monographs, this book emerged over a number of years, along with other projects. As a member of an academic environment whose members have all kinds of responsibilities (many of which are probably as global and local as those affecting Zhu Zongyuan, the focal point of this book), I would hardly have been able to complete this work without grants of extra time. I already used parts of a 2010 sabbatical leave from Duke Univer- sity (funded by the German National Research Foundation) to start con- ceptualizing this book. More recently, a program sponsored by an Academy of Korean Studies Grant funded by the Korean government (AKS-2010-DZZ-3103) allowed me a sabbatical leave from Jacobs Univer- sity for the academic year of 2014/2015. In addition to that, the Uni- versity of Göttingen, where I became a professor in 2015, granted me an early sabbatical semester in 2017, during which I was able to com- plete this project. In addition to the extra time, this manuscript could not have been completed without the great support of a number of people. They include Joy Titheridge, a highly skilled translator (German-English) as well as Jin Yan and Fang Ruobing, who supported my research into spe- cific areas of late Ming and early Qing history. Zhang Xiaogeng and Wang Hui did much bibliographic work for this book, working with viii Acknowledgments texts in Chinese and in Western languages. The same is true for Chris- toph Zimmer, who—along with Luisa Flarup, Cassjopeya Nolte, and Thalea Nolte—was more than reliable in formatting the text and mak- ing it ready for publication. I particularly want to thank them for helping me in the last stages of this project, when there was much formatting to do and little time left in which to do it. Martha Schulman copyedited the entire text, and I deeply appreciate her corrections, changes, and insightful comments. All this support did very much to improve the text. Many colleagues and friends contributed to this book, whether directly or indirectly. In addition to reading a wide spectrum of inspir- ing studies, I had many conversations on aspects of this project with scholars from a range of fields. They not only helped me further develop my research framework but also increased my understanding of vari- ous research areas that proved relevant to the book. These scholars include Roger Ames (University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa), Sven Beckert (Harvard University), Jerry Bentley (University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa), Liam Brockey (Michigan State University), Kenneth Dean (National Uni- versity of Singapore), Kent Deng (London School of Economics), Pra- senjit Duara (Duke University), Marian Füssel (University of Göttingen), François Gipouloux (Centre national de la recherche scientifique), Ron- nie Po-chia Hsia (Pennsylvania State University), Hsiung Ping-chen (Chinese University of Hong Kong), Mark Juergensmeyer (University of California, Santa Barbara), Eugenio Menegon (Boston University), Jür- gen Osterhammel (University of Konstanz), Martin Powers (University of Michigan), Wolfgang Reinhard (University of Freiburg), Axel Schnei- der (University of Göttingen), Nicolas Standaert (Katholieke Universit- eit Leuven), Sanjay Subrahmanyam (University of California, Los Angeles), Sun Yue (Capital Normal University), Peter van der Veer (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity), Wang Hui (Tsinghua University), and Zhang Xupeng (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences). Some colleagues read parts of my manuscript and provided me with invaluable feedback and further suggestions. My special thanks go to Sebastian Conrad (Free University of Berlin), Fan Xin (State University Acknowledgments ix of New York, Fredonia), and Wang Jingfeng (Shanghai Jiaotong Univer- sity). I am also very grateful to the graduate students at the University of Göttingen who discussed some of these materials in class, a process that I experienced as a rewarding and stimulating congruence between research and teaching. All this support from members of the aca- demic community shows that even if it is written alone, a historical monograph is the product of much interaction and outside stimulus. Its completion depends on the flow of ideas, perspectives, discussions, on controversies—and, not least, on inspiration and encouragement. I thus owe much gratitude to many scholars and students from around the world—at the same time, of course, I remain solely responsible for any erroneous statements that may be found in this book. The list of scholars with whom I exchanged views and who thus contributed to my work could be significantly extended—the more so because I was researching Zhu Zongyuan as a doctoral student. That work led to the publication of Die Aufnahme europäischer Inhalte in die chinesische Kultur durch Zhu Zongyuan (ca. 1616–1660) (The reception of European contents into Chinese culture by Zhu Zongyuan, ca. 1616–1660), Monumenta Serica Monograph Series 47 (Nettetal, Ger.: Steyler, 2001). I wrote my doctoral dissertation under the supervision of Wolfgang Reinhard (University of Freiburg) and Nicolas Standaert (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), both of whom had a lasting influence on my academic development. As a doctoral student, I spent two years as