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Gobernanza Costera En México Decentralization a N D Environmental M a N a G E M E N T Coastal Governance in Mexico

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Gobernanza Costera En México Decentralization a N D Environmental M a N a G E M E N T Coastal Governance in Mexico DESCENTRALIZACIÓN Y MANEJO AMBIENTAL Gobernanza costera en México DECENTRALIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Coastal Governance in Mexico Julia Fraga, Guillermo J. Villalobos, Sabrina Doyon y Ana García (Coordinators) First edition 2013 Fraga, J., G. J. Villalobos, S. Doyon and Ana García (Coordinators), 2013. De- centralization and environmental management. Coastal Governance in Mexico. Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Cinvestav. 340 p- © CINVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Mérida Km. 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yuc., México. © Universidad Autónoma de Campeche Av. Agustín Melgar s/n Col Buenavista Campeche 24040 Campeche, México ISBN 978-607-7887-48-5 Content Preface i Foreword iii Authors’ directory xi Introduction. Decentralization and sustainable development: the link between research and public policies The context: the CII D programs on community-based management, rural poverty and decentralization. 1 Bryan Davy and Ivan Breton Objectives: clientele and publication plan 15 Julia Fraga and Sabrina Doyon Part l. Decentralization and environmental management: an analytical, institutional and geographical approach Decentralization at world level: tendencies and debates 23 Yvan Breton and Agnès Blais Agenda 21 and decentralization in Mexico 35 Rafael Robles de Benito, Julia Carabias Lillo and Alfredo Arellano Guillermo Decentralization, territory and environment in the Yucatan Peninsula: A geographical look from the centrality approach 57 Juan Córdoba y Ordoñez The diversity of states and municipalities in the Yucatan Peninsula 77 Sabrina Doyon, Andréanne Guindon and Agnes Blais Part 2. Governmental agencies and public participation in the coastal municipalities Inter-municipal alliances in Mexico: alternatives and examples for decentralization. 89 Cuauhtémoc León, José Sosa and Sergio Graf Natural protected areas and decentralization in the Yucatan Peninsula 117 Alfredo Arrellano Guillermo, Julia Fraga and Rafael Robles de Benito Decentralization in the research and the fishing and aquaculture sectors: A challenge for the State 135 Patricia Guzmán Amaya, Gabriela Morales-García, Carmen Monroy-García and Verónica Ríos Lara Part 3. Research centers: economical sectors, coastal communities and Transversality The oil activity in Campeche: issues, challenges and opportunities 155 Guillermo J. Villalobos and Evelia Rivera Arriaga Fishing in Yucatan: from abundance to scarcity and the fragile institutional structures. 171 Julia Fraga, Silvia Salas and Guadalupe Mexicano-Cintora The international tourist activity and its impact in the Quintana Roo’s Population 193 Campos, Bonnie Ligia Sierra and Yuri Balam Transversality in the territorial ecological ordinance: experiences in Yucatan and Campeche. 209 Jorge I. Euán Avila, Evelia Rivera Arriaga, Ma. De los A. Liceaga Correa, Ana García de Fuentes, Gerardo Palacio Aponte and Guillermo J. Villalobos Part 4. Coastal municipalities: challenges in the implementation of public policies in a changing reality Decentralization, regionalization and atomization in Rio Lagartos, Las Coloradas and El Cuyo: practices and policies in Eastern Yucatan’s communities. 227 Sabrina Doyon, Andréanne Guidon and Catherine Leblanc Municipal organizations: communal participation and decentralization of public policies in coastal areas of the State of Yucatan: The case of the coastal micro basin of Chabihau 245 Eduardo Batlori, Teresa Munguía, Teresa Castillo and Federico Dickinson Analysis of consultation mechanisms and social participation: the case of Costa Maya region (Majahual, Quintana Roo, Mexico) 265 Bonnie Campos and Ana Pricila Sosa Ferreira Social organization, modernization and utopias among the fishermen of the Atasta Peninsula and Isla Aguada in Campeche 283 Javier Villegas Sierra and Ramón Martínez Beberaje Local planning strategies: Municipal Planning Institute of Carmen facing the Decentralization challenges in Campeche. 301 Guillermo J. Villalobos and Cristina Jaber Monges Final Conclusion From panaceas to reflexive efforts on decentralization and the coastal governance processes. 317 Julia Fraga, Guillermo J. Villalobos, Sabrina Doyon and Ana García i Preface to the english version This book has been possible due to the several people that stimulated us with their words in translating it into English: Dr. Yvan Breton, Dr. Michael Redclift, Dr. Man- uel Navarrete and Dr. Heather Hawn. They also encouraged us to search for mecha- nisms to publish it. A special thank you to Rocio Saide, my research assistant who helped in the process of translation and publication. The book in its English version would not have been possible without the support of Msc Guillermo Villalobos and Jorge Gutierrez, both members of EPOMEX Center, at the Autonomous University of Campeche UAC; and Dr. Romeo de Coss Gómez, Director of the Unit of CINVESTAV Mérida. This translated version of the book was possible because of their great generosity in financing our work. Needless to say, our greatest motivation for providing this academic material to pro- spective students and professors, people in government and civil society, is to es- tablish discussions on issues such as decentralization, environmental management and coastal governance in the Yucatan Peninsula, essential areas for the current and future sustainable ecodevelopment practices and policies in México. Dra. Julia Fraga Msc. Guillermo Villalobos Human Ecology Department EPOMEX-University of Campeche CINVESTAV-Mérida i DECENTRALIZATION AN D ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT . COASTAL GOVERNANCE IN MEXICO ii iii DECENTRALIZATION AN D ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT . COASTAL GOVERNANCE IN MEXICO Foreword The growing complexity of the national environmental agendas, which are increas- ingly tied with the economical and social development themes, have slowly and continuously made difficult the negotiations and the conventional administration forms have been exceeded. The government’s deficiency in attending the popula- tion’s demands, the lack of credibility due to the distance between those governing and the governed, the inefficiency and incapacity, the lack of human and economical resources, the lack of transparency including corruption, as well as excessive politi- cal interventionism, among other factors, have weakened the central governments and obliged them to travel towards more inclusive new schemes. On the other hand, the growing pressure of a plural society, much more organized that demands more participative ways of governing, as well as spaces and mecha- nisms to influence in the planning, evaluation and following of the public policies and decision making. The environmental governance recognizes that the government is not the only agent that should be responsible for the management of the environmental problems; the solution is in a joint effort with the society. This recognition has generated the appearing of several private and social participation mechanisms involved in the participation of the public environmental agenda. Governing consists today in creat- ing inter-dependence between the public and private, political and civilian actors of a society. These more inclusive focuses that bring those governing closer to the governed in the decision making, require by force the transference of part of the decision making process to local level, but always ruled under the precepts of the national norms and policies that guarantee that the interests of the nation should come before the local interests. This process implies the strengthening of the local capacities to define their own development modals, reflecting the biological, social, political, and economical di- versity of each region. It is much more than the delegation of power or the transfer- ii iii DECENTRALIZATION AN D ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT . COASTAL GOVERNANCE IN MEXICO DECENTRALIZATION AN D ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT . COASTAL GOVERNANCE IN MEXICO ence of functions. It is about consolidating the local authorities’ efforts in order that they may count with the necessary faculties and attributions to direct the sustainable regional development in accordance with the national policies of sustainable devel- opment. Decentralization implies a better distribution of competence and therefore a trans- ference of responsibilities to the local instances, which were assigned previously to the Federation, without the national authority loosing its character of rector of the national policy. This simple definition generates complex and tense equilibrium and has limits that reflect the risks of function distribution and capacity of decision making. Mexican legislation has greatly advanced on this theme in the last ten years. In fact it was one of the central axels of the reform to the General Ecological Equi- librium and Environmental Protection Law of 1996. However, decentralization in environmental matters is still in process and has been a slow and difficult transit due to many factors, among them, the need to increase the local, institutional, normative, financial and human capacities to perform the new functions, to which we add the reticence of the central authorities to loose power. This theme becomes more complex when dealing with the management of geo- graphical spaces where clear policies are lacking. Such is the case of the coastal zones, spaces of great fragility and productivity, each day more populated and with opposed interests between conservation and development. The strong development pressures, tourist, fishing and oil industry are confronted with the need
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