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L'autécologie Du Listera Australis Lindl. Au Québec, Une Orchidée Rare De Nos Tourbières

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L'autécologie Du Listera Australis Lindl. Au Québec, Une Orchidée Rare De Nos Tourbières LISE BOUDREAU L'AUTÉCOLOGIE DU LISTERA AUSTRALIS LINDL. AU QUÉBEC, UNE ORCHIDÉE RARE DE NOS TOURBIÈRES Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en biologie végétale pour l'obtention du grade de maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES DE L'AGRICULTURE ET DE L'ALIMENTATION Université Laval, Québec OCTOBRE 2004 © Lise Boudreau, 2004 Résumé Le Listera australis est une endémique nord-américaine. La recherche de nouvelles occurrences sur le territoire québécois a permis de repousser la limite septentrionale connue de son aire de répartition jusqu'au Saguenay. Les 18 occurrences connues actuellement existantes totalisent environ 3000 tiges. La survie des populations est considérée fragile. Les bordures forestières minérotrophes semi-ouvertes des tourbières ombrotrophes et minérotrophes pauvres constituent l'habitat du Listera australis. La présence simultanée de l'Andromeda glaucophylla, du Larix laricina et du Maianthemum trifolium sur un tapis complet et sans relief de sphaignes, particulièrement les Sphagnum fallax et Sphagnum rubellum, indique des conditions propices à la présence du Listera australis. L'espèce + semble sensible à la concentration en ammonium (NH4 ) de l'eau de la tourbière. La phénologie, la croissance sympodiale et la reproduction végétative de l'espèce ont été observées durant une saison. Le rehaussement continuel du système souterrain comme stratégie d'adaptation à l'entourbement a été mis en lumière. 1 Remerciements Mes premiers mercis vont tout naturellement à mon directeur de recherche, Robert Gauthier du département de phytologie de l'Université Laval, pour m'avoir accordé sa confiance et accepté de me soutenir jusqu'au terme de cette aventure. Grâce à son appui indéfectible, ce mémoire voit enfin le jour. Je ne serai jamais assez reconnaissante de la chance que j'ai eue d'être initiée au monde des tourbières par un maître aussi passionné que rigoureux et aussi généreux qu'exigeant. Ayant participé activement à la planification et à la réalisation des travaux de terrain, il fut un guide inespéré. J'ai pu ainsi bénéficier de sa grande connaissance du terrain et partager sa passion des découvertes. Tout au long de la rédaction de ce mémoire, son grand talent de communicateur m'a guidé vers la clarté et la rigueur. Sincèrement, merci! Je veux également remercier mes deux plus fidèles compagnons de terrain, Michelle Garneau et Claude Roy de l'Herbier Louis-Marie, qui m'ont si généreusement accompagnée durant ces deux étés. Les longues journées passées dans les tourbières en leur compagnie à la recherche de cette captivante orchidée ont constitué une magnifique aventure. Leurs connaissances et leur support furent une aide précieuse. Merci également à Frédéric Blanchard pour sa si agréable et aidante compagnie et à Marie-Élise Roy pour son soutien . Merci à nos amis du Saguenay, Mélanie Desmeules, Gérard Guérin et Benoît Larouche pour nous avoir fait découvrir l'occurrence du secteur du lac Simoncouche et nous y avoir accompagnés à deux reprises. Je ne saurais oublier Jean Deshaye qui a bien voulu partager ses informations sur l'occurrence de Saint-Gilles et qui a eu l'amabilité de nous accompagner dans la tourbière. Merci également à Pierre Buteau, du ministère des Ressources naturelles, qui a eu la gentillesse de nous procurer un bon nombre de photographies aériennes. Ce mémoire de maîtrise a été rendu possible grâce, en partie, à l'aide financière du Ministère de l'Environnement, par le biais du programme PARDE. Je désire remercier Gildo Lavoie et les membres de son équipe à la Direction du patrimoine écologique et du 2 développement durable au Ministère de l'Environnement pour leur support tout au long de ce projet. 3 Table des matières Résumé....................................................................................................................................1 Remerciements........................................................................................................................2 Introduction.............................................................................................................................8 A- Importance des plantes rares au Québec........................................................................8 B- Famille des Orchidaceae................................................................................................9 C- Description du Listera australis ...................................................................................11 D- Situation du Listera australis au Québec .....................................................................13 E- Hypothèse de travail et objectifs de la recherche.........................................................15 Méthodologie........................................................................................................................16 A- Présence et répartition du Listera australis au Québec ................................................16 B- Caractérisation de l'habitat et facteurs limitants pour la présence de l'espèce.............16 C- Observations sur la biologie de l'espèce ......................................................................24 Résultats................................................................................................................................25 A. Présence et répartition au Québec................................................................................25 1. Connaissances antérieures à l'étude actuelle.............................................................25 2. Connaissances actuelles............................................................................................28 3. Caractéristiques des populations...............................................................................32 B- Habitat et facteurs limitants .........................................................................................34 1. Facteurs édaphiques et conditions physico-chimiques .............................................34 2. Structure verticale et composition de la communauté végétale................................48 2.1. Habitat général...................................................................................................48 2.2. Microhabitat.......................................................................................................66 C- Biologie........................................................................................................................80 Phénologie ....................................................................................................................80 Croissance.....................................................................................................................80 Reproduction végétative ...............................................................................................81 Indices de prédation......................................................................................................81 Discussion.............................................................................................................................83 A. Présence et répartition du Listera australis au Québec ................................................83 B. Habitat et facteurs limitants .........................................................................................87 C. Biologie........................................................................................................................95 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................99 Références...........................................................................................................................101 Annexe 1. Relevé de la composition végétale dans chacune des stations de l’habitat général ............................................................................................................................................106 Annexe 2. Relevé de la composition végétale dans chacune des placettes du microhabitat ............................................................................................................................................127 4 Liste des tableaux Tableau 1. Principaux caractères permettant de distinguer le Listera australis du Listera cordata..........................................................................................................................13 Tableau 2. Historique des observations au Québec du Listera australis jusqu'en 1999.......26 Tableau 3. Les provinces naturelles et les régions naturelles explorées à la recherche du Listera australis en 1999 et 2000 .................................................................................28 Tableau 4. Sommaire de l'exploration des tourbières du Québec méridional à la recherche du Listera australis .......................................................................................................29 Tableau 5. Les occurrences connues et actuellement existantes du Listera australis au Québec en ordre décroissant de l'importance de leur population .................................31 Tableau 6. Tourbières explorées au cours de la présente étude où la présence du Listera australis n'a pas été observée........................................................................................32 Tableau 7. Caractéristiques physico-chimiques de l'habitat général de chacune des stations explorées .......................................................................................................................36
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