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Alternative Water Supply Systems Alternative Water Supply Systems Water Alternative Alternative Water Supply Systems Alternative Editors: Fayyaz Ali Memon and Sarah Ward Owing to climate change related uncertainties and anticipated population growth, different Water parts of the developing and the developed world (particularly urban areas) are experiencing water shortages or flooding and security of fit-for-purpose supplies is becoming a major issue. The emphasis on decentralised alternative water supply systems has increased considerably. Most of the information on such systems is either scattered or focuses on large Supply scale reuse with little consideration given to decentralised small to medium scale systems. Alternative Water Supply Systems brings together recent research into the available and innovative options and additionally shares experiences from a wide range of contexts from both developed and developing countries. Systems Alternative Water Supply Systems covers technical, social, financial and institutional aspects associated with decentralised alternative water supply systems. These include systems for Editors: Fayyaz Ali Memon greywater recycling, rainwater harvesting, recovery of water through condensation and and Sarah Ward sewer mining. A number of case studies from the UK, the USA, Australia and the developing world are presented to discuss associated environmental and health implications. The book provides insights into a range of aspects associated with alternative water supply systems and an evidence base (through case studies) on potential water savings and trade-offs. The information organised in the book is aimed at facilitating wider uptake of context specific alternatives at a decentralised scale mainly in urban areas. Editors: Fayyaz Ali Memon and Sarah Ward Ali Memon and Sarah Editors: Fayyaz This book is a key reference for postgraduate level students and researchers interested in environmental engineering, water resources management, urban planning and resource efficiency, water demand management, building service engineering and sustainable architecture. It provides practical insights for water professionals such as systems designers, operators, and decision makers responsible for planning and delivering sustainable water management in urban areas through the implementation of decentralised water re(use). iwapublishing.com @IWAPublishing ISBN: 9781780405506 (Hardback) ISBN: 9781780405513 (eBook) Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520888/wio9781780405513.pdf by IWA Publishing user on 04 February 2019 Alternative Water Supply Systems Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520888/wio9781780405513.pdf by IWA Publishing user on 04 February 2019 Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520888/wio9781780405513.pdf by IWA Publishing user on 04 February 2019 Alternative Water Supply Systems Edited by Fayyaz Ali Memon and Sarah Ward Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520888/wio9781780405513.pdf by IWA Publishing user on 04 February 2019 ©2019 The Author(s) This is an Open Access book distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits copying and redistribution for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited and that any new works are made available on the same conditions (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). This does not affect the rights licensed or assigned from any third party in this book. This title was made available Open Access through a partnership with Knowledge Unlatched. IWA Publishing would like to thank all of the libraries for pledging to support the transition of this title to Open Access through the KU Select 2018 program. Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520888/wio9781780405513.pdf by IWA Publishing user on 04 February 2019 Contents Contributors . xix Preface . xxix Section I Rainwater Harvesting and Condensate Recovery Systems Chapter 1 Performance and economics of internally plumbed rainwater tanks: An Australian perspective . 3 Rodney Anthony Stewart, Oz Sahin, Raymond Siems, Mohammad Reza Talebpour and Damien Giurco 1.1 Introduction . 3 1.2 Background . 4 1.2.1 IPRWT systems in Australia . 5 1.2.2 RWH and IPRWTs around the globe . 5 1.3 Australian Case Study . 7 1.3.1 Context of investigation . 7 1.3.2 Data gathering and end-use study experimental procedure . 8 1.3.3 IPRWT modelling . 10 1.3.4 Life cycle cost analysis . 13 1.3.5 Sensitivity analysis . 16 1.4 International Comparisons . 18 1.5 Discussion . 19 1.6 Summary and Conclusions . 20 References . 21 Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520888/wio9781780405513.pdf by IWA Publishing user on 04 February 2019 vi Alternative Water Supply Systems Chapter 2 Evaluating rain tank pump performance at a micro-component level . 25 Mohammad Reza Talebpour, Oz Sahin, Raymond Siems, Rodney Anthony Stewart and Michael Hopewell 2.1 Introduction . 25 2.2 Background . 26 2.2.1 Pump energy intensity and associated costs . 26 2.2.2 Common confi gurations for rainwater tank systems . 27 2.2.3 Previous studies . 28 2.3 Australian End-Use Pump Performance Study . 29 2.3.1 Research objectives . 29 2.3.2 Methodology . 30 2.3.3 Results and analysis . 35 2.4 Alternative Supply Spectrum Comparisons . 41 2.5 Discussion and Conclusions . 42 References . 43 Chapter 3 The verifi cation of a behavioural model for simulating the hydraulic performance of rainwater harvesting systems . 47 Alan Fewkes 3.1 Introduction . 47 3.2 The Rainwater Harvesting System and Instrumentation . 48 3.3 Field Testing Results and Discussion . 50 3.4 Modelling System Performance . 54 3.5 Verifi cation of the Rainwater Harvesting System Model . 55 3.5.1 Time interval sensitivity . 56 3.5.2 Rainfall loss sensitivity . 57 3.5.3 WC demand sensitivity . 57 3.6 Design Curves . 58 3.7 Discussion . 59 3.8 Conclusions . 60 References . 60 Chapter 4 Rainwater harvesting for domestic water demand and stormwater management . 63 Richard Kellagher and Juan Gutierrez Andres 4.1 Introduction . 63 Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520888/wio9781780405513.pdf by IWA Publishing user on 04 February 2019 Contents vii 4.1.1 Types of RWH . 64 4.1.2 The background research . 65 4.2 Uncertainties Associated with Designing RWH tanks for Stormwater Control . 66 4.3 The Stormwater Sizing Methodology . 67 4.4 The Pilot Study – Hanwell Fields (Banbury, UK) . 68 4.4.1 Design of individual tanks (models 1 & 2) . 69 4.4.2 The importance of actual vs. assumed occupancy for the performance of RWH stormwater control systems . 70 4.4.3 Model 1 – performance of the design scenario: tanks for individual properties with occupancy levels based on mean occupancy statistics . 71 4.4.4 Model 2 – performance of the actual scenario for individual tanks . 77 4.4.5 Model 3 – performance of the design scenario for a communal tank . 78 4.5 A Methodology for Assessing Uncertainty of Property Occupancy . 80 4.6 Active Management of RWH Systems . 81 4.6.1 Active control decision rules . 82 4.7 Conclusions . 82 References . 83 Chapter 5 Rainwater harvesting for toilet fl ushing in UK Schools: Opportunities for combining with water effi ciency education . 85 Cath Hassell and Judith Thornton 5.1 Introduction . 85 5.2 Water use in Schools . 87 5.3 Confi guration of RWH Systems in UK School Buildings . 88 5.4 Benefi ts of RWH in the UK Context . 91 5.5 Engaging with Pupils to Encourage Water Effi cient Behaviour . 91 5.6 Retrofi tting RWH Systems into London Schools . 94 5.7 Be a Water Detective . 96 5.7.1 Project background and context . 96 5.7.2 Water use benchmarking and discussion with teachers/facilities staff . 97 5.7.3 Be Water Aware school assembly . 98 5.7.4 Leafl et . 99 5.7.5 Be a Water Detective Water audit . 100 Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520888/wio9781780405513.pdf by IWA Publishing user on 04 February 2019 viii Alternative Water Supply Systems 5.8 The Water Audit . 101 5.8.1 Behaviour . 101 5.8.2 Appliances . 104 5.8.3 Engagement and responsiveness . 105 5.9 Saving Six Litres of Water a Day – What Does it Mean in Practice? . 106 5.9.1 Saving 6 litres of water from a shallower bath . 106 5.9.2 Saving six litres of water from a shorter shower . 107 5.9.3 Saving six litres from brushing teeth . 108 5.9.4 Saving 6 litres of water from effi cient washing up habits . 108 5.9.5 Savings from WC fl ush . 108 5.9.6 CO2 savings . 108 5.10 Discussion . 110 5.11 Final Remarks . ..
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