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Analogue Cellular Technologies AMPS Advanced System. Developed by Bell Labs in the 1970s and first used commercially in the United States in 1983. It operates in the 800 MHz band and is currently the world's largest cellular standard. C-450 Installed in South Africa during the 1980's. Uses 450Mhz band. Much like C-Netz. Now known as Motorphone and run by Vodacom SA. C-Netz Older cellular technology found mainly in Germany and Austria. Uses 450 MHz. Comvik Launched in Sweden in August 1981 by the Comvik network. N-AMPS Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone System. Developed by Motorola as an interim technology between analogue and digital. It has some three times greater capacity than AMPS and operates in the 800 MHz range. NMT45 Nordic Mobile /450. Developed specially by Ericsson and Nokia to service 0 the rugged terrain that characterises the Nordic countries. Range 25km. Operates at 450 MHz. Uses FDD FDMA. NMT90 Nordic Mobile Telephones/900. The 900 MHz upgrade to NMT 450 developed by the 0 Nordic countries to accommodate higher capacities and handheld portables. Range 25km. Uses FDD FDMA technology. NMT-F French version of NMT900 NTT Nippon Telegraph and . The old Japanese analogue standard. A high- capacity version is called HICAP. RC2000 Radiocom 2000. French system launched November 1985 TACS Total Access Communications System. Developed by Motorola. and is similar to AMPS. It was first used in the United Kingdom in 1985, although in Japan it is called JTAC. It operates in the 900 MHz frequency range.

Digital Cellular Technologies A1-NetAustrian Name for GSM 900 networks B-CDMA Broadband CDMA. Now known as W-CDMA (see below). To be used in UMTS. Composite technology that uses both CDMA and TDMA. For large-cell licensed band and small- CDMA/TDMAcell unlicensed band applications. Uses CDMA between cells and TDMA within cells. Based on Omnipoint technology. CDMA Code Division Multiple Access. There are now a number of variations of CDMA, in addition to the original Qualcomm-invented N-CDMA (originally just 'CDMA', also known in the US as IS- 95. See N-CDMA below). Latest variations are B-CDMA, W-CDMA and composite CDMA/TDMA. Developed originally by Qualcomm, CDMA is characterized by high capacity and small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme. It was adopted by the Industry Association (TIA) in 1993. The first CDMA-based networks are now operational. B-CDMA is the basis for UMTS (see below) cdmaOneFirst Generation Narrowband CDMA (IS-95). See above. cdma2000The new second-generation CDMA MoU spec for inclusion in UMTS. Click HERE for more technical details... CT-2A second generation digital cordless telephone standard. CT2 has 40 carriers x 1 duplex bearer per carrier = 40 voice channels. CT-3A third generation digital cordless telephone, which is very similar and a precursor to DECT. CTSGSM Corldless Telephone System. In the home environment, GSM-CTS phones communicate with a CTS Home (HBS), which offers perfect indoor coverage. The CTS- HBS hooks up to the fixed network and offers the best of the fixed and mobile worlds: low cost and high quality from the Public Switched (PSTN), services and mobility from the GSM. D-AMPSDigital AMPS, a variation of AMPs. Uses 3-timeslot variation of TDMA, also known as IS-54. An (IS-54)upgrade to the analogue AMPS. Designed to address the problem of using existing channels more efficiently, DAMPS (IS-54) employs the same 30 kHz channel spacing and frequency bands (824-849 and 869-894 MHz) as AMPS. By using TDMA instead of FDMA, IS-54 increases the number of users from 1 to 3 per channel (up to 10 with enhanced TDMA). An AMPS/D-AMPS infrastructure can support use of either analogue AMPS phone or digital D- AMPS phones. This is because the Federal Communications Commission mandated only that digital cellular in the U.S. must act in a dual-mode capacity with analogue. Both operate in the 800 MHz band. DCS 1800 Digital Cordless Standard. Now known as GSM 1800. GSM operated in the 1,800 MHz range. It is a different frequency version of GSM, and (900 MHz) GSM phones cannot be used on DCS 1800 networks unless they are dual band. DECTDigital European Corldless Telephone. Uses 12-timeslot TDMA. This started off as Ericsson's CT-3, but developed into ETSI's Digital European Cordless Standard. It is intended to be a far more flexible standard than the CT2 standard, in that it has more RF channels (10 RF carriers x 12 duplex bearers per carrier = 120 duplex voice channels). It also has a better multimedia performance since 32kbit/s bearers can be concatenated. Ericsson has developed a dual GSM/DECT handset. EDGEUWC-136, the next generation of data heading towards third generation and personal multimedia environments builds on GPRS and is known as Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE). It will allow GSM operators to use existing GSM radio bands to offer wireless multimedia IP-based services and applications at theoretical maximum speeds of 384 kbps with a bit-rate of 48 kbps per timeslot and up to 69.2 kbps per timeslot in good radio conditions. E-NetzThe German name for GSM 1800 networks. FDMAFrequency Division Multiple Access GMSS Geostationary Mobile Satellite Standard, a satellite standard developed from GSM and formed by Ericsson, Lockheed Martin, U.K. Matra Marconi Space and satellite operators Asia Cellular Satellite and Euro-African Satellite Telecommunications. GSM Global System for Mobile Communications. The first European digital standard, developed to establish cellular compatibility throughout Europe. It's success has spread to all parts of the world and over 80 GSM networks are now operational. It operates at 900 MHz. IDEN iDEN® (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network). Launched by Motorola in 1994, this is a Private Mobile radio system from Motorola's Land Mobile Products Sector (LMPS) iDEN technology, currently available in the 800 MHz, 900 Mhz and 1.5 GHz bands. It utilizes a variety of advanced technologies, including state-of-the-art vocoders, M16QAM and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). It allows Commercial Mobile Radio Service (CMRS) operators to maximize the dispatch capacity and provides the flexibility to add optional services such as full-duplex telephone interconnect, alphanumeric paging and data/ communication services. IMT DSWideband CDMA, or WCDMA. MT MCWidely known as and consisting of the 1X and 3X components. IMT TCCalled UTRA TDD or TD-SCDMA. IMT SCCalled UWC-136 and widely known as EDGE. IMTFTWell-known as DECT. InmarsatInternational Martime Satellite System which uses a number of GEO satellites. Available as Inmarsat A,B,C,and M. IridiumMobile Satellite phone/ network launched November 1998. Uses TDMA for inter-satellite links. Uses 2GHz band. IS-54TDMA-based technology used by the D-AMPS system at 800 MHz IS-95CDMA-based technology used at 800 MHz IS-136TDMA-based technology JS-008CDMA based standard for 1,900 MHz. N-CDMANarrowband Code Division Multiple Access, or plain old original 'CDMA'. Also known in the US as IS-95. Developed by Qualcomm and characterized by high capacity and small cell radius. Has a 1.25Mhz air interface. It uses the same frequency bands as AMPS and supports AMPS operation, employing spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme. It was adopted by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in 1993. The first CDMA-based networks are now operational. PACS-TDMAAn 8-timeslot TDMA-based standard, primarily for pedestrian use. Derived from Bellcore's wireless access spec for licensed band applications. Motorola supported. PCSPersonal Communications Service. The PCS frequency band is 1850 to 1990 MHz, which encompasses a wide range of new digital cellular standards like N-CDMA and GSM 1900. Single-band GSM 900 phones cannot be used on PCS networks. PCS networks operate thoughout the North America. PDC Personal Digital Cellular is a TDMA-based Japanese standard operating in the 800 and 1500 MHz bands. PHS Personal Handy System. A TDD TDMA Japanese-centric system that offers high speed data services and superb voice clarity. Really a WLL system with only 300m to 3km coverage. SDMASpace Division Multiple Access, thought of as a component of Third Generation Digital Cellular/UMTS TDMATime Division Multiple Access. The first U.S. digital standard to be developed. It was adopted by the TIA in 1992. The first TDMA commercial system began in 1993. A number of variations exist. Telecentre-HA proprietary WLL system by Krone. Range 30km, in the 350-500 MHz and 800-1000 Mhz range. Uses FDD FDM/FDMA and TDM/TDMA technologies. TETRATErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) is a new open digital trunked radio standard which is defined by the European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute (ETSI) to meet the needs of the most demanding professional mobile radio users. TETRA-POLProprietary TETRA network from Matra and AEG. Does not conform to TETRA MoU specifications UltraPhone 110A proprietary WLL system by IDC. Range 30 km, in the 350-500 MHz range. Uses FDD FDM/TDMA technologies. The UltraPhone system allows 4 conversations to operate simultaneously on every 25kMhz-spaced channel. A typical UP 24-channel WLL system can support 95 full duplex voice circuits in 1.2kHz of spectrum. UMTSUniversal Mobile Telephone Standard - the next generation of global cellular which should be in place by 2004. Proposed data rates of <2Mbps, using combination TDMA and W-CDMA. Operates at around 2GHz W-CDMAOne of the latest components of UMTS, along with TDMA & cdma2000. It has a 5Mhz air interface and is the basis of higher- data rates. WLLWireless Local Loop limited-number systems are usually found in remote areas where fixed- line usage is impossible. Most modern WLL systems use CDMA technology. See African WLL coverage implementation details

HSCSD High Speed (HSCSD) is a new high speed implementation of GSM data techniques.

It will enable users to access the and other datacom services via the GSM network at considerably higher data rates than at present.

HSCSD allows wireless data to be transmitted at 38.4 kilobits per second or even faster over GSM networks by allocating up to eight time slots to a single user. This is comparable to the transmission rates of usual modems via fixed telephone networks today.

Current datacom services over GSM generally allows transferring files or data and sending at 9.6 kbps. With HSCSD the user will find wireless connection to the Internet much faster at 38.4 kbps, which is up to four times faster than today's standard usage. It also opens up possibilities for many new kinds of market driven wireless services. HSCSD is especially well suited for time sensitive, real-time services. Examples could be transferring of large files with specified Quality of Service or video surveillance.

Commercial HSCSD implementations are important steps towards 3rd generation wideband wireless multimedia services. Third-generation wireless systems will handle services up to 384 kbps in wide area applications and up to 2 Mbps for indoor applications around year 2000.

GPRS GSM's new GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) data transmission technology is optimized for "bursty" datacom services such as wireless Internet/intranet and multimedia services. It is also known as GSM-IP (Internet Protocol) because it will connect users direct to Internet Service Providers.

One of the main benefits of this new packet-switched technology is that users are always connected, always on-line, and may be charged only for the amount of data that is transported. Voice calls can be made simultaneously over GSM-IP while a data connection is operating.

Users will also benefit from fast and easy 114 kbps data access to different services.

Ericsson for example offers a robust IP end-to-end GPRS solution with open interfaces enabling integration into multi-vendor networks.

The company's GPRS solution also offers leading-edge security for wireless use of intranet and corporate LAN services.

GPRS is a smooth add-on to integrate into existing networks. For new operators, it's also attractive to launch GPRS networks to provide competitive datacom services.

Ericsson has already taken more than five agreements for another complementary wireless technology for datacom services: HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data), which is especially well suited for real-time services and transferring of larger amounts of data, such as video-based services.

Motorola's GPRS solution introduces two new network nodes into the GSM PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) - the SGSN and the GGSN.

A number of new interfaces are added to connect the SGSN and GGSN to the appropriate GSM and non-GSM elements required to provide global packet data service. Motorola's GPRS infrastructure solution is designed around a powerful IP routing engine, providing operators with a scalable and flexible solution that can tailor the capability in line with the predicted data subscriber growth. The SGSN tracks packet capable mobile locations, performs security functions and access control. The GGSN interfaces with external packet data networks (PDNs) to provide the routing destination for data to be delivered to the subscriber's mobile terminal and to send mobile-originated data to its intended destination. The GGSN is connected with SGSNs via an IP-based GPRS backbone network. The PCU performs radio functions and GPRS network functions. The PCU interfaces to the OMC-G, base station controller and SGSN. Earlier in 1999, Motorola and Cisco Systems Inc., the worldwide leader in networking for the Internet, announced a strategic alliance to develop and deliver a New World framework for Internet-based, wireless networks. This collaboration will deliver the first all-IP platform for the wireless industry, which unites different standards for wireless services worldwide, and introduce an open, Internet-based platform for integrated data, voice and video services over cellular networks. EDGE The next generation of data heading towards third generation and personal multimedia environments builds on GPRS and is known as Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE). It will allow GSM operators to use existing GSM radio bands to offer wireless multimedia IP- based services and applications at theoretical maximum speeds of 384 kbps with a bit-rate of 48 kbps per timeslot and up to 69.2 kbps per timeslot in good radio conditions. Vendors say that implementing EDGE will be relatively painless and will require relatively small changes to network hardware and software as it uses the same TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure, logic channel and 200 kHz carrier bandwidth as today's GSM networks. As EDGE progresses to coexistence with 3G WCDMA, data rates of up to ATM-like speeds of 2 Mbps could be available. Groups from the two camps have been working on ways to converge their 3G plans, with the result that operators using either standard can roll out GPRS packet-based high-speed networks, together with EDGE as a radio interface.

UMTS UMTS™ (Universal ) is a Third Generation (3G) mobile system being developed by ETSI™ within the ITU’s IMT-2000 framework. It will provide data speeds of up to 2 Mbps, making portable videophones a reality. UMTS has the support of many major telecommunications operators and manufacturers because it represents a unique opportunity to create a mass market for highly personalised and user friendly mobile access to the Information Society. UMTS seeks to build on and extend the capability of today’s mobile, cordless and satellite technologies by providing increased capacity, data capability and a far greater range of services using an innovative radio access scheme and an enhanced, evolving core network. Spectrum for UMTS WRC’92 identified the frequency bands 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz for future IMT- 2000 systems, with the bands 1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200 MHz intended for the satellite part of these future systems. How and When? For the commercial and technical success of UMTS, and to meet its 2002 launch deadline, a number of steps are being undertaken by manufacturers, standards bodies, operators and regulators around the world: - Creating an adequate regulatory framework - Ensuring availability of licences - Allocating adequate spectrum to operators - Producing timely UMTS standards - Encouraging simultaneous uptake of UMTS in several countries to stimulate uptake of services in a world-wide market. - Full commercial phase (2002-2005), with performance and capability enhancements, and the introduction of new, sophisticated UMTS services.

Phases Towards the Development of UMTS Full commercial deployment will be reached through the following main steps: - Extension of GSM’s capability with packet and high speed data operation - Pre-UMTS Trial Phase either in subsets of real GSM networks or in isolated packet-based networks - Basic deployment phase in 2002, including the incorporation of UTRA base stations into "live" networks and the launch of satellite-based UMTS services WAP The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a new advanced intelligent messaging service for digital mobile phones and other mobile terminals that will allow you to see Internet content in special text format on special WAP-enabled GSM mobile phones. Through the WAP Forum, WAP has become the de facto global industry standard for providing data to wireless handheld mobile terminals. Essentially, WAP specifies a thin-client microbrowser using a new standard called WML that is optimized for wireless handheld mobile terminals. WML is a stripped down version of HTML, more a 'DOS-like' version of HTML. WAP also specifies a proxy server that acts as a gateway between the and the wire-line Internet, providing protocol translation and optimizing data transfer for the wireless handset. WAP also specifies a computer- integration API, called WTAI, between data and voice. This enables applications to take full advantage of the fact that this wireless mobile terminal is most often a phone and the mobile user's constant companion. On-board memory on a WAP phone can be used for off-line content, enhanced address books, bookmarks and text-input methods.

Nokia will license the WWW:MMM icon to any company that accepts the terms of the licensing agreement. In the initial phase, the licensees will, for a nominal administrative fee, receive the right to use the WWW:MMM icon solely in conjunction with WAP compliant products, content and services.

With WAP-enabled phones like the Nokia 7110, Alcatel OneTouch, Siemens S25, Motorola Timeport L7389, Ericsson R320, or the Ericsson R380, Motorola v2282, Nokia 6250, Nokia 6210, or WAP-enabled palmtops like the Siemens IC35 (Unifier) and the Ericsson MC218 you'll be able to: • Surf the Internet in text format • Send/Receive e-mail • Get/Buy stocks • Book and buy Metro and theatre tickets • Get traffic directions • Order flowers for your loved one • etc....

WAP is the first truly open standard in the area, removing the barrier of proprietary solutions. WAP will make wireless data boom for the mass market.

Phones like the Nokia 7110, Alcatel OneTouch, Ericsson R380, and, Nokia 6250 and Nokia 6210 have built-in WAP support.

However to get the info, your GSM network will have to implement the WAP protocol that strips ordinary HTML into the special XML format of WAP !

Mobile operators and content providers will be able to develop new differentiated services to attract new users so that users will benefit from a wider choice of mobile applications, advanced services, and . WAP hides the complexity of GSM on the application layer, just as the Web has done for the Internet. It spans a variety of transport options and devices, including SMS, 9.6 kbit/s GSM data, HSCSD, and GPRS, making the underlying network technologies blend together from the user's standpoint. Goals of the Wireless Application Protocol

 Independent of wireless network standard  Open to all

 Will be proposed to the appropriate standards bodies

 Applications scale across transport options

 Applications scale across device types

 Extensible over time to new networks and transports

BLUETOOTH "" is a new standard launched in May 1998 which utilises a short-range radio link to exchange information, enabling effortless wireless connectivity between mobile phones, mobile PCs, handheld computers and other peripherals.

It aims to replace the IrDA spec of InfraRed in mobile and computing devices.

TDK Bluetooth Product Range

Download Bluetooth Specification v1.0 (PDF file) The Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) was formed in early 1998 as a result of the global commitment of the five founding companies to develop the concept towards a technology standard. It competes with the 802.11 specification for wireless networking. As of 10 August 1999, there were 640 members of the Bluetooth SIG. Enabling seamless voice and data transmission via wireless, short-range radio, this new technology will allow users to connect a wide range of devices easily and quickly, without the need for cables, expanding communications capabilities for mobile computers, mobile phones and other mobile devices, both in and out of the office.

Ericsson contributed the basic radio technology expertise; Toshiba and IBM are developing a common specification for integrating "Bluetooth" technology into mobile devices. Intel is contributing its advanced and software expertise and Nokia contributes expertise in radio technology and mobile handset software. Other companies are being invited to support the core technology on a royalty-free basis to ensure that "Bluetooth" can be implemented in many different devices. The radio will operate on the globally available 2.45 GHz ISM 'free band', allowing international travellers to use "Bluetooth"-enabled equipment worldwide.

Bluetooth System: • Operates in the 2.4 GHz Industrial-Scientific-Medical (ISM) band. • 10m to 100m range • Uses Frequence Hop (FH) spread spectrum, which divides the frequency band into a number of hop channels. • During a connection, radio hop from one channel to another • Supports up to 8 devices in a piconet (two or more Bluetooth units sharing a channel). • Built-in security. • Non line-of-sight transmission through walls and briefcases. • Omni-directional. • Supports both isochronous and asynchronous services; easy integration of TCP/IP for networking. • Regulated by governments worldwide. Uses: It will connect... • Printers • Mobile Phones • Handsfree Headsets • LCD projectors • Modems • Wireless LAN devices • Notebooks • Desktop PCs • PDAs • etc

....to one another via Bluetooth short-range radio modules installed in each of these devices

ROADMAP TO UMTS

Key: 2+ = GSM Phase 2+ HSCSD = High Speed Circiut Switched Data (14.4kbps * n) GPRS = General Packet Radio System (up to 114 kbps) EDGE = Enhanced Data GSM Environment (up to 560 kbps) UMTS = Universal Mobile Telephone Service (up to 2 Mbps)

NEW GENERATION PHONE FOR 21ST CENTURY The race towards the millenium is also spurring on development of new cellular technologies for the 21st century. Already dubbed "Third Generation" systems, the new technologies currently under discussion by technical committees of the GSM MoU governing body and ETSI (one of the main developers of GSM), promise spectacularly innovative features both at the cellular phone and the level. GSM, as the most sophisticated cellular standard today, will be the springboard for these new technologies.

3GIG The GSM MoU's Third Generation Interest Group (3GIG) propose a gradual evolution of current cellular technology like GSM - and it's cousin systems - PCS 1900 in the US and DCS 1800 in Europe - towards what is now being called UMTS, or Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. A political mandate has already been given by the European Parliament to establish a UMTS Forum as the central body charged with the elaboration of European policy towards the implementation of UMTS and based on industry-wide consensus.

Global UMTS, as a Third Generation System promises a wide range of personal mobility features using a multimedia-like phone. Some of the new features promised with the new devices include home shopping, interactive education and training with virtual reality support, navigation, multi-media multi-party consultation, entertainment, multi-connection surveillance, information seeking and retrieval, communicating laptop PCs and video communication. It also promises to standardize cellular technology around the world, so that your phone will be just as useable in another corner of the world as it is in your home or office. International roaming is already a reality, but UMTS takes it one step further - to Global Roaming.

Mobile Satellite Systems Here's where the new generations of Mobile Satellite Systems (MSS) like Globalstar come in. MSS satellites will be launched in the next 18 months and promise digital voice, data and SMS coverage to users on most parts of the globe using handsets not that much larger than current GSM cellphones. The idea is that Third Generation phones that can work on both Globalstar and GSM would allow a user to automatically connect to a Globalstar satellite whenever they are out of GSM range, and back to GSM when in range of the GSM network. This satellite "roaming" will however require special dual phones that will only be available sometime in 1999.

DECT & GSM Another aspect of UMTS is to integrate cordless phones in homes or offices with cellular networks to ultimately dispense with the need for a cellphone and a fixed-line phone. This convergence would mean that the phones in an office/home would connect to cordless phone-like base station when in the office/home, and then when the user moves out of this environment, then connect to a cellular network. The user would then only need one telephone number - and only one phone. Already Ericsson have unveiled a prototype system using a phone that auto-switches between a digital cordless telephone phone standard called DECT, and GSM. This will go on trial in Europe later this year. One of UMTSs' main goals in fact is that there will always be a path to it from existing 2nd-generation digital systems like GSM 900, DCS 1800 and DECT.

Built-in LCD colour screens While UMTS promises to ultimately provide the user with phones that offer seamless connectivity throughout the world, network and phone features will also be spruced up. The phones and networks promise high-speed data transmission - up to 1000x faster than current systems - which could even allow video conferencing from cellphones using built-in LCD colour screens and mini-cameras. The phone could in fact become a lightweight multi- media terminal that could even view movies-on-demand. The Japanese have already demonstrated a rather bulky prototype version using their PHS cellular system. The high speeds will have a significant impact on mobile office users who no longer need to suffer relatively slow GSM speeds.

Upgradeable Phones Third Generation cellular phones will also be upgradeable over the air to allow more internal features to be added without the need for going into a workshop. When roaming, a user will also be able to use the settings, keyboard shortcuts, and commands they normally use on their home network. The user interface will be completely customizable, so that even if your swap phones, you'll still have the same menus and numbers. Last but not least, the boffins predict that the new generation phones will be under 100g, and have up to 10 days standby time.

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access, a cellular technology also known as IS-95, that competes with GSM technology for dominance in the cellular world. There are now different variations, but the original CDMA is now known as cdmaOne. [See other cellular technologies of the world.] Developed originally by Qualcomm and enhanced by Ericsson, CDMA is characterized by high capacity and small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme.

CDMA was adopted by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in 1993. In September 1998, only three years after the first commercial deployment, there were 16 million subscribers on cdmaOne systems worldwide. Over 35 countries have either commercial or trial activity ongoing. There are already 43 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) systems in 22 countries using cdmaOne technology.

Enhancing today's data capabilities is the 1XRTT CDMA standard - this next evolutionary step for cdmaOne operators will provide data rates up to 300 kbps, significant capacity increases as well as extended battery life for handsets.

CDMA is characterized by high capacity and small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme.

Capabilities of cdmaOne evolution have already been defined in standards. IS-95B provides ISDN rates up to 64 kbps. The next phase of cdmaOne is a standard knows as 1XRTT and enables 144 kbps packet data in a mobile environment. Other features available are a two-fold increase in both standby time and voice capacity. All of these capabilities will be available in an existing cdmaOne 1.25 MHz channel. The next phase of cdmaOne evolution will incorporate the capabilities of 1XRTT, support all channel sizes (5 MHz, 10 MHz, etc.), provide circuit and packet data rates up to 2 Mbps, incorporate advanced multimedia capabilities, and include a framework for advanced 3G voice services and vocoders, including voice over packet and circuit data. This phase of the standard will be complete by 4Q99.

There are now a number of flavours of CDMA: Composite Wireless technology that uses both CDMA and CDMA/TDMA TDMA. For large-cell licensed band and small-cell unlicensed band applications. Uses CDMA between cells and TDMA within cells. Based on Omnipoint technology. CDMA In addition to the original Qualcomm-invented N- CDMA (originally just 'CDMA', also known in the US as IS-95. See N-CDMA below). Latest variations are B-CDMA, W-CDMA and composite CDMA/TDMA. Developed originally by Qualcomm, CDMA is characterized by high capacity and small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme. It was adopted by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in 1993. The first CDMA-based networks are now operational. B-CDMA is the basis for 3G UMTS (see below) cdmaOne First Generation Narrowband CDMA (IS-95). See above. cdma2000 The new second-generation CDMA MoU spec for inclusion in UMTS. Click HERE for more technical details...

CDMAone AND CDMA2000 Objective The objective of this paper is to present the CDMA Development Group’s (CDG) view on key topics with respect to third generation (3G) and address some of the more technical aspects of the cdma2000 3G proposal. The paper also documents the ongoing activities within the CDG and standards bodies that are taking place toward cdmaOne ™ evolution and 3G standards. Background cdmaOne has clearly demonstrated its superiority in the second generation wireless marketplace. In September 1998, only three years after the first commercial deployment, there were 16 million subscribers on cdmaOne systems worldwide. Over 35 countries have either commercial or trial activity ongoing. The CDG has over 100 members of whom 40% are companies based outside of North America, testimony to the truly international reach of CDMA. The CDG established the Advanced Systems Initiative to provide a growth path for cdmaOne to next generation systems. Primary goals of the initiative include development of a worldwide standard that meets IMT-2000 requirements and other services identified as critical to operator members, and graceful evolution to next generation cdmaOne systems.

The Advanced Systems Initiative is a means for CDG members to define the requirements and priorities for cdmaOne and to collaborate with regional and international standards organizations to meet industry objectives. CDG members have been involved with IMT-2000 since its inception. In addition to the work of the Advanced Systems Initiative, the CDG leadership is actively engaged in industry-wide efforts on 3G. The CDG is ensuring the rapid evolution of cdmaOne and the development of cdma2000 to meet the needs of operators worldwide, enabling the availability of 3G products and services beginning in 1999. Evolution of cdmaOne and Development of cdma2000 The path to 3G A great deal of attention has been focused on 3G harmonization and convergence. While the CDG believes in the ITU’s vision of a global standard, we are quickly building on the technical foundation of cdmaOne to deliver many advanced services in the near future in a way that allows operators the flexibility to offer these services as the market demands. The CDG efforts are focused around an evolution strategy so that capabilities can be introduced in phases during the next few years, based on and leading to the complete capabilities of cdma2000. The bottom line: The CDG is working aggressively to enable fast-track development of the cdma2000 standard. cdmaOne is the only technology with a clear evolution to 3G because it builds on the design and framework of today’s cdmaOne system. Looking at 3G from an operator’s perspective, preservation of investments made in infrastructure and spectrum are significant issues in defining requirements for technology migration. Services designated as "3G"will be available with cdmaOne in existing as well as new spectrum bands. This point is important in considering the position of established operators who may not choose, or be able, to get new spectrum.

This point is also vitally important in developing regions considering the allocation of PCS spectrum for . With cdmaOne, operators and subscribers in these regions can reap the benefits of today’s advanced digital technology while assured their investments are protected. Evolution from technologies such as GSM to WCDMA, however, will require significant change out of equipment and costly upgrades. Capabilities of cdmaOne evolution have already been defined in standards. IS-95B provides ISDN rates up to 64 kbps. The next phase of cdmaOne is a standard knows as 1XRTT and enables 144 kbps packet data in a mobile environment. Other features available when the standard is published in 1Q99 are a two-fold increase in both standby time and voice capacity. All of these capabilities will be available in an existing cdmaOne 1.25 MHz channel. The next phase of cdmaOne evolution will incorporate the capabilities of 1XRTT, support all channel sizes (5 MHz, 10 MHz, etc.), provide circuit and packet data rates up to 2 Mbps, incorporate advanced multimedia capabilities, and include a framework for advanced 3G voice services and vocoders, including voice over packet and circuit data. This phase of the standard will be complete by 4Q99. In addition to the capabilities of the cdmaOne air interface, evolution of the ANSI-41 core network will enable subscribers to continue to benefit from advanced services offered by the cdmaOne platform. Investment in costly infrastructure and network upgrades are not necessary. The myths and the facts about chip rate The debate about cdma2000 and WCDMA convergence has been based on the fact that these CDMA-based proposals have certain parameter definitions that present an opportunity for compromise. The most discussed and debated parameter is the system chip rate. WCDMA uses a chip rate value of 4.096 Mbps. cdma200 uses 3.6864 Mbps. WCDMA proponents liken the higher rate to more horse power and claim the lower cdma2000 rate degrades performance. This falsity requires clarification. Deployment scenarios in various bands First, WCDMA proponents claim that the WCDMA chip rate provides as much as a 10% capacity improvement over that of cdma2000. This should be examined under a realistic scenario of how the technology will be deployed, and must include all factors affecting system performance. While some operators will deploy 3G in as little as 5 MHz of spectrum many will use allocations of 10, 15, or 20 MHz.

This is important since it is the usable spectrum, in conjunction with chip rate, which affects capacity. Figures 1-3 illustrate the deployment scenarios for cdma2000 and WCDMA in 10, 15, and 20 MHz bands respectively. Even with the required guard bands as verified in today’s operational cdmaOne systems, greater overall capacity is achieved with a mixture of cdma2000 1X and 3X channels as compared with using WCDMA channels. With that configuration it can be shown that up to 13% capacity improvement is achievable in a 20 MHz deployment ( 1 ). . Figure 1 Deployment scenario for cdma2000 and WCDMA in a 2x 10 MHz operation

Figure 2. Deployment scenario for cdma2000 and WCDMA in a 2x 15 MHz operation

Figure 3. Deployment scenario for cdma2000 and WCDMA in a 2x 20 MHz operation Examining chip rate in context with other characteristics Second, chip rate alone does not determine overall system capacity. To build on the automobile analogy referenced earlier, assuming chip rate is the only factor affecting capacity is like assuming tire pressure is the only thing affecting gas mileage. One of the main parameters in determining the capacity of a CDMA system is the ratio of energy per information bit to noise power spectrum density (Eb/No) required to achieve certain QoS (Quality of Service) requirements such as frame or bit error rate. The required Eb/No value depends on frame structure, coding and modulation characteristics, diversity techniques and channel model. The small difference in chip rate between 3.6864 Mcps and 4.096 Mcps has negligible impact on the Eb/No requirement.

Instead, other system designs such as channel structure (including pilot structure), power control mechanisms, diversity techniques, handoff efficiency, and base station synchronization have a much greater impact on system capacity.

The impact of system design on capacity is illustrated in Table 1, where the normalized spectrum efficiency in Erlangs/MHz/cell for voice services in a vehicular environment is shown, taken from the cdma2000 and the UTRA (WCDMA) RTT ( 2 ). Table 1 also contains the simulation results from the RTT evaluation report submitted by the Chinese evaluation group. We can see that a larger chip rate does NOT translate into higher spectrum efficiency. Table 1. Spectrum efficiency for voice in a vehicular environment: cdma2000 & WCDMA System Chip Rate Self evaluation Chinese evaluation (Mcps) cdma2000 3.6864 36.7/29 26.4/27.2 UTRA 4.096 17.8/22.4 18.4/22 WCDMA *Higher Erlangs/MHz/Omni Cell equates to greater efficiency Consideration of power emissions Finally, what proponents of the WCDMA chip rate often overlook are the negative effects on spectrum use and power emissions by using the higher value chip rate. The CDMA air interface signal of IMT-2000 needs to fit into a 5 MHz spectrum to comply with different frequency plans around the world. For example, if deployed in a 5 MHz spectrum such as in the D, E, F North American PCS blocks, the WCDMA system as specified currently cannot meet the FCC out-of-band emission requirements. All major wireless technologies use guard bands to separate their signal spectra from those of services in adjacent bands. It is unreasonable to assume that WCDMA can operate without such guard band protection. For instance, the guard band used to separate IS-95 CDMA from TDMA/AMPS is 270 KHz on each side; the guard band used to separate DECT from adjacent service bands is 2.396 MHz to the lower band, and 1.052 MHz to the upper band. This issue is particularly significant for the PDC systems in Japan, as well as anywhere there is another service operating in the band adjacent to the IMT-2000 band. WCDMA advocates propose using more complex filters to address this. While in theory such an approach can be conceived, the required filter is hard to realize within a 5 MHz bandwidth ( 3 ). Essentially, the purported 10% capacity gain is not realizable in practical deployments that in many markets need to consider adjacent channel interference or FCC power emission requirements – not a realistic solution for operators. In summary, chip rate is not a simple issue with a direct cause and effect relationship. More is not necessarily better. cdma2000 enables 3G services without the deployment risks and cost of WCDMA. Convergence and Harmonization The CDG has been actively trying to achieve the ITU’s goal of a global standard for IMT- 2000. To that extent, the CDG and its members have been active on cdma2000/WCDMA harmonization in regional standards bodies (ARIB, ETSI, TIA, TTA, T1P1), discussions with worldwide operators, and meetings with government entities. Convergence can enable a number of benefits for consumers, operators, and manufacturers. ARIB (Japan) recognized this early on and has been instrumental in reducing the number of differences between cdma2000 and WCDMA to a handful. However, some WCDMA proponents have not been receptive to these efforts. The CDG believes in the benefits of convergence, but will not be able to achieve it alone. In any case, cdmaOne evolution proceeds on a fast track, ensuring that operators can deliver 3G services as the market demands. Conclusion The growth of cdmaOne technology is certain. Whether new capabilities are labeled 3G or not is not of material importance since the real challenge is having advanced services ready for market when customers demand them, and delivering these services cost effectively. Whatever results from the 3G standards process, cdmaOne operators will have standard solutions that enable 3G services with a clear growth path from today’s systems.

OTHER TECHNOLOGIES

GSM PRO GSM Pro addresses the growing workgroup communications market by offering services traditionally provided by Private Mobile Radio (PMR/PAMR) systems. The dispatch console provides the call dispatch functions familiar to PMR users. A big advantage of the GSM Pro is that customers do not have to construct their own networks to benefit from group communication functionalities such as group and broadcast calls. Potential users include the road transport industry, delivery, construction and security companies, and utilities. The GSM Pro concept is based on standard GSM technology so the GSM Pro user also gets access to new developments in GSM such as packet data, WAP and positioning services. GSM Pro services - broadcast calls, group or conference calls, call dispatch and alert/alarm calling - can be offered by a GSM networks' extensive coverage.

The first GSM Pro mobile phone, the R250s Pro, resembles a robust GSM phone but operates as a PMR unit, with "push-to-talk" capability when required. It also works as a normal GSM phone, and is rugged, water- and shock-resistant for reliable operation in harsh environments.

ISDN ISDN is a switched digital modem service using a Network Terminator (NT). An ISDN plug uses an RJ-45 size. Digital Speeds available on ISDN:

2x 64k B channels (total 128k available) 1x 16k D Channel

128K ISDN offers integrated voice, data, video and image transmission over a single , with vastly increased quality and data due to digital transmission.

Tekom ISDN 2 is the Basic Rate Access service to the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), it is a switched digital service including a Network Terminator (NT). It offers integrated voice, data, video and image transmission over a single telephone line, with vastly increased quality and data ~ due to digital transmission. The service provides the user with two 64kbps B channels and one 16kbps D channel. B Channels are used to carry virtually any kind of digital information. The B channels are available for either voice, data, text or image calls, or any combination of these. These B channel calls are seen as normal, independent telephone calls to separate destinations. The D channel will set up and control these B channel calls. Part of the D channel bandwidth will in future also be available for the transmission of X. 25 packet data at 9,6kbit/s. On the customer's side of the NT up to eight different customer premises equipment can be connected. Up to five terminals can have unique directory numbers and sub addressing can be used to distinguish between applications per terminal. The Telkom ISDN 2 Basic Rate Access will allow up to three of these terminals to communicate at the same time, using the two B channels at 64kbps and the available bandwidth on the D channel for X25 packet data. Benefits and Features from Telkom ISDN 2 • COST SAVINGS can be achieved in many ways. By using Video conferencing it will reduce travel costs to attend meetings, or by using bandwidth top-up to complement existing digital leased lines, thereby reducing the number of leased lines needed. Because ISDN provides Dialed digital connections it is no longer necessary to use dedicated lines to achieve digital speeds or connectivity. • QUALITY on the ISDN is higher with clear calls and fast call set-up. Better voice telephone service because digital connections are virtually error-free. • TIME SAVINGS are made where ISDN is used for file transfer with speeds of up to 10 times faster than modems connected to PSTN. Higher data speeds can be achieved, speeds up to 128kbps before compression. • FLEXIBILITY is achieved by supporting Various kinds of information ie. Voice, data, images, video and more are all digitized and transmitted without error through the digital net work. Up to eight devices such as telephones, computers, facsimile machines etc. can be connected on a single line. • RELIABILITY and IMPROVED CUSTOMER SERVICE can be delivered by businesses through leased line backup by providing virtually continuous communications links. CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) is an overlay to the existing D-AMPS cellular network, which enables users to transmit packets of data over the cellular network using a portable computing device and a CDPD modem. • CDPD is an extension of existing data networks • The CDPD network supports multiple, connectionless sessions • CDPD airlink transmissions have a 19,200 bps raw data rate • CDPD utilitzes the Internet Protocol (IP) and OSI Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP) for data applications

CDPD Network Entities: Mobile-End System: the M-ES can be any mobile computing device which has a CDPD modem built-in or attached. The M-ES transmits data over the airlink to the Mobile Data Base Station (MDBS) located in the cell site. Mobile Data Base Station (MDBS): Located at the cell site, the MDBS relays packets of data to the MD-IS (Mobile Data Intermediate System) located at the MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office). The MDBS is primarily responsible for management, such as making sure the M-ES does not transmit on a frequency that is currently being used by cellular voice, channel hopping, and aiding the M-ES to transfer from one cell to another by assisting in the location of a new channel. Mobile Data Intermediate System (MD-IS): The MD-IS keeps track of an M-ES's location and routes data packets to and from the CDPD Network and the M-ES appropriately. In addition, the MD-IS is responsible for validating an M-ES on the network, and exchanging the keys with the M-ES that allows for secure transmission of data over the airlink.

Intermediate System (IS): The IS routes the data through the IP and CLNP network. The Intermediate System is a standard IP router with the primary responsibility of relaying data packets.

Fixed-End System (F-ES): The F-ES is the final destination of the message sent from an M-ES. The Fixed-End System receives the data and processes it appropriately. The F-ES can be one of many stationary computing devices, such as a host computer, a UNIX workstation, an on-line information service, or another Mobile-End System.

MSS A number of competing Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) plan to blanket the globe with satellite telephone coverage from a constellation of over 1,000 satellites by 2004. These systems include Iridium, Odyssey, Globalstar, Teledesic, ICO, Thuyra, ACes, Agrani, and EAST.

According to a report from Frost & Sullivan "World Mobile Satellite Telephony Service and Terminal Equipment,'' the world global mobile personal communication service (GMPCS) service market will reach $47.2 billion by 2006. The Iridium satellite phone system is went commercial from November 1 1998, but has since closed down as a result of bankruptcy. Globalstar succesfully launched many of it's satellites during 1999 and went live in October 1999. It is commercial as of 4/2000.

Inmarsat has operated a portable phone service since the early 1990's. It's smallest is the briefcase sized Inmarsat-M(ini) phone system. It will be superceded by the ICO system. ICO filed for bankruptcy protection in August 1999. It was bailed out in November 1999 by a $1.2 billion reprieve from investors led by industry veteran Craig McCaw

Almost all these satellite services offer a combination of all-digital transparent voice, data, fax and paging services to and from hand-held telephone devices, some no larger than current GSM cellular handsets.

Agrani, AceS (Asian regional systems built by Lockheed Martin), and EAST (a regional system that will focus on Africa and the Middle East) aim to provide interoperability between mobile satellite and cellular networks. As a result, any GSM subscriber can continue to use his existing GSM SIM cards with the new dual-mode (GSM/satellite) handsets.

AceS went live in April 2000 using the Ericsson R190 dual-mode handset. The three systems will share an air interface standard named GMSS (Geostationary Mobile Satellite Standard) that is similar to GSM. This means that satphone customers will be able to use mobile phones that are compatible with satellite systems in any country where GMSS is offered, in effect creating roaming capabilities between the three systems' regional footprints. MSS System Specifications

Lifetim Operation Name Orbit Satellites Services Modes e al LIVE since Orbcomm 28 D 5/99 E-Sat 6 D 2000 FAISAT 26 D,Vm,P 2000 VITAsat 2 D 2000 (VITA) Koskon B-LEO 32 V,D,F,P 2000 (Polyot) LIVE since Globalstar B-LEO 48 7.5y V,D,F.P,GPS CDMA 10/99 I-CO MEO 10 12y V,D,F,P TDMA 2000 Iridium B-LEO 66 5y V,D,F,P FDMA+ LIVE since TDMA 11/98 GE Starsys 24 Dm 2000 GEMnet (CTA 38 D 2000 Commercial Systems) LEO One 48 D 2000 USA M-Star Broadband broadband 72 2000 (Motorola) LEO services ECCO (Constellation B-LEO 46 V,D,F,P 2000 / TELEBRAS) Ellipso LEO/MEO 17 V,D,P,E 2002 (MCHI) Odyssey B-LEO 12 15y D,V,F,SMS CDMA 2002 ATDMA Broadband broadband Teledesic 840 10y + 2002 LEO services CDMA Celsat (Hughes/Nort GEO 3 V,D,F,P 2000 el) INMARSAT 3 GEO 5 12y V,D,F LIVE Spaceway V,D,Vi, (Hughes GEO 12 broadband 2000 Network services Systems) Thuyara GEO 2 12-15 V,D,P,E 2000 ACes GEO 2 12 V,D,P,E 2000 Key: Advanced Time Division ATDMA Multiple Access B-LEO Big LEO BrdBnd Broadband Services CDMA Code Division Multiple Access D Data Dm Data Messaging E E-mail F Fax Frequency Division Multiple FDMA Access GPS Global Positioning System LEO Low Earth Orbit L-LEO Little Low Earth Orbit MEO Middle Earth Orbit P Paging SMS Short Message Service TDMA Time Division Multiple Access V Voice Vi Video Satelite Orbit Little LEO : A small non-geostationary satellite which operates in Low Earth Orbit, providing mainly mobile data services. eg Orbcomm, Teledesic

Big LEO : A larger non-geostationary satellite which operates in Low Earth Orbit, providing mainly services. Many of the new proposed 'global mobile phone' services will be provided by this type of satellite. They are located between 700km-1,500km from the Earth. eg Iridium, Globalstar

MEO: A non-geostationary satellite which operates in Medium Earth Orbit, again providing mobile telephony services. These satellites have also been proposed to be used as part of new global mobile telephone system. They are located 10,000 from the Earth. eg ICO

GEO: Geostationary satellites occupy an orbital position 36,000 km above the earth, and remain in a stationary position relative to the Earth itself. The world's major existing telecommunications and broadcasting satellites fall into this category. eg Thuyara, Inmarsat

GSM MOBILE LOCATION POSITIONING GSM Location Positioning uses the Internet, cellular networks, and/or GSM satellites to determine physical locations of cellular phones and people. In the USA, mobile location to an accuracy of 125 metres will be mandatory by the end of 2001. In the EU, it is 2008. Ericsson, SnapTrack and CellPoint all have introduced GSM positioning systems. SnapPoint uses GPS; the others use only the GSM network. The positioning technology is similar to satellite-based Global Positioning Systems (GPS) but with the additional capability of determining location inside buildings, parking garages and other shielded areas such as inside a pocket or briefcase that are inaccessible to GPS systems. Security, Information and Messaging services based on cellular positioning will soon be widely available on the world market. For GSM subscribers' emergency calls, where such callers are often lost or in a state of shock, the MPS should ensure, for example, that the closest and most appropriate ambulance, fire and rescue resources are deployed at the scene of a fire. This will give more cellular operators the opportunity to increase profits by differentiating their market offering and get new revenue streams.''

Positioning Technologies The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has ratified three location fixing schemes (LFS) which operators could use in addition to cell of origin (COO) for location dependent services. These were: • GPS Requires additional equipment or modification to Mobile Station

• Enhanced Observed Time Differential (E-OTD) Requires both network and MS modification and • Time Of Arrival (TOA) Requires mainly network modification (modern handsets should be OK). Cell of origin does not requires modification to the handset or networks and so is able to be used as the LFS for existing subscribers but is less accurate than the other methods employed.

VENDORS CellPoint - www.cellpt.com The CellPoint positioning system is currently the world's only commercially operational digital cellular position-location technology; it is fully scalable, works with standard GSM phones and WAP phones in unmodified digital networks requiring no costly overlays, and can be coordinated worldwide from a remote central location. Working with Tele2Mobil of Sweden, the CellPoint GSM positioning technology, applications and Internet services are now available to Swedish cellular phone users. The new service, called "Tele2Mobil Position'', is based on the Resource Management(TM) Service from CellPoint Systems(TM). Tele2Mobil Position enables transport, security, service and sales organisations to be more efficient and to increase customer satisfaction by routing their vehicles and personnel more effectively. The CellPoint technology enables Tele2 to offer the positioning services using their existing network.

SnapTrack - www.SnapTrack.com SnapTrack is a GPS-based system that requires a network based server as well as Mobile Station modifications. An international consortium of Global System for Mobile telecommunications (GSM) wireless carriers, handset suppliers, applications providers, infrastructure manufacturers and manufacturers is evaluating SnapTrack's breakthrough approach for wireless handset location. It was recently bought by Qualcomm. SnapTrack's Enhanced Global Positioning System(tm) (EGPS) technology can enhance public safety for people placing emergency calls on their mobiles, and enable a whole range of new location-based services like improved roadside assistance, personal direction finding, improved taxi dispatch and vehicle fleet management, mobile directory assistance, and even keeping track of pets. "Accuracy and cost are two of the industry's primary concerns regarding the ability of location technology to deliver profitable location-based services,'' said Clint Cooper, chief technology officer of test group participant Omnitel Pronto Italia. "This test group will help carriers evaluate the benefits of SnapTrack technology as a method for the near-term delivery of value-added location services.'' This consortium collectively supports over 30 million subscribers. Members include Vodafone AirTouch Communications PLC (UK and US), BellSouth Mobility DCS (US), BT Cellnet (UK), Esat Digifone (Ireland), France Telecom (France), Omnitel Pronto Italia (Italy), T-Mobil (Germany), Telecel (Portugal) and Telefonica (Spain). Motorola will produce prototype handsets for field tests by the consortium, and applications developer SignalSoft (UK and US) will provide location-based services to create a complete end-to-end test environment. Infrastructure provider Siemens Information and Communication Networks (Germany) will participate in the trials, as will semiconductor manufacturers Texas Instruments and Motorola. Texas Instruments and Motorola have previously announced licensing agreements with SnapTrack, and have made equity investments in the company. "The GSM test group provides SnapTrack the opportunity to demonstrate that its enhanced Global Positioning System (GPS) technology can provide the high accuracy carriers require in order to deploy effective personal location services for their subscribers,'' said Steve Poizner, CEO of SnapTrack. "While SnapTrack works with any air interface, the importance of this test group is underscored by the fact that GSM networks serve 140 million wireless subscribers worldwide.'' SnapTrack's Personal Location System(tm) requires no additional cell sites or modification to existing network equipment and is designed to have minimal impact on cost and handset form factor. SnapTrack improves on conventional GPS performance by sharing processing tasks between patented software algorithms, which harness the power of the digital signal processor inside a wireless handset, and sophisticated server software running in the wireless network. Rather than processing GPS data continuously like traditional GPS receivers, SnapTrack processes only a snapshot of the GPS data. When a caller requests a location-based service, the SnapTrack-enabled handset takes a snapshot of GPS data, processes it and transmits location information back to the network server. The server computes longitude and latitude and performs complex error corrections to improve accuracy. While traditional GPS receivers may take several minutes to provide a location fix, SnapTrack's innovative system generally locates callers within a few seconds. In independently audited field tests in Europe, the United States, and Japan, SnapTrack's Personal Location System(tm) accurately located callers in downtown skyscrapers, wooded areas, crowded urban canyons and moving automobiles. NTT DoCoMo, Japan's largest wireless carrier, chose SnapTrack as the basis for its first-to-market personal navigation system after extensive tests in Tokyo in 1997, and will debut SnapTrack-enabled product later this year. The GSM test group is similar to the SnapTrack CDMA Test Group (STCTG), which has been conducting tests since the first quarter of 1999. The CDMA Test Group is comprised of 15 member companies, including Vodafone AirTouch Communications, Ameritech Cellular, Bell Mobility, GTE Wireless, PrimeCo Personal Communications, Sprint PCS, U-S WEST Wireless, Denso, Fujitsu, Hyundai, LGIC, Motorola, Samsung, Texas Instruments and VLSI.

Ericsson Mobile Positioning System (MPS) www.ericsson.se

Ericsson's Mobile Positioning Systems (MPS) requires no modifications to standard GSM phones and terminals, opening the door to a whole new range of location-based services. The system has been chosen as the basis of future European and North American standards, and Swedish operator Telia is to trial the system for emergency call location. It is a server- based solution that allows positioning services to be introduced into any GSM network that has Ericsson switching systems. The system will work with any GSM-standard and all existing GSM phones.

At the heart of the Ericsson MPS is the Mobile Location Centre (MLC), a system that allows user applications to access position information for GSM phones. An Application Programming Interface (API) will be available to allow the development of custom applications. The MLC also handles access security, and protects subscriber privacy by allowing GSM users to choose whether or not their phones and other devices are tracked.

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-accredited T1P1.5 authority have decided to work jointly on a GSM mobile positioning standard based on the Ericsson system.

Ericsson expects that in addition to deployment for emergency services, fleet management, logistics and stolen vehicle tracking applications, the system will be used to deliver mass- market services to any GSM subscriber. Examples include "Where am I?" guidance, roadside assistance, local news, information and weather reports, and "yellow pages" services.

BT Cellnet www.btcellnet.co.uk BT Cellnet patented an E-OTC system in which base stations are synchronized to become the reference sites. It was trialed about two years ago in the North East of England. CPS Cursor www.cursor-system.com Cambridge Positioning System (CPS) has a system called Cursor that is an E-OTD system. This uses their own reference (co-sited on base stations).

SignalSoft Corporation www.SignalSoftCorp.com SignalSoft is LFS independent. Its network-based Intelligent Network Service Control Point (IN SCP) can take position information from any one, or a multiple of schemes, turn it into a latitude/longitude and reference this to a zone and information/service requested. This location management system (inspirationally called "Location Manager") facilitates a number of services, the most exciting of which are local information services (such as travel and weather) and location sensitive billing, together with the tool for provisioning the service and fixing latitude and longitude against defined zone (the MAPS client). Operators can thereby offer location based services to existing customers as well as today's more accurate positioning niche applications which will become tomorrow's standard services.

TruePosition www.trueposition.com

US Wireless www.uswcorp.com GMCF (Global Mobile Commerce Forum) Asia RIG with NTT Personal PHS Location Information Services.

IDEN iDEN® (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network) is a digital Private Mobile Radio System launched by Motorola's Land Mobile Products Sector (LMPS) in 1994. iDEN® technology, currently available in the 800 MHz, 900 Mhz and 1.5 GHz bands utilizes a variety of advanced technologies, including state-of-the-art vocoders, M16QAM modulation and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). It allows Commercial Mobile Radio Service (CMRS) operators to maximize the dispatch capacity and provides the flexibility to add optional services such as full-duplex telephone interconnect, alphanumeric paging and data/fax communication services. Motorola manufactures iDEN infrastructure and iDEN Portable/Mobile units. iDEN services are available through individual service providers who have established networks in various regions worldwide. It has implemented commercial iDEN® systems in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Israel, Japan and Singapore, China, the Philippines and Colombia. To date, approximately 5000 cell sites and over 2m iDEN subscriber units are in operation worldwide.

In the 900 MHz band, iDEN combines pairs of 12.5 kHz channels to create a 25 kHz channel. Using TDMA, the paired channels will be split into six time slots, effectively tripling the RF capacity of each 900 Mhz channel. GSM 400 The GSM 400 specification presently being completed by ETSI will follow the existing GSM 900/1800 specifications with exception of the frequency band requirements and related issues. The entire switching platform and base station controller infrastructure will remain static when new frequency capabilities are included. However, new software will be required in some network elements. Nokia and Ericsson have proposed that GSM 400 is be standardised in ETSI as a part of the GSM standard which is available to all manufacturers on an equal basis. As a result of this GSM 400 will form part of the existing GSM standard, which is continuously evolving as per GSM standard (900/1800). This evolution results in a phased approach toward IMT-2000 service requirements. he commitment of Nokia and Ericsson to the development of GSM 400 is illustrated in the fact that they have already made the first official GSM 400 call at the GSM 400 Conference in Budapest, Hungary. Both Nokia and Ericsson supplied prototype equipment to make the call possible. The prototype equipment included GSM400/1800 dualband phones, Radio Base Station and Base Station Controllers.

Technical Features of GSM 400:

Down-banded GSM - same features, services and evolution

Standardization work in ETSI - Open standard

Frequency issues Frequency allocation: 450.5-457.5 MHz / 460.5-467.5 MHz 479.0-486.0 MHz / 489.0-496.0 MHz (Ext.)

Frequency spectrum: 7 MHz

Duplex separation: 10 MHz

Carrier spacing: 200 kHz

Supports fragmented usage of the frequency band (NMT450 frequency variants)

Coverage: The radio coverage area for a GSM 400 BTS site will exceed the radio cover provided by both GSM900 BTS and GSM 1800 BTS sites. Due to the predicted radio coverage that will be available with the implementation of GSM 400 radio site, the extended cell feature will be an integral part of the new frequency. The maximum range achievable with the extended cell feature will be approximately 67 Km. A proposal has been submitted for the enhancement of the extended cell feature to accommodate ranges of between 70 to 140 km. The increased coverage area will give the GSM 400 operators an advantage in the implementation and penetration of high-speed data, which forms part of the GSM data evolution.

Capacity: GSM 400 will support all the ETSI standardized capacity enhancing features presently being supported by GSM900/1800 • Frequency hopping • Discontinuous Transmission • MS and BTS Power Control • Adaptive Multirate GSM CTS The new GSM Cordless Telephony System (CTS) is a new feature of the GSM standard that finally makes the dream of being able to use a GSM cellular phone at home, with the cost and the quality of the fixed network, a reality.

CTS calls via a GSM mobile use the frequencies allocated to E-GSM 900 Mhz and GSM 1800 Mhz.

CTS competes against a similar DECT system. System Overview

In the home environment, GSM-CTS phones communicate with a CTS Home Base Station (HBS), which offers perfect indoor radio coverage. The CTS-HBS hooks up to the fixed network and offers the best of the fixed and mobile worlds: low cost and high quality from the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), services and mobility from the GSM.

One of the main advantages of GSM-CTS compared with other one-phone solutions is its small impact on GSM handsets. It does not require any hardware modifications, extra Central Processor Unit (CPU) or large memory space. It just needs an upgrade of the GSM software on the phone.