Medicine and Healthcare

King’s College London Archives and Special Collections medicine and Healthcare Healthcare Medicine and Research Guide medicine and Healthcare Introduction Healthcare Medicine and 2 2010 image galleriesandinformation on new accessions. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/archivespec for catalogues,research guides, New collections are beingadded andcatalogued allthetime: see of medicineandassociated healthcare disciplinesandprofessions. collections of material documenting thehistory, studyandpractice Collections atKing’sCollegeLondonnow hold outstanding and Guy’s (founded 1725),meansthattheArchives andSpecial the world’s oldest hospitals,StThomas’(founded before 1170) This, andmergers in1998 with themedicalschools of two of founded King’sCollegeHospital, which opened to patients in1840. London sinceits opening in1831.Nineyears later theCollege The study of medicinehasbeenanintegral part of King’sCollege www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec

Sections of this guide Locations and opening hours The Foyle Special Collections Library, housing chronology printed books, is located at the Maughan Library on Chancery Lane: Mon-Fri 9.30-5.00. 1. St Thomas’ Hospital Medical School The College Archives and the Liddell Hart Centre 2. Guy’s Hospital Medical School for Military Archives can be consulted in the Michael Howard Archives Reading Room, Room 3. King’s College Hospital and Medical School 302, 3rd Floor, Strand Building, King’s College 4. anatomy and Surgery London: Mon-Fri 9.30-5.30. 5. clinical Medicine This guide has been compiled by staff of the Archives and Special Collections, ISS, King’s 6. dentistry College London, and Dr Clare Barlow, thanks to funding from the Wellcome Trust Research 7. law, Ethics and Terminal Care Resources in Medical History. 8. midwifery and Obstetrics Access 9. military Medicine and Medicine Overseas Holdings in Archives and Special Collections are accessed by placing orders with staff, who 10. Nursing retrieve items from store. 11. Pharmacy, Home Medicine and Alternative Archives: administrative papers are normally Medicine made open for readers 30 years after the last date of the file. Personal papers, including 12. Psychiatry student records, are opened after 80 years. Medical records for identifiable individuals are 13. Public Health closed for 100 years. Special Collections: all Special Collections’ holdings are available for consultation.

Surgical amputation, from: Gerard van Swieten. Commentaries upon the aphorisms of Dr. Herman Boerhaave, Vol. 4. London: printed for John and Paul Knapton, 1754 [St Thomas’ Historical Collection: R128.7 SWI]

3 medicine and Healthcare 1923 chelseaCollegeopenedaSchool of 1922 1913 1909 1889 1885 1871 nurses’ schoolSt John’s Housetook 1856 1840 1831 1825 1726 1693-1709 of ofthePriory St theinfirmary c 1173 Chronology 4 and DentalHospitalopened King’s CollegeHospitalDentalSchool Pharmacy L present site, DenmarkHill,south King’s CollegeHospitalmoved to its legal entity College Hospitalbecameaseparate into theUniversity ofL King’s CollegeL Guy’s HospitalDentalSchool opened Nursing opened King’s CollegeHospitalSchool of Parliament the Thames,opposite theHousesof present site onthesouthbank of St Thomas’Hospitalmoved to its nursing service creating thefirst professional of King’s CollegeHospitalnursing, over themanagementandtraining the Strand former workhouse, Portugal St, near King’s CollegeHospitalopened,ina Strand King’s opened Guy’s HospitalMedicalSchool grounds ofSt Thomas’inSouthwark Guy’s Hospitalopened,inthe education ofmedicalstudents formal regulations laiddown for the St Thomas’Hospitalrebuilt and Stcanonised ThomasBecket St the newly Thomas’,after Ouverie, Southwark,Mary renamed ondon College L ondon opened, on the ondon incorporated ondon. King’s 2009 1998 1993 1985 1982 (NHS) national HealthService 1948 institute ofPsychiatry, at the 1997 1940-1941 (AHSCs) intheUK A King’s HealthPartners, oneoffive Maudsley NHSFoundation T joined withtheSouthL St Thomas’NHSFoundation T College HospitalandtheGuy’s and King’s CollegeL and St Thomas’Schools ofMedicine L UMDS merged withKing’s College of King’s College L Maudsley Hospital,becameaschool Guy’s andSt Thomas’NHS merged College andQueenElizabeth College King’s CollegeL and St Thomas’Hospitals(UMDS) Medical andDentalSchools ofGuy’s Schools reunited astheUnited Guy’s andSt Thomas’Medical College HospitalGroup Francis Hospitalformed King’s Hospital, St GilesHospitalandSt Hospital for Children, Dulwich King’s CollegeHospital,Belgrave bodies from theirparent hospitals. Schools becameseparate legal King’s CollegeHospital Medical Stestablished: Thomas’,Guy’s and damaged intheBlitz,World War T Guy’s andSt Thomas’Hospitalsbadly ondon, creating theGuy’s, King’s cademic HealthSciences Centres ondon, King’s ondon, Chelsea ondon ondon and rusts as rust rust wo www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec

1. St Thomas’ Hospital Medical College Archives School The Archives’ records of students at St Thomas’ begin in 1723 and run until 1997. Administrative records start with minutes of meetings of Special Collections St Thomas’ Hospital Medical and Surgical The St Thomas’ Historical Collection is School, 1836-1845, and cover the management particularly strong in the medical specialisms changes of the mid nineteenth century: the of St Thomas’ until the 1830s. Many notable Hospital Governors took control of the running historical figures contributed:Richard Mead of the Medical School in 1842 and appointed (1673-1754), court physician and philanthropist, a governing committee and the first Dean, donated books from his important collection eventually transferring control to the teaching and his example was followed by the surgeons staff in 1860. The School’s activities thereafter John Flint South (1797-1882) and Joseph Henry are covered by many series of minutes of Green (1791-1863). The library also acquired committees, including Medical and Surgical the collections of the anatomy schools run Staff Officers, 1864-1901, Surgeons’ Meetings, by Joshua Brookes (1761-1833) and Richard 1867-1924, and the School Council, 1913-1921. Grainger (1801-1865), which closed in 1833 and The files of individual Deans and Secretaries 1842, respectively. These two unique collections of the Medical School, 1929-1946, cover are preserved intact within the St Thomas’ subjects including arrangements, 1939-1940, Collection and provide an invaluable record of for the wartime evacuation of students to medical education before university medical Oxford, students undertaking relief work in the facilities came into existence in London. The Netherlands, Mar-Apr 1945, and the evacuation subsequent donation in 1901 of many of the of Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp, books of Sir John Simon (1816-1904), surgeon, Germany, 1945-1946. pathologist and public health officer (see also The Archives also hold lectures and case notes Public Health), broadened the collection. from some of St Thomas’ famous teachers, The collections include early editions of including George Fordyce, physician (1736- Vesalius and Gautier d’Agoty (see also Anatomy 1802) (see also Clinical medicine), Henry Cline, and Surgery). There are also items which surgeon (1750-1827) (see also Anatomy and were presented by Florence Nightingale (see surgery, and Public health) and Sir Astley Paston also Nursing) as well as works belonging to Cooper (see also Anatomy and surgery). prominent physicians such as Charles Murchison (1830-1879) and John Syer Bristowe (1827-1895). The original shelfmarks of St Thomas’ Historical Collection are preserved in the volumes. Some eighteenth and nineteenth century intellectual friendships and networks are represented by the provenances of books in the collection, notably the circle of surgeon Sir Astley Paston Cooper (1768-1841) which included anatomist John Hunter (1728-1793) and Henry Cline (1750-1827). Cline, a surgeon at St Thomas’, was a pupil of John Hunter and taught Sir Astley Cooper (see also Anatomy and Surgery).

5 medicine and Healthcare childbirth. childbirth. (1823), boundtogether whichis withawork on Quincey’s Confessions Opium-Eater ofanEnglish and Medical(1802) andacopy ofThomasDe of ThomasBeddoes’Hygeia: or, Essays Moral more unexpected items suchasthefirst edition of medicaltexts aswell ascontainingsome Physical Society’s covers library thefullrange Jenner’s paper onvaccination, 1802. The were presented to theSocietywas Edward 1830. papers which Amongthemostimportant into thereading ofmedicalstudents,1770- Historical Collection,itprovides uniqueinsights Brookes andRichardGrainger intheSt Thomas’ collections from theanatomy schoolsofJoshua survived for periodand,together this withthe collections ofnoequivalent societyhave its shelfmarks andaccession register. The intact,has beenpreserved with virtually society, Guy’sHospitalPhysicalSociety, collectionofL The library Special Collections 2. 6 A patientbeingevacuated from Guy’s Hospital aftersevere bombdamage,July 1941 [G/PH44/2] Guy’s HospitalMedicalSchool ondon’s first medical in theSociety. apothecaries were allpermitted to participate diabetes. Unusually, physicians, surgeons and including smallpox, death by hangingand presented to thesocietyonavariety oftopics, weekly meetingsandthepapers whichwere Society, 1775-1851, includeminutes ofits The papers ofGuy’sHospitalPhysical sub-committees, 1873-1892. chiefly 1871-1895, ofcommittees and and reports for theMedicalSchool include Dean’s papers, from 1778 onwards. A 1755-1823, records andentry for Guy’s students assistants) attending both Guy’s and St (students whowere appointed assurgeon’s 1997, includearegister ofpupilsanddressers Guy’s studentrecords in theArchives, 1755- admissions, includingtreatments andoutcomes. 1883-1904, withweekly summariesofsurgical cases, 1865-1889; housesurgeon’s diaries, female patients, 1823-1847; indexes ofsurgical 1816 and1824-1833; onmaleand clinicalreports admission registers for female patients, 1809- Guy’s Hospital,1809-1972 (105volumes), notably: The Archives holdextensive patient records for College Archives dministrative records Thomas’, www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec

3. King’s College Hospital and Physiology of the Human Body (1829) by John and Charles Bell. The Library also holds Medical School books owned by Sir Joseph Lister (1827-1912), Professor of Clinical Surgery, King’s College Special Collections London, 1877-1892 (see also Anatomy and Surgery). The Library holds the historical medical collection of King’s College London School Archives of Medicine and Dentistry. Notable works include the manuscript, An Hospitall for the The administrative records of King’s College Diseased, gathered by ‘T.C.’, a copy of a rare Hospital, 1839-1975 (210 boxes), include medical treatise purportedly written by Thomas complete minutes for the Board of Governors’ Cartwright (1535-1603). A working document, annual meetings, and the minutes of many it contains additional medical notes and committees and sub-committees. The patient observations, and is apparently a copy of the records, 1840-1959 (1470 volumes), include 1598 edition. detailed case notes, 1840-1928, and further index cards to cases, diseases and post The collection also incorporates c 200 volumes mortems, with extensive information on the donated by the widow of Robert Bentley Todd backgrounds of patients, as well as diagnoses (1809-1860), the physician who was instrumental and outcomes. Records for medical students in founding King’s College Hospital (see also are among the main King’s College London Clinical Medicine). It ranges from the early student records, and include entrance papers, seventeenth century to the mid nineteenth 1831-1935, slip-books, 1918-1968, and Registry century, the earliest being Anonymi philosophi student records, 1937-1996. antiquiss, isagoge anatomica (1616) by Peter Lauremberg. Other seventeenth century works The Archives also hold the papers of the Medical include Fortunio Liceti’s De monstris (1665). and Scientific Society of King’s College London Todd’s interests in anatomy and physiology (1833-1967), one of the earliest student societies are represented in Sir Astley Cooper’s The in England. These include minutes of meetings, Anatomy of the Thymus Gland (1832), personally texts delivered, and from the 1920s and 1930s, annotated by Cooper, and The Anatomy and records of medico-legal mock trials.

King’s College Hospital Casualty Ward, 1914 [KH/PH1/2/9]

7 medicine and Healthcare continuously inprint for nearly150years. The Gray’s Anatomy Descriptive andSurgical (1858), also afirst editionofanother key work, Henry detailed andaccurate illustrations. There is based ondirect observation, withhighly beginning ofascientificapproach to anatomy works ofmedicine,asthe inthehistory Vesalius (1514-1564): oneofthemostimportant humani corporis fabrica(1543)by Andreas Special Collectionsholdsfirst editionsofDe Public Health). attended Snow finalillness(seealso duringhis physician CharlesMurchison(1830-1879), who John Snow’s brother thankingtheSt Thomas’ administration (1858),whichcontainsaletter by and other Anæsthetics: theiractionand a copy ofJohnSnow’s influentialOnChloroform Works onanaesthetics inthecollectioninclude Breast (1840). copies ofCooper’s Plates oftheAnatomy ofthe are inscribedby Cooper, including oneofthe also PublicHealth).Otherworks inthecollection (1750-1827), andEdwardJenner(1749-1823) (see of theday, teacher, suchashis Cline Henry connections withother leading medicalfigures resource for tracing interests his and largely destroyed, avaluable is library his them inscribed.A anatomist SirAstley Paston Cooper,many of of works whichbelongedto thesurgeon and ofGuy’sThe library Hospitalcontainsanumber pioneered theuseofoxygen withnitrous oxide. Sir Frederick WilliamHewitt (1857-1916), who 1945), andinscribedby himto theanaesthetist law, surgeon SirRickmanJohnGodlee(1849- Collected Papers (1909),edited by brother-in- his alsoholdsLister’sEric Erichsen.TheLibrary ofSurgery (1869)byThe Science John andArt Sampson Gamgee(inventor ofcotton wool) and Anatomy andClinicalSurgery (1856)by Joseph notably includesResearches inPathological (1827-1912), surgery, pioneerofantiseptic The personal ofSirJosephLister library Special Collections 4. AnatomyandSurgery 8 s Cooper’s papers were thanking Wright for news ofthePrince’s health. Francis E to DrR the Jacobite JohnHay, titularEarlofInverness, also hidaletter, onlyrecently discovered, from surgical manualofthemodernera. copy This (1739). Thelatter thefirst is comprehensive and LorenzHeister’sInstitutiones chirurgicae of Giovanni daVigo’sPractica inchirurgia (1514) Other significant works includeafirst edition illustrations. for thequalityofitsoutstandingmezzotint by JacquesFabian famous Gautierd’Agotyis Anatomie delatête entableaux imprimés(1753) Oxley, cover surgical cases,1725-1726. Guy’s papers ofSt Thomas’medicalstudent Charles The earliestcasenotes intheArchives, inthe College Archives RD86.C5 SNO] Churchill, 1858[St.Thomas’s HistoricalCollection: chloroformOn andotheranaesthetics.London:John Patient withchloroform inhaler, from: John Snow. obin Wright, physician to PrinceJames dward Stuart (the‘OldPretender’), www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec

Hospital surgical case notes run from 1823 to his surgical lectures, 1786; Joseph Lister, 1st 1982 (36 volumes). The extensive case notes Baron Lister (1827-1912): notes taken by student of King’s College Hospital, 1840-1959 (1470 William Watson Cheyne on his lectures in volumes), are arranged by individual surgeons, the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, 1872-1873, on who include Sir William Fergusson (1808-1877), topics including the diagnosis and treatment of Sir Joseph Lister (1827-1912), John Wood (1825- testicular swelling, spina bifida, varicose ulcers, 1893), Henry Smith (1823-1894) and William Rose the germ theory of putrefaction and the dangers (1847-1910). of chloroform as an anaesthetic. Other case notes include a volume compiled by The Archives also hold Cline’s notebooks, Frederick Le Gros Clark (1811-1892), on cases 1777-1824, on pathological conditions and at St Thomas’ and Guy’s Hospitals, 1828-1830, contemporary surgical practice, with individual including cases under Joseph Henry Green (1791- case histories, and an account of the treatment 1863), Benjamin Travers (1783-1858), Frederick and subsequent autopsy of politician Charles Tyrell (1793-1843), Charles Aston Key (1798-1849) James Fox (1749-1806), detailing how Cline and Bransby Blake Cooper (1792-1853). ‘tapped him about seven weeks before his death & drew off 32 pints of water’.Lister , a major Eminent surgeons whose teachings are celebrity in his day, is additionally represented preserved in the Archives include: Henry Cline in extensive photographs, which also cover his (1750-1827): students’ notes on his lectures colleagues, operating theatres, and innovative on anatomy, physiology and surgery, 1790; equipment. Sir Astley Paston Cooper (1768-1841): notes on his surgical lectures, c 1820, including The records of the Medical Society of St descriptions of his innovative procedure for Thomas’ Hospital, 1841-1992, later renamed tying off abdominal aorta (aortic ligation) the Medical and Physical Society, include prize in cases of aneurism; Sir William Fergusson papers on surgical topics including: Frederick (1808-1877): lectures on the principles and Edgar Cockell on anaesthetics, 1873; Charles practice of surgery, 1851; John Hunter (1728- William Chaldecott on gangrene, 1851; John White 1793): lectures, 1777, on ‘The true principles Keyworth on phosphorus necrosis of the jaw of surgery’, notes on his course of anatomical (‘phossy jaw’) in match factory workers (1850). and chirurgical lectures, 1780, and notes on

An operation under local anaesthetic, St Thomas’ Hospital South Theatre, 1913 [TH/PP3 vol 4]

9 medicine and Healthcare Hafniensia (1673-1680). ActaThomae Bartholini medica&philosophica medicine. Theearliestmedicaljournalheldis relatingjournals andhospitalreports to clinical alsohassubstantialholdingsof The Library in thecollection. Brain, SpinalCord, and Ganglions(1845),are also Descriptive andPhysiological Anatomy ofthe Anatomy andPhysiology (1835-1852) and The owncopies ofhis works, TheCyclopaedia of vegetarian GeorgeCheyne. T essay onregimen (1740), by thepioneering (1617) by WilhelmFabricius Hildanus,andAn De gangraena etsphacelo,tractatus methodicus historical writingsonclinicalsubjects,including traditional purging andbleeding.Hecollected who promoted food andstimulantsinstead of Hospital andkeen reformer ofpatient care, Todd (1809-1860), founder ofKing’s College from thepersonal ofRobertBentley library collection includes200volumes Dentistry The King’s CollegeSchool of Medicine and Special Collections 5. 10 1836-1874. societywas This under established records ofGuy’sClinicalReportingSociety , Hospital MedicalCollege,1823-1984, andthe The Archives holdclinicalrecords for Guy’s College HospitalGroup in1948. oftheKing’sChildren, whichbecamepart notes, 1904-1948, from Belgrave Hospitalfor (case notes 1873-1892). There are alsocase obstetric physician WilliamSmoultPlayfair Sir GeorgeJohnson(casenotes 1860-1895) and Robert Bentley Todd (casenotes 1840-1859), The K and discharge dates, andoutcome. diagnosis name, ageandaddress ofpatient, admission Theyinjuries anddiseases. typicallyrecord volumes), covering awiderange ofspecialisms, and from King’s CollegeHospital,1828-1959 (770 from Guy’s Hospital,1823-1847 (68volumes), The Archives holdextensive clinicalcasenotes College Archives Clinical Medicine CH collectionincludescasestreated by odd’s personal and founderofKing’s CollegeHospital [K/PH2/2/48] Robert Bentley Todd (1809-1860),clinicalreformer research papers andrelated correspondence. papers ontheUnit,1972-1996, includereports, R years later to becomethefirst Thrombosis patients following surgery, andexpanded twenty Unit was setupin1965to studythrombosis in The King’sCollegeHospitalThrombosisResearch Withey Gull(1816-1890). Robert Bentley Todd (1809-1860) andSirWilliam and phrenologist JohnElliotson(1791-1868), Marshall Hall(1790-1857), physician, mesmerist (1714-1766),Whytt GeorgeFordyce (1736-1802), WilliamCullen(1710-1790),and chemist Robert attack. Prominent lecturers include:physician of chemicalburnsandpreparation for gas lectures at St Thomas’,1938-1943, thetreatment measles andwhoopingcough,inaseriesof oftheeye, diseases treatment ofgout,arthritis, mid twentieth century, ontopics including the lectures from thelate to the eighteenth century College Hospitalincludenotes onclinical collections ofSt Thomas’,Guy’s andKing’s and studentswithinthethree medicalschool The personal papers ofindividualphysicians selected cases. meetings studentsgave on detailedreports by pupilsfromA theHospital’. and disseminate useful information collected and ThomasHodgkin(1798-1866), preserve ‘to the influenceofThomasAddison (1795-1860) esearch Institute inEurope. TheArchives’ t weekly Society www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec

6. Dentistry books of Guy’s Dental Society, 1894-1955, and Dental School prospectuses, 1899-1981. The papers, 1982-1998, of the United Medical and Special Collections Dental Schools of Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals The Library holds works that reflect dentistry’s (UMDS) include student records, administrative gradual emergence as a distinct medical records, committee minutes, financial records discipline, including Joseph Hurlock’s A practical and photographs of student groups. Records treatise upon dentition, or, the breeding of teeth for King’s College Dental School students, 1923- in children, 1742, Sir John Tomes’ A course of 1996, are within the main KCL student records. lectures on dental physiology and surgery (1848) and John Hunter’s hugely influential The Natural Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives History of the Human Teeth: explaining their Records on military dentistry in the Liddell Hart structure, use, formation, growth, and diseases Centre for Military Archives include notes by (1771) and A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Captain Derek Leslie Goodridge, RN (d 1983) on the Teeth: intended as a supplement to the natural his service as Dental Officer, battleship HMS history of those parts (1778). Hunter not only MALAYA, in the Indian Ocean, Atlantic and coined the terms bicuspids, cuspids, incisors Mediterranean (1940-1941). and molars, but revolutionised the practice of dentistry.

College Archives The Guy’s Hospital collection includes records of Dental School students, 1889-1982, minute

Dentistry at King’s College Hospital, as shown in a 1968 careers information booklet [KCH Publications]

11 medicine and Healthcare personal not data is recorded. medical research, provided that identifying may begiven for thepurposeofapproved 30 years for administrative material), access records, 80years for other personal data, and at present (for 100years inthecaseofmedical While many sectionsofthesepapers are closed impact ofanageingpopulation. medical care, poverty andtheelderly, andthe and coursework onsubjectsincludinggeriatric papers, correspondence, research proposals Social Science andPublicPolicy, includemeeting , inKing’sGerontology College L The records, 1986-1989, oftheInstitute terminally orchronically illpatients. power ofattorney concerningthe treatment of of demandfor advanced legal directives and concerning themeasurement andevaluation papers, correspondence andrelated papers questionnaires,These includereports, meeting in theSchool ofLaw, King’s CollegeL Law andE Project, 1985-1992, runby theCentre ofMedical The Archives holdthepapers oftheLivingWills College Archives 7. 12 movement [Saunders Box 3] Dame Cicely Saunders, founderofthehospice Law, Ethics andTerminal Care thics (thefirst suchcentre intheUK), ondon School of ondon. preparation for death. medical, ethicalandspiritualapproaches to also containsherpersonal ofworks library on hospice movement worldwide. Thecollection religion inendoflife care, and thegrowth ofthe control, ageing,bereavement, grief, therole of and lecture notes onsubjectsincludingpain includes diaries,correspondence, articles care inmodernmedicine.Thecollection ofpalliative theimportance which established (1918-2005), founder ofthehospicemovement, 2002 (118boxes), ofDameCicelySaunders The Archives holdtheextensive papers, 1934- www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec

8. Midwifery and Obstetrics Student nurse records in Archives also include information relating to midwifery training (see also Nursing). Special Collections The Library holds some important works on midwifery, including a scarce copy of the large Foetus at 8 months, from: William Hunter. Anatomy and beautifully illustrated The Anatomy of the of the human gravid uterus. Birmingham: printed Human Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures (1774) by John Baskerville, 1774 [KCSMD Historical by William Hunter (1718-1783), accoucheur to Collection: OUTSIZE RG520 HUN] Queen Charlotte. William Smellie’s A Treatise on the Practice and Theory of Midwifery (1779), George Jewel’s The London Practice of Midwifery: Including the Most Important Diseases of Women and Children (1833) and Jewel’s Practical Observations on Leuchorrhea with Cases Illustrative of a New Mode of Treatment (1830). From outside the medical establishment, herbalist Albert Isaiah Coffin’s Treatise on Midwifery and the Diseases of Women and Children (1878) is an attack on orthodox medical practice, promoting instead ‘the greatest midwife in the world, lobelia and raspberry-leaf tea’. The library’s copy of Introductory Notes on Lying-in Institutions, Together with a Proposal for Organising an Institution for Training Midwives and Midwifery Nurses (1871) by Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) is inscribed by the author to Sir William MacCormac (1836-1901), one of the earliest advocates of Listerian antiseptic surgery.

College Archives The King’s College Hospital collection includes case notes, 1870-1874, of William Overend Priestley (1829-1900), Professor of Midwifery, and case notes and other papers, 1873-1892, of William Smoult Playfair (1835-1903), Professor of Obstetric Medicine and the Diseases of Women and Children. Lecture notes taken by St Thomas’ students include notes on midwifery from 1762, 1782 and 1852. Guy’s student Daniel Jarvis (fl 1786-1800) compiled two volumes of notes on the midwifery lectures, 1786-1790, of William Lowder (d 1801); subsequent Guy’s lectures on midwifery that survive in note form are from 1820, 1839-1840, and 1864.

13 medicine and Healthcare for sufferers contagioustropical ofthis disease Hospitals centres isolation (1880)–compulsory oftheMedicalSuperintendentReport ofYaws of medicalinstitutions,includingtheFourth pamphlets relating andreports to therunning anti-malarial treatment quinine.There are also (c1880) –cinchonabark asource is ofthe from SeedandEstablishing CinchonaPlantations and Suggestions for CinchonaPlants Raising coveredis by books like DanielMorris’Hints commercial potential ofplantsaround theworld Life and (1860).Themedicinalproperties Disease, andthePhysical Economy ofHuman Charles Johnston’sObservations onHealthand Central Board ofHealthfor Jamaica(1852) and byhealth andquarantine, suchasReport the the world. Ithasrare material onpublic material onthepractice ofmedicinearound Historical Collectionincludesextensive The Foreign andCommonwealth Office(F Special Collections Medicineand 9. Military 14 arm [Hamilton7/12/65] Gallipoli,1915:asurgeonfrom A fieldhospital, 42(EastLancashire) Division fromremoving abullet asoldier’s Medicine Overseas CO) about medicine. and travels, many ofwhichcontaininformation languages. Hecollected volumes ofvoyages India Company inA andbecameexpert (1754-1836). Marsden worked for the East such asthecollectionofWilliamMarsden alsoholdsotherThe Library relevant works, ofDominica. island of theskin,boneandjoints,onCaribbean Cummins’ papers alsocover as service his fevers, dehydration andscorpionstings. and casesoftyphoid,diarrhoea,malaria, 1899-1904, includingthetreatment ofwounds andtheSudan, inEgypt account service ofhis 1899-1900, andColonelStevenson Lyle Cummins’ bearer intheSecondBoer War, SouthA asavolunteermemoir ofservice stretcher These includeCaptainRalphCovernton’s papers defence ofseniorBritish personnel. late nineteenth century, chiefly inthepersonal medicinearoundmilitary theworld sincethe The Centre holdsmany collectionsrelating to Archives CentreforThe LiddellHart Military sian frica, www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec

Deputy Assistant Director General, Medical Surgeon, 8 Army, Italy; the diary, Sep-Oct 1944, Services, for the British Expeditionary Force, of Colonel Graeme Matthew Warrack (1913- Western Front, January-December 1915, with 1985), Assistant Director of Medical Services, 1 reports and correspondence on topics including Airborne Division, the Netherlands, 1944, and his the treatment of cerebrospinal meningitis, later book, Travel by Dark: After Arnhem (1963), preventatives for trench foot, anti gas detailing his daring escape from his German- precautions, and the evacuation of casualties. held military hospital after the British defeat at The papers of Major General Charles Howard the Battle of Arnhem. Foulkes (1875-1969), Gas Adviser, Western The Centre’s collections also cover medical Front, 1915-1917, and Director of Gas Services, administration and military involvement in 1917-1918, include extensive reports, notes the provision of medical services to civilian and correspondence on the use of gas on the populations as well as service personnel. Major Western Front. General Sir Cuthbert Allan Sprawson’s (1877- The provision of medical services at Gallipoli, 1956) typescript memoir entitled ‘37 years in the 1915, was one of the topics examined by the IMS [Indian Medical Service]’ (1938) describes Dardanelles Commission, set up to investigate the treatment of tuberculosis in India, 1910- the reasons for the failure of the campaign. 1937 and his service in Waziristan, North West The papers of General Sir Ian Hamilton Frontier, India, 1901-1902. The papers of Surgeon (1853-1947), General Officer Commanding the Captain Eamon Joseph Mockler, RN (1902-1983) Mediterranean Expeditionary Force at Gallipoli, include typescript texts by Mockler and others include extensive correspondence with and on malaria and its treatment, 1943-1946, and his copy evidence statements by witnesses to the official annual reports as Naval Medical Officer Commission, including Surgeon General William of Health, Hong Kong, 1951-1952. The papers, George Birrell, the former Director of Medical 1938-1971, of Colonel William Melville McCutcheon Services of the Mediterranean Expeditionary (1911-1983) include lectures on tropical medicine, Force. Hamilton’s papers also include an entomology, public health, malaria and extensive collection of official photographs from encephalitis, 1935-1966, and a report on flood the Gallipoli campaign, with images of Allied and relief operations, Vientiane, Laos, Sep 1966. Turkish casualties and medical treatment of the In addition to the personal papers of senior wounded. British officers, the Liddell Hart Centre for Papers on frontline medical services during Military Archives holds a number of television World War Two include: the diary of Surgeon documentary research collections. These Captain Basil Roxby Alderson, RN (1909-1980), include interview transcripts and background HMS Kelly, 1939-1940, including casualty reports material gathered for a 1993 Yorkshire Television after a Germany torpedo attack, May 1940; the documentary Bad Trip to Edgewood, which papers of Colonel Thomas Henry Wilson (1904- examined secret projects carried out by the US 1999), concerning his service as Head of the Army Chemical Corps at the Aberdeen Proving Surgical Division, 21st General Hospital, British Ground, Edgewood, Maryland USA, between Expeditionary Force, France, Feb-May 1940, and 1955 and 1975, in which US Army volunteers as Senior British Medical Officer at Prisoner were used to test the effects of lysergic acid of War camps; Brigadier Sir Ralph Marnham’s diethylamide (LSD), benzilates such as BZ account of his service as Officer in Charge (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, also known as QNB) of Surgical Divisions, No 62 General Hospital, and glycolates. Similar experimentation in the Tobruk, Libya, 1941-1942 (where he devised UK is the subject of the papers compiled by the ‘Tobruk plaster’ method of supporting Rob Evans (b 1964) for his book, Gassed: British broken bones); the diary, Jul 1944-June 1945, chemical warfare experiments on humans at of Professor Francis Alan Roland Stammers Porton Down (2000). (1898-1982), covering his service as Consulting

15 medicine and Healthcare private circulation. rarest ofherworks, whichwas printed for History Army oftheBritish (1859), oneofthe Nightingale’s AContributionto theSanitary Thomas’, 1833-1871. There alsoacopy is of to Richard GulletWhitfield, at St Apothecary on Hospitals (1859) presented by theauthor Archives), andacopy ofNightingale’s Notes 1860 Notes onNursing (withanother copy in collection holdscopiesofNightingale’s respectable occupation for women. The to nursing establish asawell-organised, the CrimeanWar, shecampaigned tirelessly Nightingale (1820-1910). A by theworld’s mostfamousnurse, Florence holdsvolumesThe Library withinscriptions Special Collections 10. Nursing 16 and police escort onasuffrage march, 1909[RBNA/P171] Ethel Bedford Fenwick (second from left),founderoftheRoyal BritishNurses Association,withnurses, midwives fter herreturnfter from nurses, in1887 established intheface ofmuch was thefirst professional organisation for The Royal BritishNurses’Association(RBNA) other hospitals. that was aninfluentialmodel for reforms in created acompletely new professional service provision ofnursing –anarrangement that school for nurses, St John’sHouse,for the firstthe Hospitalandcountry’s training and other material onarrangements between Secretary’s papers, 1856-1883, includesreports A filefrom theKing’s CollegeHospital care. in society, andtheprofessionalisation ofmedical ofnursing, thechangingrolehistory ofwomen profession: resource animportant onthe the earlydecades ofnursing asanorganised The Archives holdsignificantcollectionsfrom College Archives www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec opposition from the medical establishment, House nurses were in the first contingent with including Florence Nightingale. The Association’s Nightingale to the Crimean, in 1854. collection, 1887-1996, in the Archives includes Registers of nurses and student nurses, and detailed administrative records, committee some related records, have survived for many papers, correspondence and photographs. Of institutions represented in the Archives, most particular note are: letters, 1887-1888, on the notably: Belgrave Hospital for Children (joined founding of the Association, received by the King’s College Hospital Group, 1948): registers Association’s co-founder Ethel Bedford Fenwick of student nurses, 1903-1950. (1857-1947), former Matron of St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London; papers on the Association’s Guy’s Hospital School of Nursing (merged application for a Royal Charter, 1891-1893, and with Lewisham Hospital School of Nursing, on the introduction of Nurse Registration Bills, 1985, to form the Thomas Guy and Lewisham 1908-1910; correspondence and meeting papers School of Nursing, which merged in 1991 with relating to the International Council of Nurses the Nightingale School of Nursing to form the (ICN), 1900-1937. Nightingale and Guy’s College of Nursing and Midwifery): register, 1949-1972. Part of the RBNA collection, the papers, 1926-1955, of the British College of Nurses (also King’s College Hospital School of Nursing founded by Ethel Bedford Fenwick) include (renamed Normanby College, 1974): registers, minutes, correspondence, press cuttings and 1885-1967; Nursing Committee papers, 1892-1921 papers on individual nurses, such as Mildred and 1938-1967. Heather-Bigg (1857-1928) and Catherine Wood Lewisham Hospital School of Nursing (see (1841-1930). Also within the RBNA collection are Guy’s Hospital School of Nursing, above): exam letters, 1871-1875, between Florence Nightingale results, 1897-1971; probationers’ registers, 1912- (1820-1910) and sanitary engineer William Clark, 1931 and 1943-1958; training records, 1947-1950 on sanitary reform in India. and 1958-1970. King’s College Hospital Nurses’ League was Nightingale and Guy’s College of Nursing and formed by ex-KCH nurses in 1924, to keep past Midwifery (see Guy’s Hospital, above): student and present colleagues in touch and promote nurse records and administration files, 1991- the profession. The Archives holds its papers, 1993. 1861-2004, which include: Nursing Committee minutes, 1892-1967; reports and other papers Nightingale School of Nursing, St Thomas’ relating to legislative changes concerning Hospital (see Guy’s Hospital, above): student nursing, 1936-1979; papers, 1930-1990, on records, 1950-1980. the history of nursing, including personal St Giles Hospital (originally Camberwell reminiscences; photographs, 1866-1980, and Workhouse Infirmary, joined King’s College personal papers of KCH nurses. These last Teaching Hospital Group 1966): registers, 1944- notably include: Emma Durham (1848-1936): 1966. letters and diaries relating to her nursing of ex-slaves in Zanzibar, 1875-1877, and wounded St Saviour’s Union Infirmary (renamed Dulwich British soldiers in the Zulu War, South Africa, Hospital, 1931; joined King’s College Hospital 1879, and Egypt, 1885; Julia Ashbourne Herbert Group, 1948): register of senior nursing staff, (1881-1961): correspondence and press cuttings, 1891-1931; Nursing School registers (listed under 1914-1919, relating to the Western Front, World ‘Dulwich Hospital’), 1917-1967. War One, and her Military Medal, 1917; Mary Jones (1813-1887), Superintendent of St John’s House, 1853-1868, and Sister-in-charge, King’s College Hospital, 1856-1868: correspondence with Florence Nightingale, 1861-1868 – St John’s

17 medicine and Healthcare invalids. childcare, first aid, exercise, and thecare of commonsense advice ontopics including Chronicle Household MedicalAdviser, with provided in1900by TheManchester Evening waslethal –instructiononmedicalissues saving life’. More comprehensive -andless jugular vein andyou may beinstrumentalin with advice ontreating apoplexy: ‘openthe setting itstone unequivocally inthefirstissue ofthemedicalprofession,with theservices intended to helpitsreaders entirely dispense was weekly, published Oct-Dec1832.was This periodical,ThePennyshort-lived Lancet, which the onlyknown complete runofa library-held The St Thomas’Historical Collectionincludes and astrological signs. handwritten notes onprescriptions, remedies – also includecopiousseventeenth century Physician heldintheGuy’s Historical Collection first publication. T Herbal, have not beenoutofprintsincetheir Physician (1651), combinedasTheComplete London (1649) Dispensatory and The English Physicians’ Pharmacopoeia Londinensis, The translation unauthorised His oftheCollege known herbalists, NicholasCulpeper(1616-1654). There are alsofirst editions by oneofthebest before itsfirst appearance inprint1492. 1314 andcirculated widelyinmanuscript form book by author, anEnglish compiledaround (1492) considered is thefirst printed medical anglica practica medicineacapita adpedes treatise onurine.JohnofGaddesden’sRosa also animals,birds, fishandminerals, anda which covers not onlymedicinalplants,but sanitatiscopies oftheHortus (1491 and1497), earlyherbals, mostnotably twoimportant The collectionsonPharmacy includesome Special Collections 11. Pharmacy, HomeMedicine 18 theses, staffpublications and exam questions, The Archives hold correspondence, minutes, College Archives and Alternative Medicine wo copiesofTheEnglish science-based pharmacy. traditional herbal remedies to aprofessional, the provision ofpatent medicinesgrounded in L the familypharmacy businessintheEastndof prescriptions compiledinthecourse ofrunning the 1850sto the1890s,containingremedies and manuscript andprinted pharmacopoeias from The papers oftheColemanfamilyinclude given in1796. medica (substanceswithhealingproperties), lectureshis ontherapeutics andonmateria William Babington(1756-1833) includenotes on The papers ofGuy’s HospitalApothecary 1992. Pharmaceutical SocietyofGreat Britain,1939- L correspondence relating to the University of collection alsoincludesminutes, papers and relating to pharmacy studiesbeginin1910. The taught at Chelseain1896,andstudentrecords ofPharmacy . PharmacyDepartment was first ofPharmacy/King’sDepartment CollegeLondon chiefly 1935-1997, from theChelseaCollege Books Collection: FOL.RS79HOR] sanitatis. Strassbourg: Johann Pruess, 1497[Rare An apothecary’s shop,late15thcentury, from: Hortus ondon. Thesereflect itsgradual transition from ondon Board ofStudies inPharmacy andthe www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec

12. Psychiatry William Norris, an inmate of Bedlam, chained to his bed, c 1814, from: Etienne Esquirol. Les maladies mentales. Bruxelles: J. B. Tircher, 1838 [IOP Special Collections Historical Collection: h/Esq] The Library houses around 1000 books and pamphlets on psychiatry, neurology and related topics from the Institute of Psychiatry at King’s College London (IOP), chiefly dating from 1800-1930. The collection includes many volumes which belonged to important figures in psychiatry, such as John Conolly (1794-1866), Henry Maudsley (1835-1918), Frederick W Mott (1853-1926) and Sir Aubrey Lewis (1900-1975). Through their inscriptions and bookplates it is possible to trace interests, family relationships (in the case of Conolly and Maudsley), friendships and connections between some of the foremost figures in psychiatry. The IOP Historical Collection is complemented by neuroscientific works from other collections, such as works belonging to Robert Bentley Todd (1809-1860) in the St Thomas’ Historical Collection (see also Institutions). There are also editions of Henry Maudsley’s own works, including The Physiology and Pathology of the Mind (1867), and The Pathology of Mind (1879). These are rare, since Maudsley requested that his publisher destroy all unsold copies of his books. Special Collections also holds a copy of Maudsley’s typescript draft autobiography. Research collections include records of the In addition to the IOP Historical Collection, the Psychiatric Case Register Project, 1965- Library holds some volumes of relevance to 1982, Schedules for Clinical Assessment in earlier approaches to the mind. These include Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) records, 1986-1995, Robert Burton’s The Anatomy of Melancholy: and the extensive Twins’ Early Development what it is, with all the kinds, causes, symptomes, Study (TEDS), 1994-2003. prognosticks & several cures of it: by Democritus The papers of Sir Aubrey Lewis, head of the Junior with a satyricall preface (1632). This work IOP 1946-1966, span his entire career, from his first appeared in 1621. Burton’s text is ostensibly 1926 anthropological research among Aboriginal a treatise on melancholy but has a strong peoples in Australia, to extensive offprints of his satirical vein running through it. The Library also many articles on topics including melancholia, holds copies of Burton’s other works, two of schizophrenia and psychoanalysis. There are which carry his inscription. also letters and reports relating to his research tour of European psychiatric institutions and College Archives research centres, 1937, and papers relating The Archives hold both research collections to the provision of psychiatric services to the and personal papers from the Institute of military and civilian population during World War Psychiatry at King’s College London (IOP). Two. The papers of Lewis’ wife, child psychiatrist

19 medicine and Healthcare Hospital, 1985-1998. Unit forensic at Bethlem in-patient service R 1975-2000, andtheoperation Hill oftheDenis ofForensicand itsDepartment Psychiatry, the administration oftheInstitute ofPsychiatry 1972-2000.legislation, There are alsofileson proposed amendments to UKmentalhealth 1972-2000, ontheimpact ofamendmentsand offenders withpersonality disorders; papers, and to Grendon experimental for prison Hospitals (highsecuritypsychiatric hospitals), 1975-2000,reports, relating to theUKSpecial in 1974; correspondence Service Prison and for IRAbombingsinGuildford andWoolwich the May enquiry, 1989-1992, into theconvictions Wolfenden Committee, 1954;papers relating to Homosexual OffencesandProstitution to the including: copiesofmedicalevidence given on relationship between psychiatry andthelaw, treatment ofoffenders, as well asthe IOP, cover many aspectsofthepsychiatric (b 1937), Professor ofForensic Psychiatry, The extensive papers, 1962-2002, ofJohnGunn 1995-1996. to war-affectedsupport children in Bosnia, of Psychiatry project to provide psychosocial Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)andInstitute nuclear power plantaccident; ajointUnited the1986Chernobyl after children bornshortly 1992-1993, ontheprenatal development of (PT suffer from Post- conclusively thecapacity ofadolescents to coast ofGreece –studiesthat helpedestablish shipJUPITERoffthe of theeducational cruise and 1994-1996, ofsurvivors ofthe1988sinking on educational achievement; studies,1989-1992 survey size ofthis to cover theimpact ofhealth of Wight,1964-1969 –thefirst epidemiological medical survey ofschoolchildren ontheIsle projects, notably: alongitudinaleducational and include material from anumberofresearch Professor ofAppliedChildPsychology, IOP, The papers, 1964-2002, ofWilliamYule (b1940), the welfare ofchildren incare. USSR, 1931, andpapers, 1945-1954, relating to and photographs from tour ascientists’ ofthe Hilda Lewis (1900-1966), includenotes, reports 20 SD); aWorld HealthOrganisation study, T raumatic Stress Disorder oyal identifying personal not data is identifying recorded. of approved medicalresearch, provided that years. A for 80years, andadministrative files for 30 file, personalis closed (non-medical)data closed for 100years from thelastdate on (which cover many research collections)is upon themedicalrecords ofnamedindividuals predominantly closed:any material touching Many oftheIOPcollectionsinArchives are ccess may begiven for thepurpose www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec

13. Public Health Charles Murchison (1830-1879). Murchison also contributed to epidemiology, making a crucial distinction between typhus and typhoid fever Special Collections (see also Anatomy and Surgery). The Foyle Special Collections Library contains Simon’s personal collection also has works by a collection of tracts by vaccination pioneer physician, statistician and sanitation pioneer Edward Jenner (1749-1823), including An Inquiry William Augustus Guy (1810-1885), appointed into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ King’s College London’s first Professor of Vaccinæ (1798). This collection was given by Hygiene in 1869, including his Public Health: a the author to the St Thomas’ surgeon Henry popular introduction to sanitary science (1870). Cline (1750-1827), President of the Royal College of Surgeons, who became one of leading Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910), the first woman defenders of cow-pox vaccination. The Library to acquire medical qualifications in the United also holds other inscribed pamphlets from both States, in 1849, and the first woman to be sides of the cow-pox debate, by St Thomas’ registered as a doctor in Great Britain, in 1859, surgeons including John Ring (d 1821), a leading campaigned extensively on the role of women in voice in support of vaccination, and John Birch medical and social reform. The Library holds a (d 1815), one of the most prestigious opponents rare first edition of Blackwell’s Essays in Medical of Jenner’s innovation. Sociology (1899) ‘revised and reprinted for private circulation’, inscribed by the author and Sir John Simon (1816-1904) was appointed the presented to St Thomas’. first Chief Medical Officer and became one of the most significant figures in nineteenth College Archives century public health and sanitary reform. Most of Simon’s personal archive was destroyed, The notebooks, 1777-1824, of St Thomas’ making the insights into Simon’s interests which surgeon Henry Cline (1750-1827) include can be gleaned from his library especially accounts of his use of small-pox vaccination important. Most of these volumes are inscribed, and his patients’ progress under treatment. He some by other leading figures in public health worked closely with vaccination pioneer Edward such as Sir John Burdon-Sanderson (1828-1905), Jenner, whose innovative methods he defended John Syer Bristowe (1827-1895) and William and promoted, and describes using ‘some cow- Augustus Guy (d 1885). The French and German pox matter’ supplied by Jenner. His notes also works in Simon’s library demonstrate his include sketches of the pustules produced by European outlook: he was one of the first in the the cow-pox vaccine (see also Medical Schools, British medical profession to use the antiseptic and Anatomy and Surgery). methods pioneered by the Hungarian Ignaz Records on cholera include correspondence Semmelweiss (1818-1865). Simon is, however, relating to the 1831-1835 UK epidemic, and a perhaps best known for his contributions to cholera casebook, 1853-1854, from the records debates on public health: works such as Reports of St Thomas’ Medical School, which details Relating to the Sanitary Condition of the City of 149 cases of cholera and choleraic diarrhoea London (1854) drew attention to a wide range admitted to the hospital in 1854, and includes of areas – from housing to sewerage – in which printed instructions on hygiene practices from improvement was needed. He also replicated the Royal College of Physicians, 1853. and extended the pioneering work of John Snow (1813-1858) in demonstrating that cholera King’s College London was at the forefront was caused by the water supply. A copy of of late nineteenth century developments in the second edition of Snow’s On the Mode of sanitation and health: in 1886 it opened the Communication of Cholera (1855) is inscribed country’s first public bacteriological laboratory, by the author to the St Thomas’ physician specifically for ‘medical men in practice,

21 medicine and Healthcare (both collectionsare presently closed). assessment process followed by healthvisitors Project, 2000-2001,whichanalyse theneeds School ofNursingandMidwifery Parkside Records, 1956-1999, andtheFlorenceNightingale the King’sCollegeLondonNutritionalSurvey studiesonPublicHealth, twentieth-century The Archives alsocontaintherecords oftwo courses inspectors for sanitary andplumbers. of lectures andsyllabuses, includingdiploma in 1909. TheCollegecalendars give fulldetails scienceandappliedhygiene’teaching ‘sanitary (subsequently King’s Collegefor Women) began and King’s CollegeWomen’s Department of King’s College L (student records are amongthemain series Hygiene andPublicHealthopenedin1893 , 1892-1925.Bacteriology of TheDepartment for ofGeneral theDepartment Pathologyand Archives holdasetofstudententrance papers practitioners, andveterinary surgeons’. medical officers ofhealth,colonialand foreign 22 ondon studentpapers), Collection: RC183.6 JEN] Murray andHighley,1798[St.Thomas’ Historical the authorbySampsonLow,andsoldLaw, and effects ofthevariolaevaccinae. London: printed for from: Edward Jenner. An inquiryintothecausesand injection ofinfected materialfrom cow intohuman, Vaccination pustules,evidence ofthesuccessful www.kcl.ac.uk/iss/archivespec

The final stages of yellow fever, from: Etienne Pariset. ‘Observations sur la fièvre jaune faites à Cadix en 1819’ Paris, 1820 [FCO Historical Collection FOL. RC213.S6 PAR]

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