FROM THE EDITOR

This year we celebrate the jubilee of J.Mirror, it’s 5th anniversary. We discuss in this issue not only the theory of journalism but also to involve opinions of those graduates who studied journalism in our University and those who taught them. Here we present the articles about the history of international journalism as well as modern trends of journalism.

Thank-you-note Dear graduates, this year is your last year at the University. You’ll start a new life. Thank you for all the study, work and insights. It is with great sadness that I now have to say my farewell to you. I was truly glad to have worked with such a group of creative and initiative students and I am so proud of the achievements that you have accomplished both in the study and in your personal life. The efforts and contributions have been great. I hope you leave our university with great confidence in yourself, knowing that you are capable of overcoming any hurdles that will come up, singularly, and more importantly, together. I hope that you continue to succeed through life journeys. I wish you all have a Creative, Inspiring and Exciting life after the University. Please keep in touch!

Arevik Gevorgyan Editor-in-chief 4 Le journalism au coeur de la vie…

French is a national language, spoken and taught everywhere in France. Brogues and dialects are widespread in rural areas. However, many people tend to follow their regional linguistic customs either through traditions or through a voluntary and deliber- ate return to a specific regional dialect. This tendency is stronger in the frontier areas of France. Still a lot of French adore read daily news- papers in French, and they don’t have problems with under- standing information. My professor in ever, one major difference; French quality University of Perpignan dailies are on the whole more intellectual Via Domitia told me that and more left of centre than their counter- reading French National parts in the English-speaking countries. Newspapers is a great Every my day starts with the website way to keep improv- of the newspaper «Le Monde». This news- ing my French learn- paper is a highbrow centre-left paper before ing, while at the same which even politicians tremble. Last year Le time keeping abreast of Monde faced bankruptcy. Three business- what is happening in the men, Xavier Niel, an internet billionaire, French language world Matthieu Pigasse, an investment banker, and in Francophone af- and Pierre Bergé, the former business part- fairs. Press gives me an ner of Yves Saint Laurent, rescued it. Now insight into the various Mr Niel, the wealthiest of the three and the Francophone countries’ most closely involved with the business, is perspectives on the world tackling the union head on. It means that the and national events. press in this country of cheeses and wines France has three has a really high level of social involvement. major national quality Elections, holidays and festivals, problems dailies: Le Monde, Le Fi- and solutions – all info you can find both garo and Libération. They in regional and national press. More over, target at the same kind of all information comes from common peo- educated reader market ple, because the French believe that their as serious quality papers. press is independent from their government. There are also the so-called “broadsheets”: such as the Times, the Independent and By Anna Drogalova the Guardian in the UK, or the New York Times, the Boston Globe or the San Fran- cisco Chronicle in the USA. There is, how- 7 Africa. Dangerous journalism

Being a jour- Newspapers Group. The editor who took the nalist in Africa is like decisive step in probing the excesses of gov- walking through a ernment was Geoffrey Nyarota, who has minefield at midnight gone on to write about his experiences in a book published in 2006 Against the What is an in- Grain: Memoirs of a Zimbabwean News- vestigative journal- man. Nyarota’s claim to fame is the story ism? It’s a form of many Zimbabweans and media observers re- journalism in which member as the Willowgate Scandal. In 1988, reporters deeply in- the newspaper undertook an investigation of vestigate a single topic of interest, often irregular deals at the state-owned Willowvale involving crime, political corruption or cor- Mazda Motor Industries, a car assembly plant porate wrongdoing. It is one of the most where cabinet ministers and senior govern- dangerous spheres in our profession. ment officials were using their positions to When we speak about investiga- buy cars cheaply as they were officially en- tive journalism we usually remember titled to do, but later reselling the vehicles at only famous journalists from well-known exorbitant prices which they were not. countries. Such as James Steele, Don- Before the story broke, Zimbabwe’s ald Barlett, Robert Greene, Lois Kilzer Defence Minister, Enos Nkala summoned who got Pulitzer Prize twice. Among Rus- Nyarota and his deputy, Davison Maruziva sian journalists the most famous investi- to his office. He said that if they failed to gative journalist was Anna Politkovskaya. stop the report, he would send soldiers to Investigative journalism exists not only drag them to defense headquarters to be in big countries but also in the Third World taught a lesson they would never forget. countries. There are many journalists who Instead, the two editors intensified their in- have contributed greatly to the develop- vestigations and eventually broke the story. ment of the investigative journalism. We tried The Chronicle’s investigations were to find out some information about them. so embarrassing to government that Presi- Do you know who Carlos Cardo- dent Robert Mugabe appointed a judicial so, Nobert Zongo, Mohamed Benchicou commission of enquiry to investigate the or Daniel Bekoutu are? They are journal- matter. The commission’s findings vindicat- ists who are worthy respect, the journal- ed the newspaper’s reports and several min- ists who dared to tell the truth. They were isters, including Geoffrey Nyarota well awared of the risks: assaults, impris- Nkala, resigned onment, torture, censorship and death. in disgrace. Wil- Zimbabwe: Mazda Motor Industries case lowgate may In the late 1980s (before today’s strin- have earned gent press censorship was enshrined in law), Nyarota and Zimbabwe provided the only known example Maruziva much of a major investigative project being under- prestigiousness taken by a government-owned newspaper, from within Zim- refuting the myth that only commercial me- babwe and be- dia can carry out investigative reporting. The yond its borders, newspaper in question was The Chronicle, but government a regional paper that was part of Zimbabwe was not amused. 8 Nigeria: First Lady’s story Dele Giwa, founding editor of the Lagos-based weekly News- watch was killed by a parcel bomb delivered to his family home on October 19, 1986. Nigerian press reports alleged that the parcel bore a stamp with the Nigerian govern- ment coat-of-arms, and that Giwa had been investigating a story in- volving First Lady Mariam Baban- gida at the time of his death. Two days before he was killed, Giwa had been summoned to the head- quarters of Nigeria’s State Security Services and accused of planning revolution and arms-smuggling. He later received a phone call asking for directions to his home so that an ‘official invitation’ could be de- livered. In 2001, former president Ibrahim Babangida, who had ruled the country at the time of Giwa’s death, refused to testify before the country’s human rights commis- sion about Giwa’s death, despite calls from inside the country and from international human rights and journalists’ organisations for him to do so. No one has ever Dele Giwa been prosecuted for Giwa’s death. Christine Anyanwu, the edi- to produce stories on a par with their far better tor and publisher of The Sunday Magazine, resourced colleagues elsewhere in the world. was wrongly convicted for plotting a coup Actually this is not a miracle: it simply takes against General Sani Abacha, Babangida’s passion, courage and extremely hard work. successor. She was imprisoned, tortured and We should understand that these almost blinded while in detention. Anyanwu persons put their lives to the future gen- demanded and received an apology for her eration. They wanted to get justice. It’s the suffering from Alhaji Zahari Biu, a retired as- main aim of any journalist. Speaking by the sistant commissioner of police, who had been words of famous journalists Mark Hunter and one of her torturers. Dele Olojede was the Luuk Sengers: “We gather information to first African-born journalist to receive a get a story out of it;… you want to stir emo- Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. tions. You want your readers to get angry, Conclusion to weep, to become determined to change We have been struck repeatedly by things. Otherwise, what is the point of spend- the miracle of reporters working with erratic ing so much time collecting evidence, risk- computer connections and electricity, limited ing your life and your relationships?”... budgets, across long distances and often un- der surveillance and threat, who still manage By Amina Gudova 9 Spanish media advancement to democracy

Spain is a It was first published country with a devel- on May, 4, 1976, oped system of mass six months after the media. Now Span- death of the dictator iards are the most Francisco Franco, reading newspapers and in the beginning nation in Europe. of the Spanish tran- But it wasn’t always. sition to democracy. Francoist It was the first pro- Spain refers to a pe- democracy news- riod of Spanish his- paper within a con- tory between 1936 text where all other and 1975 when Spanish newspa- Spain was under the pers were influ- authoritarian dicta- enced by Franco’s torship of Francisco ideology. Afterwards Franco. During that El Pais became time the country more conservative. was known as the In 1989 an- Spanish State. This other democrat- was a totalitarianism ic newspaper El epoch. Francisco Mundo appeared. Franco was an iron Its founder was Pe- leader of the country. dro Jose Ramirez He was a fascist and Codina. He was murderous hangman a liberal journal- of the whole nation. ist. It is the second His union with Hitler and repressions made largest printed daily newspaper in Spain. him an authoritarian head of Spain. The free- El Mundo played a key role in uncovering dom of speech was a dream for people. After several scandals among them embezzle- his death in 1975 when the totalitarian regime ment by the commander of the Guardia Civil was ruined, Spain began its transition to de- and accusations of insider trading and tax mocracy. Intoxicating freedom covered Spain fraud by the governor of the Central Bank and democratical newspapers appeared. of Spain. Investigative reporting by the El El Pais was founded by a team at Mundo staff also revealed connections be- PRISA which included José Ortega Spot- tween the terrorist Grupos Antiterroristas de torno and Carlos Mendo. The paper was de- Liberacion (GAL) and the Socialist adminis- signed by Reinhard Gade and Julio Alonso. tration of Felipe González, revelations that

10 contributed to his defeat in the 1996 elections. ry about the bombings. Other Spanish media, In October 2005, El Mundo revealed such as El País, ABC and the Cadena SER that Nazi Aribert Heim or “Doctor Death” radio network, accused El Mundo and the oth- had been living in Spain for 20 years, prob- er media of manipulation over this issue. The ably with the help of the ODESSA network, bombings and the subsequent judicial show- in collaboration with Otto Skorzeny, who down are still hotly debated in Spain today. had helped set up one of the most impor- All outrageous facts of the country tant ODESSA operation in Spain, during reflect in the print media. Political and cul- the rule of the dictator Francisco Franco. ture developments are an integral part of After March, 11, 2004 Madrid train daily newspapers. Scandal investigations bombings, the newspapers El Mundo and of journalists are very interesting for read- La Razon, the regional television channel ers. They help combat with public evil. The Telemadrid and the COPE radio network al- journalism in Spain is an important part leged that there had been inconsistencies in of democracy in the country, which con- the explanations given by the Spanish judicia- tinues its developing into a free society. By Lilya Gartseva

11 Military Media: Report or Defend?

Nowadays in international conflicts accompany their army during military opera- mass media are a huge striking force. It is the tions, and also report events in the course of same fighting resource as tanks and artillery. war. Besides overcoming the general threats TV and press сan support a fighting spirit of of safety, necessity to stay alive and healthy soldiers and conflicting parties. In the modern the journalists have also another problem: epoch of global information technologies to perform their work despite all obstacles. mass media have become the most powerful In many Russian mass media edi- weapon in management of confrontations. tions journalists` security became a “head- The journalism has always been con- ache” for their management. To avoid similar

sidered as one of the most dangerous pro- problems the management often refuses to fessions on the earth. And it is clear why. A organize journalists` business trips. Or it de- desire to know everyday events and as- mands singing up a paper in which a reporter piration to appear on the planet`s hottest relieves edition from responsibility if some- spots is not always safe. Journalists as thing happens with him during his dangerous well as any other citizens can become vic- business trip. In 1997 after taking in hostage tims of bombardment, hostages and die in one group of journalists in the Chechen Re- explosions. However, journalistic profession public the management of the largest Rus- specificity bears a lot of risks for journalists. sian television channel has made a decision The probability of different risks and threats not to send correspondents to the Chechen is especially high for the journalists working Republic. Informational starvation became a in the zones of social and military conflicts consequence of this position: the information in the so-called «hot spots». Profession of a about situation in the Chechen Republic was military journalist was one of the most pop- taken from various minor or inofficial sources. ular professions in the Great Patriotic War. The coverage was seriously deformed. A war correspondent is a journalist as well In spite of the fact that practically from as a majority of modern journalists but the the very beginning of its existence wars unique difference is that military journalists had very big interest among writers and 12 journalists, the first military journalists inforcement arrived. It took three days. As a in the world appeared only during the result Sergey Borzenko appeared the only Crimean war. Nikolay Berg who was the one among military journalists to be award- journalist of a well-known magazine «Mosk- ed with the rank «Hero of Soviet Union». wyanin» went to Sevastopol where he was It is necessary for every military jour- to write about military operations. From the nalist to know whether the information is per- English part the correspondent William Hor- mitted to be published or not. The first one vard Russell started to write about the same is the information about objects which were war. When the Russian-Turkish war of 1878 bombed, general description of land bases, began there were more than twenty Rus- etc. Information which is not the subject for sian and foreign correspondents from the publication is the special information about Russian part. In the Russian-Japanese war quantity of the developed courts, names and the quantity of correspondents from Rus- location of special formations, information sia was 102 and from other countries - 38. on offensive operations, information about According to the Center of extreme operations which were cancelled or delayed. journalism only certain editions could write As well as soldiers journalists pass about war. They were “The News”, “The though basic training. They need to know Truth”, “The Red fleet”, “The Stalin falcon”, where the front line is, where the mines “The Red star”, “The Komsomol truth”. More- can be and what an extension is. In «hot over, correspondents who were authorised to spots» it is possible to become a witness work in this area should have had journalis- of various tragical events connected with tic work experience and minimum of military peace population and military men deaths knowledge. Full-time war correspondents and other atrocities. At times it becomes were enlisted in the Red Army. Journalists intolerable but the journalist does not have had to write about front-line soldiers - Red a right to splash out emotions. It is impos- Army fighters and commanders who had sible to write indifferently about war but he good tactical skills and military technics in the has no rights to whimper either. It is very struggle against the enemy. Military journal- difficult to be objective there... very difficult. ists were to reflect the Soviet people’s hatred to fascist aggressors and firmness, discipline By Ekaterina Kachura and accurate performance of regular soldiers. One more example: Sergey Borzenko was a re- porter of “The Truth” in the Great Patri- otic War. He was sent to cover events during the opera- tion “Kerchensky landing”. But it hap- pened so that dur- ing landing of troops all officers died. Borzenko as the senior in rank took all the responsibil- ity. He supervised the fight before re- 13 «60 MINUTES» Keeping up the pace

The Mass hard-hitting investigative reports, interviews, Media of the feature segments and profiles of people United States of in the news, the broadcast began in 1968 America are the and was still a hit in 2012, regularly mak- most ideal net in ing Nielsen’s Top 10. Over the 2011-12 sea- the whole world. son, «60 Minutes» continued its dominance The freedom of as the number-one news program, drawing speech and self- an average of over 13 million viewers per expression is the week - more than any other network news key to democ- program. The average audience for a 60 racy. The televi- Minutes broadcast still dwarfs the biggest sion of America audiences drawn by cable news programs. has many suc- About a million more people listen cessful pro- to the «60 Minutes radio» in several major

grams and series. The most popular TV channel in the USA is CBS. It has won this title 9 times for the last 10 years. The television company demonstrates the growth of its audience in prime time. CBS has many popular shows and programs: «The Price Is Right», «The Talk», «CBS This Morning», «CBS Evening News», a political talk show «Face the Nation», morning news program «Up to the Minute» and «CBS Morn- ing News», etc. But the most popular show is «60 Minutes». This news program was created by Don Hewitt and was first shown on CBS Septem- ber 24, 1968. «60 Minutes», the most successful television broadcast in history, began its 45th season in September, 2012. CBS News Chairman Jeff Fager is an executive pro- ducer of the program. Offering 14 cities and thousands of people each week dents and contributors of «60 Minutes» are watch «60 Minutes online». The broadcast Anderson Cooper, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, Steve segments can be watched at 60Minutes. Kroft, Lara Logan, Scott Pelley, Byron Pitts, com, while a web show 60MinutesOvertime. Morley Safer, Bob Simon and Lesley Stahl. com offers the content originally produced for Why has «60 Minutes» gained this the web only, including behind-the-scenes magnificent success? The secret is very sim- video about the production of «60 Min- ple. The most interesting and topical prob- utes» stories and timely archival segments. lems are reported in this program. Interviews «60 Minutes» has won more Emmy with presidents and famous persons, news in Awards than any other primetime broadcast, response to the latest events. The commen- including a special Lifetime Achievement taries of journalists are very sharp and just. Emmy. It has also won every major broad- But once Lesley Stahl asked Nicolas Sar- cast journalism award over its tenure, includ- kozy a shocking question about his new wife ing 18 Peabody and 14 DuPont Columbia Carla Bruni. Already ex - president of France University awards for excellence in television stopped the interview. Even if the question was broadcasting. Other distinguished awards in- improper, still in America the first constitution- clude the George Polk, RTNDA Edward R. al amendment is inviolable. «60 Minutes» is Murrow, Investigative Reporters and Editors, a quality program. It has analogs in Australia, RFK Journalism, Sigma Delta Chi and Ger- Germany, New Zealand, Portugal and Chile. ald Loeb Awards for Distinguished Business and Financial Reporting. The correspon- By Lilya Gartseva

15 Timeline of Chinese newspapers

Not so long time ago I visited China. the punishments were published in it. The culture of this country turned out to be The face of the first Chinese newspa- very exotic and extremely interesting. I tried pers was unusual. They were printed on thin to learn as much as possible about the coun- and narrow sheets of paper. Furthermore, try. I visited museums, cultural sights and the Chinese wrote vertically, putting one word monuments. As a journalist it was interest- under another. Whereas in China words were ing for me to learn about the history of Chi- read from right to left. On the last page of a nese journalism. The first newspapers ap- newspaper which consisted of eight pages peared in China. So, I want to tell you about there were the newspaper`s name and near- the history of the first Chinese newspapers. by the date on the Chinese and European The first Chinese newspaper “Chéng calendars in the right corner. The other part of Bào” («The Capital bulletin») was published the page was often filled with numerous an- in 911. At this time China became an original nouncements like it was in the English news- oasis of world culture. The first publishing hap- papers. Political news, imperial decrees, pro- pened to be here. For a long time only impe- vincial correspondence which were reprinted rial decrees and court news were the content from English and Japanese newspapers of the newspaper “Chéng Bào“. In the end of were located on the other pages. There was XIX and in the beginning of XX centuries the also an article in which one of the editors re- edition started to appear in three issues. The ported external and internal policy questions. first issue under the name «Business paper» The second half of XIX century was was printed on yellow paper and contained noted by active development of the Chinese news from the trading and industrial world. periodical press. It was connected with prog- The second issue printed also on a yellow ress of hardware of newspapers release paper was actually the successor of the an- and improvement of newspapers delivery cient newspaper and got the name «Govern- systems. A lithogragh was applied at the ini- mental bulletin». The third issue «Provincial tial stage of development of periodicals in paper» was designed for a province, printed China. Books were also printed in the same on red paper and represented the reduced way. Subsequently the mobile metal font and extraction from the first and second issues. printing machines began to be used. With The newspaper deserved spe- the telegraph invention and formation of the cial attention because the informa- state cable company of the Chinese empire in tion about offences of officials and 1881 cable communication began to be used by publishers of newspapers to receive the official governmental information. The court used telegraph for communication with gov- ernors of provinces which transferred imperial and government decrees into local editions. The steamships at sea and on rivers and railway transportation provided faster circulation of periodicals. In 1896 in China «The Chinese Imperial Post Service» was founded In 1897 it began to incur functions of periodical distribution. In the beginning of the XX century in China the new type of the 16 press appeared. It was the Marxist revolu- tionary press. With the organization of Marx- ist groups in the country first revolutionary mass working-class press appeared. In Au- gust, 1920 such working-class newspapers as «Laodunying» in Beijing, in Shanghai - «Laodunze» and «Houyu», in Canton - «Lao- dunsheng» began to be published. Newspa- pers published advice for workers, peasants, the chronicle of working-class movement, letters from factories. During «the move- ments on May, 4th» there was an influential weekly journal «Meizhoupinglun». The mate- rials devoted to the decree about the earth, the first Constitution of the Soviet state, the marriage law were published on its pages. Now the Chinese press is actively de- Occurring events forced changes in the veloping. The quantity of papers and elec- Chinese writing. Some newspapers offered to tronic newspapers increases. Their corre- carry out a writing reform - instead of the lan- spondents work in all countries of the world. guage of ancient books (wenyan) to take as a basis a literary colloquial language (baihua - a simple language) with limited quantity of By Ekaterina Kachura hieroglyphs and a rather simple grammatical system. In 1919 baihua won a general recog- nition and in 1920 it entered schools of China.

17 Education and career “My university years were the most exciting period in my life...” Interview with Victor Nikolaevich Panin What were with my group-mates the most inter- who had all finished esting and im- schools with an ad- portant events vanced level of teach- in your student ing English, but I did it despite all the odds. life? Always when I got into such difficult circum- Everything stances in my life I knew that I might fully was interest- rely on my family and my friends. Even today ing. First of all, I they are the most important pillars in my life. liked to gain knew knowledge about Please, recall something special Professor, doctor foreign languag- about your student life. of political sciences, es, foreign coun- Something special … definitely these director of School of tries, their culture, are my Teachers. Teachers with the capital International Relations habits and tradi- letter T. They taught me foreign languages, tions. Secondly, I liked to be engaged in social science and the realities of everyday life. activities. In my time it was all about the kom- I will never forget as long as I live my be- somol activities (youth communist league). It loved teachers: Mikhail Ziyazovich Akmalov, was an excellent school of mastering leader- Emma Kondratievna Kondratskaya, Ana- ship skills. Making new friends was also very toliy Ilyich Perepelitsin, Edgar Leonidov- exciting. I am very proud and happy that the ich Krichevsky, Vladlen Semenovich Serbin, majority of my best friends are my university Sergey Andreevich Chekmenev, Boris Ya- friends with whom we have been together for kovlevich Gershkovich, Margarita Dmit- more than thirty years. To cut it short, I may rievna Averbuch and many, many others. candidly state the fact, that my university years were the most exciting period in my life. Have you ever missed classes? Never, with the only exception And what about the difficult mo- when I had to fulfill my activities as a kom- ments? somol leader. All my life I liked to study, It is absolutely true that life isn’t a bed to get knew knowledge. This helped me of roses. Sometimes objectively and some- greatly when after some time I became times unexpectedly you may get into difficult involved into scientific research work. circumstances. I am not an exclusion. Such a situation happened when I finished high What would you like to wish to the school and did not receive the Gold Med- graduates? al. Another time it happened when I came Good luck! They have fundamental across an injustice during my study at Mos- knowledge, highly developed professional cow Military Institute, in the result of which I skills and habits. The only thing what they chose to quit. After one year of work at the need is a piece of luck. And I wish it to my Aircraft Repair Plant, when I became a stu- graduates from the bottom of my heart! dent of Pyatigorsk Institute of Foreign Lan- guages, it was very difficult for me to catch up By Alina Tkachenko 19 Work by Your Profession!

For Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University working by their specialty students is not a surprising fact. Below there is a survey of PSLU graduates, School of Inter- national Relations, Journalism Department.

Marina Dzamyhova RIA Novosti Spe- Correspondent, so- cial Programs cio political network Directorate, “Russia” (Moscow) Department of National Projects (Moscow)

What do you like in your job? Every day, something new and original happens: meetings and discus- sions on various topics. I mix and make Victoria Berezina friends with many leaders and celebrities. What do you What can you advise to journalism like in your job? graduates? Journalism allows me to be always Never let the thought: “Why do I need up to date, chat with interesting people, visit this profession? Where will I work?” A universi- various events. When I fell into the communi- ty diploma in journalism opens up many possi- ty of journalists, I started to realize the great bilities and no one will be left without a job! The power of words and how powerful the rule of most important thing is to love your profession! the pen is. Mass media are the fourth power. Project development EstetGid The main advantage of my work is the possi- (Pyatigorsk) bility of enhancing my knowledge, improving and refining skills. I like the process, when I don’t know what new appointments, events, themes a new day has in store for me. I feel that I swim in the endless stream of information. What can you advise to journalism graduates? Enjoy fully the last year of studies: enjoy each class, absorb every phrase said Wardan Jawrjan by a wise teacher, enjoy the company of What do you like in your job? your groupmates! Soon you will step into I like the job on the web- an adulthood and you will have a lot of re- site, because the subjects are sponsibilities and little free time. When you very tasty (sorry for a wordplay). work as a journalist, there is absolutely no What can you advise to journalism free time to learn foreign languages, so graduates? you need to get the best knowledge while You will apply your knowledge in prac- being a student and go out into the big life tice and get some new knowledge of your job. as a fully prepared and qualified specialist.

20 Luiza Simonyan TV reporter in the Correspondent, “News Armenian branch of - Stavropol Territory” the Interstate TV and STRC Pyatigorsk-Stav- Radio World Com- ropol pany, author and host of the “Guide”

Lily Markarian What do you like in your job? I like that my stuff can see people all over What do you like in your job? the CIS. This makes each plot very important, I like this job because I’m always but on the other hand it is very responsible, be- in the center of events, and most impor- cause you will be responsible for every word tantly I always communicate with people. you say. For example, just after one year, I It is very interesting and, at the same time, have already known almost all prominent cul- useful. But creating plots is a very diffi- tural, political and sports figures of Armenia. cult job, especially on the state television. What can you advise to journalism What can you advise to journalism graduates? graduates? Learn the language! As it turned out, To work in our industry with- I need not only Russian, French and Eng- out experience is quite difficult! Theo- lish, I also had to re-learn Armenian. Our retical knowledge is not enough. You channel is broadcasting in Russian, and should exercise more during the studies. the information must be in many different languages. If you want to work on TV, you Editor, need to think imaginatively and be able to radio station work with different people in the same team. “NASHEradio” Gilana Balaeva Correspondent, analytical news- Valentine Teplyakova paper of Kalmykia What do you like in your job? I like my job because it is very im- portant! What I do is listened by millions of people every day! It is difficult, because the radio broadcasts without interrup- tion on weekends and holidays, but it’s worth it. As a bonus - contacts with celeb- What do you like in your job? rities, concerts, festivals and other events! I like my job because it is not a rou- What can you advise to journalism tine: every day I’m in the center of all events. graduates? What can you advise to journalism I was shocked when I found out that al- graduates? most all the inhabitants of the Stavropol Terri- Don’t be afraid to tell the truth, be- tory make mistakes in speech! Even the staff cause journalists form a public conscience! of local radio and TV! We just do not notice. I And always be sure to check the information! would like to appeal to those students who are going to win big cities: work at your speech and at pronunciation of our native language.

21 RIA news editor of the website, international Correspondent multimedia press center STS, program “KMV Details”

Maria Yaskova What do you like in your job? The first thing I like is the team! I Ella Sehposova Lucina Martirosova can say that among all local channels STS What do you like in your job? is the best! Everyone helps each other, Lucina: I’m working as an editor in works together. Secondly, there are people the RIA News, to be more exact in the in- from whom I can and should learn! Thirdly, ternational multimedia press center of RIA I rarely sit still, I am in a constant motion! News. I like the fact that I can make the And, of course, now I have a lot of contacts! news - to hear something first and immedi- What can you advise to journalism ately transmit the news to the network. It’s graduates? pleasant to feel tension of the importance of Don’t be afraid and don’t hesitate to what is happening near, when our producers get a job! If you don’t like the work – bet- connected with convicted in the U.S. Viktor ter change it. But the most important advice Bout, we were the first who twitted his words. is to be respectful to all people! Behave Ella: Maybe for someone it’s strange, appropriately and everything will be fine! but I like my job for the responsibility) Also, Natalya Fokina there is a prospect for development. My Advertising man- work gives me an opportunity to get ac- ager of information quainted with the famous and intelligent technology, studio people. “My Search” What can you advise to journalism graduates? As for advice, it’s the most difficult part. Pay more attention to grammar (this is the trouble of modern journalism), read, learn languages and travel. The more in- What do you like in your job? teresting you are, the more interesting your How can it be possible not to like world and more interesting what you write. your job when you do not know what to ex- pect from each new day? Every day new clients come, for them you play the role of a psychologist, a decorator and a friend. And their interest is constantly flared up. What can you advise to journalism Work by Your Profession! graduates? I would wish to recent graduates not to be afraid of something new. Nowa- days in journalism and PR a lot of nich- es are appearing in which you can pro- mote yourself and try something new. You should try everything until you get your luck. By Alina Tkachenko 22 She found her way Interview with Galina Borisovna Ovcharova What was Have you ever skipped classes? the best thing in Like all students, under some your student life? specific circumstances, I missed some Those five classes. This was not skipping classes. years at university is the time when Please, advise the best way to cheat :) you gather friends I’ve been working for so many years that associate pro- and keep friendship to cheat on my classes is not possible. When fessor, Department of with these people I watch my students cheating, I’m touched. conflictology, PR and for life. The older journalism you get, the harder What would you like to wish to the you find a true friend. Therefore, my years graduates? in the institute are associated with definitely Now, while it’s not too late, you need good people. I lived in a dormitory, so all the to decide exactly what you want to do. If joys of life I know. The second plus: I studied journalism is your trade, that you really want at the department which consisted of 40 boys to do, in spite of all the difficulties, it is nec- and 10 girls. So, feeling that you are a woman, essary to set ambitious goals and go walk- you’re in the spotlight, you’re the only one that ing to one level, the next one and so on. you’re exclusive were vaccinated with the first If not, then it is still not too late to change year. We all still keep in touch. And it seems the trade. I think one of the greatest trou- to me that this relationship became even ble people have is that they don’t want to stronger, more reliable with the lapse of time. go in the morning to work. I wish you found your place and went there with pleasure. And the worst thing? The hardest part was waking up to By Alina Tkachenko go to the first class. And… the most difficult was to prepare for the five or six exams for 3 days. But we developed our own methodol- ogy. We gathered together and each of us told the two or three questions that had been previously distributed.

Please, tell us the funniest story in your student life. I finished school with a gold medal and felt that a tribute to parents in the form of the golden circle had already been given. That is why at the University I studied in a little slack manner. Once I passed the Exam and the teacher asked me to pass a test as follows: sing Beatles songs - I’ll put the mark. I sang. I passed an exam. It was funny, because the group supported my singing. Though I didn’t have a good ear, I managed to get off.

23 Uliana Sarkisova: Writing is not just a hobby for me or a small toy, but being rewarded for creativ- ity made me want to write more. And that’s how I plunged in to writing. At the age of 16 I wrote my first book. At the age of 23 I finished my second book. And now I’m working on the third one. And this book is a huge step for me as an author, because I write it in English. I grew up reading books about Harry Potter written by J.K. Rowling. She is the reason I started to write my first book. I still remember how much joy her books gave me. How happy I was reading them. Emo- tions I felt are hard to explain. Joan Rowl- ing showed me and millions of other kids a totally different world. She filled our life with magic and our hearts with love, hope and courage. I dream that one day I will write a book that will capture people’s hearts like books of J. Rowling captured mine. And if my creativity makes people a little bit happier, it will be the best reward for me. Writing is not just a hobby for me. Some- times it is a salvation. When I have a compli- cated situation in my life, when I’m sad or an- gry or just feeling lost, I write. I write everything Journalism is a very interesting and I feel. And I start to feel so good! It’s like I spill diverse profession. Once you have get the all the emotions on the paper. I advise every- education, you can work in various fields. one to do that. No matter if you are a good Juliana Sarkisova tells about her way. writer or not, just write down everything you Being a writer, for me, is an incredible feel and you’ll let all of the bad emotions go. gift of fortune. I can share my thoughts, ideas, I got an interesting question: “What and emotions with other people. Sometimes, is the difference between Russian and people carry amazingly beautiful world in their American journalism?”. I was supposed hearts, but they can’t share it with other peo- to write couple sentences on this topic. ple, because they didn’t discover the talent of But when it comes to journalists, I think, writing in themselves. Luckily I found this gift if you give them a word, they can wright a in myself and I hope people will find my inner book about it. And you gave me the ques- world beautiful and captivating. I’m so grate- tion. I can write the whole saga about it! So ful to my parents for helping me to discover I want to apologize if my answer is bigger this talent and for encouraging it. I started to than you expected. But I promise, it won’t write poems when I was 6 years old. I remem- be boring and I hope you will find it useful. ber my father was giving me different gifts for When I was working on my diploma every new poem. It could be just a chocolate paper (Development of Quality American 24 Press in Histor- use it to read the news. Every day in the sub- ical Retrospec- way I see more people reading news from tive), I made a electronic devices than from newspapers. For research and example, New York Times has already devel- now I have a oped online subscription. People pay mon- pretty clear im- ey to receive their electronic newspapers. age in my head, So, basically, these are three big- what Ameri- gest differences I wanted to tell you about. can journalism Actually, I think it would be very interesting is like. Talking to write diploma paper on this topic. “Differ- about Rus- ence between modern Russian and Ameri- sian one is a can journalism” sounds really nice. It is in- tricky question. teresting, topical and covers an international I’m not aspect. I think it is very important since our saying that American journalism is bet- department called: “International relations”. ter, I can say more - the history of the de- I want to wish good luck to every begin- velopment of Russian journalism is in- ning journalist. Our profession is really tough. credible! How amazingly it started with We have to deal with different people every hand-writing newspaper “Kuranti”, how day, we have to write when we have no inspi- beautifully it was developed by Lomono- ration at all, we have to be objective and don’t sov, Novikov, Karamzin, Belinskiy, Cherni- forget about our own opinion at the same time. shevskiy, Gorkiy, Gertzen and others and But we have a great reward – we can be heard. how differently it turned out to be, eventually. Sometimes that’s the most important thing. I even find the history of Russian jour- nalism more interesting than American one, By Uliana Sarkisova but, we can’t deny that Russia is really good at stealing American ideas. I mean TV shows we watch, some food we eat, words we use and, of course, journalism have something from American style too. So, basically, American and Russian journalism are very similar. The biggest difference is freedom. I’m not saying that American journalists are free to write ev- erything they want. But when it comes to com- paring writing freedom of these two countries, America is ten times more free than Russia. I can also say that being a journal- ist in America is safer than being a jour- nalist in Russia. Because Russia is one of the deadliest countries in the world for journalists. 124 reporters have died as a direct result of their work since 1993. Speaking of the American journalism on the whole, I would call it “Electronic”. Yes, we can still see newspapers here and there, but most people read news online. Every Uliana Sarkisova newspaper has their online version and Twit- graduated from PSLU in 2011. ter account. And every American person has Now she lives in America and is an iPhone or iPad or just a laptop and they writing her third book in English. 25 The Best Regional Company STS-Caucasian Mineral Waters

channel style, programs strictly follow the concept of the channel and they are thor- oughly coordinated with the central STS. We have a high network dis- cipline: standard program schedule, timely financial accounts, fulfill- ment of the Agreement on marketing. The Director General of Media Holding “Simpex” Andrey Obukhov has been included in the STS Advisory Board, for 2 years is ac- Region: KMV - Caucasian Mineral Wa- tively involved in the work of the Council, and ters (Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Yessentuki, Min- supports the decisions to develop the channel. eral Waters, Georgievsk, Zheleznovodsk). STS is in all cable networks in the The specifics of the region: STS region in the social package. It is constant- broadcasting spreads for 6 Resorts of the ly working with cable operators, regular Caucasian Mineral Waters, which are lo- meetings, and joint production of booklets. cated close to each other, but are separate New uninterruptible power sources administrative units. Given the complex- have been installed, allowing continuous ity of the terrain and for better technical broadcasting. A new antenna-feeder device penetration we have 2 air signal transmit- has been put into operation on Mount Mashuk. ters on Mounts Mashuk and Borgustan. The assembly and graph- STS – KMV has been a region- ics kit MAC PRO has been pur- al network partner of STS since 1995. chased and put into operation. There is a full compliance with the The company has week- brand: all regional programs meet net- ly accommodation in the press: work standards, they are decorated in the Press Layout: TV Guide “Telesem” the mag- 26 azines “Pro CMS”, “Choose”, the newspaper “Hand in Hand”, “TeleSam5”. Announcements and STS TV schedule are in regional newspapers “Essen- tuki panorama”, “Pyatigorskaya pravda”, “On the Waters,” “Cau- casian health resort.” Daily radio promotion of STS projects is on the radio station “HitFM”, “Auto radio», «Energy». There are 10- 15 clips per day at each station. There are competitions and quizzes about STS projects. Branding activities (STS Day in “Vershina trading cen- ter”, ect. ) have an audience of more than 10 000 people. Promotion activities are to sup- port STS projects (Private School, Baby, Traffic lights, The Diary of Dr. Zaitseva, etc.) We organize an information support of creative projects and large-scale urban events (concerts, balloon festi- val, parade of brides, Day of Aviation). Participation in the federal cam- paign with the placement of all the cities in the central streets of KMV. We also do the branding of summer sites (parks, city lakes, water parks) and winter outdoor ice rinks. Our company fully supports the strategy of the STS channel, aimed at increasing the loyalty of the audience and the number of the channel viewers. . We clearly observe the dis- cipline of network, our programs and promotion fully corresponds to the channel brand, we active- ly support every project of STS. Our team consists of young ini- tiative and creative employees. Our ac- tivity is different because of its system- atic approach and novelty of solutions.

By Anastasiya Bondarenko

27 One question, please Have you ever thought about what I just wanted to ask our literature professors journalism is? On the one hand, the answer to give less hometasks; as you see it can be is simple, but on the other, it doesn’t seem so dangerous. plain. That was why I asked this question to “You have to study a lot to become a our future journalists, younger than we are, lawyer, it’s also very nervous. Let me be a to get a fresh look. In the sphere of Mass journalist… I will be a “1 channel” news an- Media the dispute if journalism is a creative chor. ” This is the way I thought at 16. But profession must be the most prevalent. I’ve everybody can be mistaken, am I right?” got answers of the students. Underclassmen Anastasia were sure that journalism is a creative pro- I don’t know, dear, really. I’m just sure fession (as 90% of Russian citizens), and your time will come. The time to attack news answers of seniors we were getting closer to anchor’s throne by a student of our univer- 50% confidence in that. Here are the most sity. You have to get-go this campaign. interesting views with my comments (don’t “Journalism is not only a profession. take it seriously, most of them are just jokes). It’s a lifestyle. It’s impossible not to love “You can compare a journalist with a journalism, it’s part of myself.” painter, who’s making his picture. Every met- Milana aphor, every epithet is like a paint, which get- We’ve got a fan here. I’m surprised; it ting on a paper, on and on is creating an art.” was difficult to find any, because everybody Anonymous can check an average journalist’s salary in My applauses. This definition is art. the Internet. “A. Pushkin was a poet. He Journalism is collecting, writing, edit- used to write poems all the time. One day ing and presenting news or news articles Zhukovskiy saw him writing and exclaimed: in newspapers and magazines and in radio “You are a real writer, aren’t you?” Push- and television broadcasts. kin liked it and after this moment he used Anonymous to call Zhukovskiy just Zhukov… But I Come on! You forgot to tell us about have no idea what journalism is, sorry.” the history of journalism… Lisa A very funny answer, it made me smile. By Roman Kazimov

28 Labor market: time to improve your skills To obtain a position is more difficult than to keep it. Laurence Peter

What do you need to know in order to be a journalist? And what skills do you need to have if you want to be a good journalist? The answers to these questions are far from self-evident, espe- cially when journalism is under- going a wide institutional change. They are even more self-evident in conflicts between journalism lessly parse it only in theory, but I propose educators and journalists’ employers over to look at the real life, demands of some what should be taught in journalism programs. special skills are put forward in the job ads. You may well be interviewing, writing notes, Let’s look at a few ads for a job of a journalist. articles, essays, but you do not come closer So from this we can draw the following to the format about 30% of editors. Because conclusions. In order to apply for your dream now the main arena goes online. Accord- job, you need to have experience in this ing to statistics 12 general skills today are: field and knowledge of foreign languages. • writing These are the basic requirements that are in • editing/subediting almost every job ad, regardless of whether • interviewing you want to be a print journalist, news an- • research techniques chor, reporter, etc. So, if these requirements • multimedia production skills are met, then you can rejoice, half way is al- • design/layout skills ready passed, but the most difficult part lies • time management skills ahead. Otherwise, each organization has • knowledge of law specific requirements for their work, such as: • networking skills knowledge of web design and information ar- • teamwork skills chitecture, if you would like to be a Web Co- • management skills ordinator you should possess an extensive • ability to work independently knowledge of both football and pop culture, ‘Design/layout skills’ may have been if you would like to be a football writer, etc. a more position-specific skill ten or fifteen Do you have certain skills or not, never years ago, but newer studies (McKercher, be afraid to think and propose. Be confident in 2002) indicate that all journalists more and yours abilities. Time does not stand still. New more have to be proficient in basic design technologies appear and accordingly there skills. The same goes for ‘multimedia pro- are new requirements to work in journalism duction skills. Similarly, ‘knowledge of law’ is or other professions. Do not stop on what you presumably also more important for particu- have got. You have to develop, acquire new lar areas, but a general working knowledge knowledge and keep up with the realities. of, for example, freedom of information laws, Nothing is impossible. Just do not give up! intellectual property rights, source protec- By Rita Emkuzheva tion laws and libel laws can be considered important for most journalists. We can end- 29 Looking for a job? Seek here!

Web Co-ordinator Editor-in-Chief Employer: London College of Communica- Employer: Sparknews tion Location: Paris Salary: £26,167 - £31,943 per annum Location: London Responsibilities: Develop a list of topics to be covered The role: during days of observance and International As part of the LCC Communications Solutions Dayresearch the topics and deter- Team, you will be responsible for all web mine what types of content should be creat- publishing at the College. ed for each source freelance journalists (text, Your role will involve collecting, writing photo, video, infographics) to create an in- and editing material for the website; updating ternational network of Sparknews journalists the website with new course information and handle interactions with journalists including managing the staff intranet. contract negotiations receive and edit con- You will also work on web re-design tent from journalists work with International projects, design and build new pages; and Solutions Day Director to implement content work on other new developments. strategy and integration for media partners Whatever the task or project, it is es- deal with translation agencies work with sential that you maintain a high standard of Sparknews designers to create websites and accuracy and a consistent style across all mobile applications that maximize impact of our online material. multimedia content. Your knowledge of web design and in- formation architecture will be essential to the Requirements: immediate team, as well as the larger Uni- • Excellent writing and editing versity of the Arts Web Team. skills in English and French • 3-year minimum experience Your profile: working within a news agency or major news An experienced Web Co-ordinator, you publication have a good grasp of content management • Masters in Journalism, Com- systems and web publishing processes. munications, Political Science, Economics or You will have a relevant degree-level Business with an excellent academic record qualification (or equivalent) and up-to-date • a keen interest in Social Busi- knowledge of web technologies and digital ness, Sustainable Development, global eco- trends – particularly within the Higher Educa- nomic and political issues, etc. tion sector. • Experience working/studying Your skills will include clear and con- with people from many countries; culturally cise writing and editing, plus strong team- sensitive work and communication skills, you will be • Fluent in English and French; equipped to join a busy communications additional languages a real plus team, where your expertise will be recog- nized and valued. Compiled by Rita Emkuzheva

30 Profession under discussion Journalism and literature face to face

The difference between literature and the given genre, no doubt, has a writer’s journalism is that journalism is unreadable gift and has a good artistic taste. He should and literature is not read. Someone can agree be able to express a thought figuratively with the statement of the great English poet and deeply. The text should be emotional- and writer Oscar Wild, and someone can’t. ly rich with set of various literary methods. Anyway, we will try to understand and find Journalism and literature are con- out distinctions or maybe some similarities. stantly crossed. Nowadays, it is very difficult Firstly, the majority of articles are to meet a person who would divide these much shorter than books. After all for the two activities. Where the journalist and the journalist novelty of the information, its ur- writer are better combined in one person. gency, interest are very important. For the For example: F. M.Dostoevsky, I.A.Krylov, writer this fact doesn’t make influence in N. M.Karamzin. Every second journalist any way on the open space of his imagina- can be a writer, and the writer – a journal- tion and preferences. Of course, this doesn’t ist. It comprises many pluses. After all a occur always. There are a lot of topics and journalist is a gifted and talented person. problems which don’t become outdated and Let’s distinguish one more feature. don’t lose their importance and relevancy. If The writer and the journalist write for the we reject exceptions it becomes clear that reader. They have a different audience, af- the information is valuable for the journal- ter all the literature is calculated at a more ist, while it stores in itself novelty and topi- wide range, rather than journalistic activity. cality. While the writer is in «free-flying». But, you see, it is difficult to imagine a reader He can dream, think out new images and who isn’t interested in news. Nowadays any colors, without being limited to any rules. person can’t exist without information. And Journalism and literature besides the fiction is faster for a pleasant rest. The distinctions have also similarities. If to con- person reads, analyzes and reflects. The sider them as creative activities. Journal- book carries away you in the other world, ists and writers can influence in a way on in an unusual and new reality while the public opinion formation, impose to readers journalism informs of events of this world. various stereotypes, opinions and views. There are many arguments, thou- “Art-publicistic” genre in journal- sands of opinions on this topic. But, eventu- ism has much in common with literature. ally, you must choose, who you are: a jour- It is necessary to notice that it doesn’t of- nalist or a writer. ten appear in the press, as for example, news journalism. The person working in By Diana Dzheyranova 32 Journalism:

In today’s Craft or Art? world there are many professions, various special- ties. Journalism is one of the most interesting and creative activities. So what qualities are required to become a journal- ist? First, you need to understand, what kind of medium you want to deal with: television, newspaper or magazine journalism, radio journalism, and so on. Let’s talk about personal qualities every journalist should have. In spite of the fact that the requirements may be different, we’ll try to distinguish the most necessary. seek for new knowledge. Developing intelli- Curiosity, flexibility of thinking, communi- gence a journalist makes his way up the stairs cative skills, high linguistic culture are very of his professional skills. A good journalist is important and useful features for a profes- always a creative and extraordinary person- sional, no matter what medium you prefer. ality. A deep, unusual and charismatic one. What skills should a young journalist To sum it all up, it is not so important possess to be different from colleagues and how many of these skills and qualities you to make an editor get interested in hiring him? possess. The main thing is your ambition and The first and indispensable condition is to love desire to become what you want. A talented what you do. You just have to be curious, to personality, and a master of your craft. By Diana Dzheyranova

33 Fashion journalism: Miroslava Duma

How to become a professional There are three reasons why girls go in Harper’s Bazaar in 2008 - 2010 years. journalism. The first is they want to travel and Now she is a freelance writer for numer- speak about the culture of different countries, ous publications such as OK Magazinee, secondly, they want to change the world and Tatler, Glamour. She has become known the third is that they want to be a fashion as a fashion icon internationally, and has journalist. If you have ever seen such a film been photographed by Scott Schuman like Sex in the City or The Devil Wears Pra- for The Sartorialist and Garance Dore. da, it`s impossible not to dream about fash- After being an editor at Russian Harp- ion journalism. As it seems it’s not so easy. er’s Bazaar, she realised that ‘the future be- ‘Fashion Journalism’ has gained a lot longs to web journalism.’ She founded Buro of importance in today’s world. It is an im- 24/7 , a website devoted to fashion, art, ar- portant part of the fashion industry. It speaks chitecture, cinema, music and style and is about all aspects of published fashion now a freelance writer. An Eastern European media and it includes television related version is available by license, and there are shows, internet websites and fashion blogs. plans for English, Asian, French and Arabic To become successful in this profession versions, and even Buro cafés and bars. you must be extremely competitive. Learning Someone can think that she has to combine all your writing and researching a Cinderella story, she has got every- skills could serve to your advantage. A fashion thing without any difficulties. It`s not true. reporter career does not become a success She graduated from Moscow State Insti- over night and it can take years of dedicated tute of International Relations (MGIMO) hard work to gain enough patience and ex- and worked hard to become so popular. perience. When you master the art of fashion Building a career in fashion journalism reporting you’ll eventually reap the rewards. can happen overnight or take many years. If you want to be a fashion jour- Like many jobs in journalism, it is highly nalist you should go through 3 steps: subjective and not for the timid. One way 1 Fashion Editorial Assistants to break into covering fashion is to start a 2 Fashion Writers blog. At first it may be difficult and the doors 3 Fashion Editors will slam in your face, but you shouldn’t There are some benefits to being a give up. A rolling stone gathers no moss. fashion journalist. Having a degree in jour- nalism, writing or communications can be By Amina Gudova helpful, but it is not necessary. Many fash- ion journalists, including American Vogue’s editor-in-chief, Anna Wintour, do not have any formal training in the trade. The key with fashion journalism is to know fashion trade. Study the history of design houses, brands and what designers moved to other labels so you can quickly reference facts, whether it be for an article or conversation with a poten- tial employer. Someone can say that fashion journalism is mostly developed in the U.S. and Europe, but not in Russia. Maybe it’s true. Although in our country we also have an example of a successful fashion journalis- tic career. The most popular Russian fashion journalist is Miroslava Duma. Miroslava Duma was an editor for 35 Journalism vs. Propaganda

Rumors and between them. In the long run, this is a seri- lies are typically ous disservice to our society and journalists. organic and viral. Political journalists are in a position As a rule, there’s similar to financial reporters, who are usually no organized cam- banned to have any interests in companies paign with fund- they cover. The government faces different ing. Instead, it is challenges from those facing private compa- usually fueled with nies. Its actions in these cases were in some gossip, e-mail links ways worse because it was acting on behalf and other person- of the nation. Public money was involved and to-person contacts. so are various laws restricting the use of public Propaganda is different. It is an organized money to influence Congress or government effort to manipulate the public using mass policy. One says that taxpayers’ money may media, including censorship, misinforma- not be used to pay a “publicity expert” un- tion, half-truths and lies. Propaganda relies less specifically authorised for that purpose. on images and emotions, especially fear. Another one forbids financing “covert propa- The easiest examples of propa- ganda”. The administration has muddied the ganda come from government efforts dur- relationship between government and press. ing wars. A big problem at war is making Being asked whether he had broken the population, especially civilians drafted any journalistic code of ethics, Mr Williams, into soldiers, see the enemy as something a journalist, political replied “I’m not a jour- less than a human. Many soldiers can’t nalist; I’m a pundit.” With more people seek- overcome the cultural and moral prohibi- ing news from obviously partisan sources, tions against shooting and killing other hu- and the notion of impartiality under attack, man beings. Then how does it happen? both government and individuals have a Is there a difference between jour- larger incentive to take advantage of re- nalism and propaganda? There should be. sidual good faith in journalistic impartiality. People involved in journalism are expect- It is important, I think, to emphasize ed to understand this. Sadly, the authori- the idea that journalists should not have a ties seem to have blurred the distinction direct financial interest in what they are re- porting on. The fact that we are not dealing with real journal- ists, though, is probably a big- ger and more disturbing story. People are getting their “news” from people who openly admit that they are not journalists. They are not even entertainers pretending to be journalists.

By Anna Drogalova

36 Functions of headlines in print media The headline in newspapers plays a ber that not all means are good. Quite often very important role. The main task is to at- sensational and flashy headlines are decep- tract the readers’ attention, interest, and even tive. The reader is disappointed not only in amaze them. And then, the reader under- a separate article, and in the publication in stands the information importance of this ar- general. In this case you risk to lose the trust ticle. For example, the English and American of the reader. The headline is the face of the press a house style of a newspaper headline newspaper, it affects the popularity of edition. with extraordinary and emotional filling. As In the headlines the author can use a rule, titles are written in “telegraphic lan- some lexical and syntactic means of expres- guage” with laconic, short phrases, where sion. There may be emotional titles that are secondary elements are omitted. Usually, based on the figurative meaning of words, headlines of British newspapers are printed colored vocabulary, synonyms and ant- in large type so it takes up most of the page. onyms. In the headline proverbs, idioms, Thus, we can say, that the headline is names of well-known songs, movies, plays, the first signal to motivate us to read the news- quotes from famous books can be used. paper or put it aside. At the same time, the In any case, the readers stop attention title of the newspaper page has an emotional on an interesting, unusual headline. Maybe, component, aimed at exciting the readers’ someone likes headlines with slang, or am- interest and attracting attention. Psycholo- biguous and promising titles. Others get in- gists have proved that about 80% of read- terested in a simple, serious and informative ers pay attention only to the headlines. So headline. Everyone will choose the edition by for a journalist it is very important to choose their taste. a proper headline. In a few words or in one For modern readers headlines play sentence the journalist must not only convey a significant role. That is why the journalist the meaning of the article, but also attract the must be careful. reader’s interest. But it is important to remem- By Diana Dzheyranova 37 Viewers prefer emotions

For a long time, no sport broadcasting ball fans said that they prefer to watch emo- on television has been going without simul- tional game. This factor depends not only on taneous commentaries. Do you agree that the events taking place in the field, but also on now it is very difficult to watch a match or the commentator. If he is able to excite view- competition without a commentator’s voice? ers, inspire, and provoke a wave of emotions And even if you try, it will seem to be a dull and excitement, he will be the idol of the crowd. and uninteresting task. The commentator Emotion is not a substantial fea- helps you feel directly involved in the events. ture that the narrator should have. He must The profession of a sport commentator thoroughly understand the kind of sport; be is fascinating, although it is challenging. Broad- able to accumulate the most interesting mo- casting sport events is a very consuming time ments to viewers. Besides he should have process. You must have a number of features excellent speaking skills and excellent com- in order to comment on the event correctly mand of the language. And in turn, many years and interestingly. You need to attract view- of practice are needed to speak correctly. ers, “hook” them, find innovative approaches. The transition from one information to In a recent survey, the majority of foot- another is rather a difficult task for a com-

38 mentator. After all, he must re- spond immediately to the events that are constantly changing. He should be able to do it correctly and logically so that it will not be a separate topic, in no way con- nected to each other. There must be a logically built speech stream. It is impossible to know all sports and sport events. In my opinion, you need to understand thoroughly at least one kind of sport, continuously monitor the event, causing a storm of vivid emotions and sports news. After all, a sports commenta- experiences. As a consequence, the compe- tor is a very important person for fans. He tition becomes a great fun for the audience. helps the viewers feel like participants in the By Diana Dzheyranova

39 The most important shooting trivia Working with Video Camera, you’ll and always makes changes in the project. learn many nuances and secrets you need However, if the project is handed over - do to know because each profession has a lot not hold the shot record on the hard drive, of subtleties and peculiarities. For example, because it tends to get clogged and you do after shooting a video, you need to imme- not have time to look around, have to clean diately copy the material on the hard drive hard drive for free space. There is no need to to prevent its loss because of a breakage of perform this double duty. It is like washing the a tape or flash card. This often happens. In dishes after a meal, when you have only one addition, at the end of mounting clips do not fork and one plate. By the time you suddenly hurry to delete the source files: the customer find out that your filmed material cannot be is never satisfied with the result of the work copied onto the hard drive because it is full, you will have to plan a few more videos, and your head will explode from the overload. In fact, the process of work is not as difficult as it may seem at the first glance. Initially you will be working as a real pioneer. You’ll even be doing a note, not to forget a thing. But after a few months of active shoot- ing you get used to everything, and many things will be done automatically. You will not notice how all the nuances, that were previously paid much attention to, will recede into the background. This will allow you to improve your shooting experience, and no longer get distracted by the household stuff. During the work, you may need to meet with other techniques, in addi- tion to the camcorder. To record a “stand-up” you’ll need a trolley (tripod on wheels). The stand-up is a report from the scene, a small eyeliner to the event. In order to achieve the effect of motion (and if there is a smooth surface), the camera is placed on a cart that can be moved smoothly depending on the 40 actions of the journalist in the frame. There an uncom- are more expensive devices. Steadicam is fortable po- a brand of camera stabilizing mount for mo- sition, and tion picture cameras that mechanically iso- many other lates it from the operator’s movement, al- factors that lowing a smooth shot even when moving do not allow quickly over an uneven surface. The most an acceptable expensive option is to shoot with portable mount. Try to cranes. In this case, the operator takes the be calm. It is bet- place of the bow mechanism controlling the ter to be late for frame, and the other person is pulling the the start of a new levers that allow the operator to the frame frame than not to have you want to catch up, down, sideways. time to finish the old one. The alignment of the frame includes a If you’re shooting number of important things. Firstly, the level an interview, you have of the horizon: the frame should not be “clut- the right to dispose a tered”. Tripod is a device, which is called person as it is necessary “level”. It is used in construction. This is a tiny for a good shot. “Stand container of water with a bit of air. When the back. Raise your head. level is not right, there is a drop of the air on Do not move. Speak.” the edge. Frame to be set correctly should be Let it be presented first. right in the middle. Secondly, the person en- When he calls his name tering the frame should not be cut off. Plans and position, you’ll al- must be followed: close-up, the first medium most ready subtitles. and the second medium shot, long shot. Third- Professionalism is not ly, it is static: the delay of the plan. Directing to allow yourself to do the camera to a specific person, the minimum some unnecessary and amount of time that we have to spend on the excessive work. frame - 10-15 seconds. Otherwise mounting By Innokentiy clip you can face difficulties. The frames can Kartashov be too short, a man in the picture can be in

41 Generation G

Do you know events. However, this genre causes colorful everything about and creative literary experimentation. Many modern genres of argue that Hunter S. Thompson is not only journalism? Check the inventor of Gonzo journalism, but also the yourself! only true practitioner of this type of writing. But not everybody likes crazy adven- The traditional tures like gonzo journalism. In this case, role of a journalist there is a new form of journalism which is was often an objec- called comics journalism. It allows a person tive outsider who to report the matter through visual stories and simply observes comics. To become a comics journalist, you and reports newsworthy events, not an ac- must be a journalist and a comic artist. Com- tive participant, or an initiator of the event. A ics journalism is a new phenomenon. It uses responsible journalist can still express per- visual media to tell a story. A comics jour- sonal thoughts and other subjective obser- nalist goes to one particular area to col- vation, but there must be a clear separation lecting information, paints vivid sketches, between the journalistic reporting and the collects visual information draws info- event itself. But the world is changing, and graphics, and then weaves them all into therefore, there are changes in journalism. In a story format. They are usually presented addition to traditional genres, such as inter- in the same old format of comics. These sto- views, reports and, there are genres of new ries are mostly first person accounts, but not generation that we are going to talk about. always. What distinguishes them from regu- First of all, we must note gonzo jour- lar comics? It is non-fiction. The reader can nalism. A gonzo journalist participates in the see the journalist as a storyteller who makes events and circumstances that may them- the report more reliable and valid. You can selves be considered newsworthy. A gonzo verify it by the example of these pictures. journalist can actively participate in cam- paigns of political candidates, making no effort to appear politically neutral or objec- tive. Indeed, one of the hallmarks of gonzo journalism is immersion in the world of crazy journalism. While traditional journalist can interview drug addicts to expose a local drug trade, the gonzo journalist can actually participate in shady drug deals or a local gang. The purpose of gonzo journalism is it pro- duce fair or very subjective journalistic work based on the actual experience of a trained reporter writing inside. Gonzo journalists are not protected from law enforcement efforts, and even legal consequences of actions of a journalist can be a part of the news. Many people do not really consider gonzo a type of journalism at all, since the writer offers nei- ther objectivity nor purely factual account of 42 they have their own opinion. This is the main difference between a blog and simple news.

We can also mark a caricature journalism as a new genre. Caricature is a satirical draw- ing, plastic representation, or exaggeration of natural features, makes its subject appear ridiculous. The caricature genre expanded to political and social issues as well as person- al satire, developing into the art of cartoon.

Of course, this article does not list all modern genres of journalism, but only a small part of them. We can constantly talk about the emergence of new genres of journalism, be- cause it is a non-stop process. In place of the old genres, such as a feature article, fileton, essay, new genres come. This can be called a kind of adaptation genre to a new time, the era of new technology. The world does not stand still, people, interests, values change and respectively the way of presenting infor- mation is changing. We can argue a lot about whether it is good or bad, but we cannot stop it. Therefore it is better to think about how to concentrate it in the right way to make journal- ism better. We must not forget that our main goal is to follow such journalistic standards as honesty, integrity, objectivity and erudition.

By Rita Emkuzheva

Speaking about new genres it’s im- possible to ignore such a new form of journal- ism as blogging. Blog is a public diary with comments open for reading. Readers can leave comments. People usually talk about things that interest them and about which 43 Headline secrets

Russian and English language jour- attractive and laconic. For example, in the nalism is absolutely different. You can no- headline “Russia’s Failed Mars Probe Crash- tice that we have different structures, rules, es Into Pacific” the author has changed the headlines. Russian headlines can take a lot word “investigation” to probe. “Quiz: Are You of space, and usually they look like a lead Addicted to Food?” the word “Quiz” meants while west newspapers try to save place a question. Both examples are taken from and produce headlines as short as possi- The New York Times. I tried to understand ble. They achieve it with the help of headli- why the simple word “meeting” has a sub- nese. Headlinese is nonconversational, ab- stitute “confab”: “Live from Private Equi- breviated writing style used in newspaper ty’s Confab in Frankfurt” (The NY Times). headlines. Because space is limited, head- How have these words come to Eng- lines are written in a compressed telegraphic lish headlines? Are they abbreviations or style, using special syntactic conventions. something else? I have searched the internet, We have found some examples of them: but couldn’t find any answers. Maybe these Axe (eliminate) Jack Wagner axed words have come from other languages? from ‘Dancing the the Stars. This headline is Some words are French. For example, tout taken from The Daily Herald. The word “Axe” or vie. But the meaning is absolutely different. has a translation «hatchet» but in the news- If in French “tout” means “all”, in headlines paper it is usually used as a verb “remove, it is “to approve” “Ex-Environmental Lead- dismiss”. It makes English headlines more ers Tout Nuclear Energy”, or “vie” – “life”, in headlines – “compete”. There are a lot of oth- er examples of headlinese: hike (increase), laud (praise), mull (consider), nix (reject), parley (meeting), temblor (earthquake), etc. We can’t give the absolutely cor- rect translation of the word Headlinese. Sometimes linguists translate it like «заголовочный жаргон». Unfortunately in the Russian language we don’t have such a phenomenon. Russian is not laconic, it is a wide, rich and complicated language.

By Amina Gudova

44 Extra Newspaper funny facts

The first issue of the weekly jour- and New York were its first readers. nal “La Gazette” which was published in The “New York Times” beats records French Montpellier was preceded by prom- both on thickness and volume of advertising, ising statements of publishers. They prom- and also on the quantity of the journalistic ised to surprise their readers. The jour- awards, confered to its employees. One of the nal had a width of more than two metres. recordsmen George Merie is the owner of the There was a weekly journal “Salt and longest moustaches - 66,5 centimetres long. pepper” in Paris. It had only two pages. It For twenty years the journalist Bill was published on a special water-proof pa- Kojlend had been publishing weather per. The weekly journal was designed for reports made like poems in the newspaper those who could not get out of a habit to of Sarasota, the State of Florida. read behind a table during a meal. “Salt At auction in London the newspaper and pepper” offered readers a selection “Boston globe” dated April, 12th, 1912 of the most topical events in the world and was sold for 304 dollars. That newspaper in the country, and also the latest jokes. covered the wreckage of the Titanic. There was an “everyhour” newspa- The issue of the newspaper “Izvestiya” per “Latest news” in the USA. Passengers dated May, 17th, 1921 was printed on a of the airline “Pan American” making every canvas because of paper shortage. There hour shuttle flights between Washington was a reference: “Protect newspapers, we don`t have enough of them! After reading give the newspaper to somebody else!” The first-ever newspaper for women appeared in Germany in 1798. It was called “Ladies’ room”. In 1786 in the “Newspaper for the cities, towns and villages” for the first time the letter of the reader was published. Then it was found out that actually the publisher of this newspaper priest Burns was its author. In such a way he wished to induce the subscribers to give feedback. It is an old journalistic plag. The words “If you wish to make the newspaper interesting, it is impossible to limit it” belong to the Prussian king Fridrihu II. However, the first censors appeared in his time. The German “Koelnische Zeitung” dated May, 4th, 1817 had a completely empty front page. By this way its publisher Markus Djumon protested against the domination of the state censorship. By Ekaterina Kachura 46 To get an award. Honorable or not? We know a lot Feather» (precious fountain about famous jour- pen with a special engraving), nalistic awards such the monetary award and a as Pulitzer prize and trip across Germany or Vatslav Vorovsky`s Russia. They have prize. But what do we from 1 to 8 awards know about not typical annually. In different prizes in journalism? years monetary com- FSS award pensation was from is an award in the 1000 € to 3000 €, it is art of field, founded handed over as a prize or by Federal Secu- in the form of the target grant on a journal- rity Service of Russia. It is handed over to istic trip. On occasion the trip is an indepen- the authors of literary and musical pieces, dent prize, or winners receive both monetary TV and radio programs, films and also ac- compensation, and journalistic travel. Up tors and artists for creating «high art level to 2010 the award was given only to young images of employees of the state security journalists (not older than 35 years), but in agencies and unbiased interpretation of their 2011 an observer of NTV television chan- activity». There are six nominations: «tele- nel, well-known Russian journalist Vladi- vision and radio programs», «fiction and mir Kondratyev became one of its winners. journalism», «fine arts», «film and televi- «The silver galosh» is a award found- sion movies», «actor’s work», «musical art». ed by the radio «Silver rain». It is handed Diplomas and monetary awards of 100 000 over «for the most doubtful achievements in roubles for the first place, 50 000 - for the the field of show business». It was founded in second and 25 000 - for the third are handed 1996, the author of the award is Paul Vash- over to winners. According to the decision chekin, the ceremony is annual. The name of the commission the separate participants obviously occurs from the expression «to sit of the award who have not become winners in a galosh», that means «to get into an awk- could get diplomas of FSS and presents. ward situation, to fail, to test a failure». And the Peter Boenisch`s award is given to adjective «silver» most likely has appeared young Russian and German journalists for from the name of this radio «Silver rain», the materials devoted to various aspects of and also by analogy to the American award German-Russian relations and promoting «Gold raspberry» which is handed over for the best understanding of problems and the worst achievements in cinematography. ways of these two peoples. It is founded By Ekaterina Kachura in the memory of Peter Boenisch, the founder and the first chairman of the «Petersburg dialogue». It has been awarded annually since 2006. Publications in the German or Russian languages in newspapers and maga- zines, radio and TV programs are dis- posed to jury approval. The submitted materials should have been published no more than three years prior to the announcement of the next competition. Winners are awarded with «the Silver 47 Female Journalists’ Images Shown in the Movies Journalism is a very interesting and ex- citing profession. Let’s see how it is represent- ed in cinematography.

How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days Andie is a young journalist who longs to cover political stories, but in the meantime she finds herself writing for a women’s mag- azine called Composure, where her editor Lana Jong has her writing for a fluffy advice column. After hearing of the latest dating la- The Ugly Truth ments of her relationship-challenged friend Abby Richter is an ambitious morning Michelle, Andie sells Lana on the idea of talk show producer on TV “A.M. Sacramento” writing a piece on the things women do to who prides herself on being able to find an alienate the men they love, which she will instant solution to any problem – any prob- demonstrate by winning and then driving lem except her own unhappily single status. away a man in ten days. Meanwhile, Ben When it comes to dating, the always-in-con- is an advertising man who wants to land a trol Abby has a flawless track record of failure. prestige diamond account at his firm. Ben is When her show suffers a ratings competing with his pals, Spears and Green, slump, Abby is forced to team with the new- for the assignment, so Ben tells his boss ly recruited special correspondent Mike Phillip Warren that he is the man for the job Chadway. His “The Ugly Truth” segment because he can make any woman fall for him promises to sheaf the light on what makes in less than two weeks. As fate would have it, men really tick. But his outrageously racy, Andie and Ben end up choosing one another gleefully chauvinistic, “shock jock” style for their mutual assignments, with neither rubs Abby in all the wrong ways and to knowing about each other’s secret agenda make matters worse, becomes an instant as Ben strives to hold on to Andie while she ratings bonanza, sealing his network status. does everything in her power to annoy him. Then Abby meets Colin, her neighbor, and he is a single doctor! He is everything Mike Chadway isn’t: suave, polite, not re- motely into jello wrestling. This time, Abby doesn’t want to blow it. She hates to admit it, but she needs Mike’s insight into the male mind to make the right moves. Now, as Mike coaches Abby and she puts Mike’s provoca- tive seduction theories to the test, they are both about to discover an ironic truth: as differ- ent as they might be, men and women share some of their most secret feelings in common. 48 Morning Glory McAdams plays Becky Fuller, a young woman of endearing energy and liveliness. Nothing, but nothing, gets her down for long. Fuller’s great passion in life is be- ing a morning-news producer. She catches the eye of a network executive, played by Jeff Goldblum, who is looking for some- one to revitalize a struggling morning TV show that is perpetually last in the ratings race. “It’s a source of constant humilia- tion,” he tells her. “Last year in the network softball league, the CBS team wore hats that said ‘At Least We’re Not Daybreak’.” The show’s co-host, gamely played The Devil Wears Prada by Diane Keaton, is the sort of morning- Lauren Weisberger’s best-selling TV pro who is so up for anything that she’ll novel about a young woman who stumbles put on a fat suit to face a sumo wrestler, if into the hectic worlds of high fashion and that’s what it takes to goose ratings. But it’s publishing comes to the big screen in this not enough, so to help the show out, Full- comedy. Andrea “Andy” Sachs is a bright er strong-arms a legendary newsman to young woman from the Midwest who has be the latest in Keaton’s string of co-hosts. just graduated from college and wants to Pomeroy, played with cranky conviction by work as a magazine writer. Andy has ap- Harrison Ford, has real contempt for morn- plied for a job at “Runway,” America’s most ing news, and he’s not afraid to show it. prestigious fashion journal; though Andy “I’ve won eight Peabodys, a Pu- has little to no interest in the garment trade, litzer and 16 Emmys,” he scowls. “I was they are one of the only magazines in New shot through the forearm in Bosnia, York with a job opening – second assistant pulled Colin Powell from a burning jeep; to editor Miranda Priestly. As Andy quickly I laid a cool washcloth on Mother Tere- learns, Miranda is a diva with plenty of power sa’s forehead during a cholera epidemic.” within the magazine business and she isn’t He’s there, in other words, for afraid to use it, and though Andy lands the the money, and he’s not going to pre- job (primarily by being in the right place at tend otherwise. Morning Glory gets a the right time), she soon learns that work- bump from how true it feels to the nuts ing for Miranda could test the patience of a and bolts realities of the a.m. TV world. saint thanks to her endless demands and refusal to acknowledge the end of a work day. Andy struggles to hold on to the job and her sanity, knowing that a recommendation from Miranda can open nearly any door at any magazine, but can she handle the pres- sure without losing her mind along the way?

Each of our heroines was ready to pay any cost to be a successful journalist. Certainly, every story has a happy end. And where would you like to start your career?

By AlinaTkachenko 49 Yellow war

It’s nice to be a student of journalism department. You always get fresh and in- teresting information. Lately it has become very popular to know the etymology of the words you use. So, there is one professional collocation with an interesting history, every- body uses this collocation, but not so many people know what exactly they are talking about. This is all about yellow journalism. I learnt its etymology when I was an under- classman, it’s our basics. So If you are out of Mass Media theory this article is for you. Let’s start with the definition. Yellow journalism, or the yellow press, is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye- catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensa- tionalism. By extension, the term yellow jour- nalism is used today as a pejorative to decry strip which was published by both Pulit- any journalism that treats news in an unpro- zer and Hearst during a circulation war. fessional or unethical fashion (Wikipedia). In 1898 the paper simply elaborated: “We The term originated in the end of called them Yellow because they are Yellow.” the nineteenth century with the circula- The Yellow Kid was the name of a lead tion battles between Joseph Pulitzer’s New comic strip character that ran from 1895 to York World and William Randolph Hearst’s 1898 in Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World, New York Journal. The battle started in and later William Randolph Hearst’s New 1895 till about 1898. Both papers were ac- York Journal. Created and drawn by Richard cused by critics of sensationalizing the F. Outcault in the comic strip Hogan’s Alley news to increase the circulation, although (and later under other names as well), it was the newspapers also did serious reporting. one of the first sunday comic strips in an Amer- The term was invented by Erwin ican newspaper, although its graphical mod- Wardman, the editor of the New York Press. el had already been established in political Wardman was the first to publish the term but and other, purely-for-entertainment cartoons. there is also information that expressions Of course, it’s not so simple to un- such as “yellow journalism” and “school of derstand as Khrushev’s “Kuzma’s mother”, yellow kid journalism” were already used by but we have to know the deep mining of the newsmen of that time. Wardman never de- words we use. fined the term exactly. Wardman had also used the expression “yellow kid journal- By Roman Kazimov ism” referring to the then-popular comic 50