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Physicochemical Characteristics of Larval Habitat Waters of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Qom Province, Central Iran

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Physicochemical Characteristics of Larval Habitat Waters of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Qom Province, Central Iran J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2016, 10(1): 65–77 MR Abai et al.: Physicochemical Characteristics … Original Article Physicochemical Characteristics of Larval Habitat Waters of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Qom Province, Central Iran Mohammad Reza Abai 1, Abedin Saghafipour 2, Hossein Ladonni 1, Nahid Jesri 3, Saeed Omidi 4, *Shahyad Azari-Hamidian 4 1Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2Qom Provincial Health Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 3Department of Watershed and Rangeland Management, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran 4School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran (Received 20 Sep 2014; accepted 18 Oct 2014) Abstract Background: Mosquitoes lay eggs in a wide range of habitats with different physicochemical parameters. Ecological data, including physicochemical factors of oviposition sites, play an important role in integrated vector management. Those data help the managers to make the best decision in controlling the aquatic stages of vectors especially using source reduction. Methods: To study some physicochemical characteristics of larval habitat waters, an investigation was carried out in Qom Province, central Iran, during spring and summer 2008 and 2009. Water samples were collected during larval collection from ten localities. The chemical parameters of water samples were analyzed based on mg/l using standard methods. Water temperature (°C), turbidity (NTU), total dissolved solids (ppm), electrical conductivity (µS/cm), and acidity (pH) were measured using digital testers. Thermotolerant coliforms of water samples were analyzed based on MPN/100ml. Data were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman Correlation analysis. Results: In total, 371 mosquito larvae were collected including 14 species representing four genera. Some physico- chemical parameters of water in Emamzadeh Esmail, Qomrood, Qom City, and Rahjerd showed significant differ- ences among localities (P< 0.05). The physicochemical and microbial parameters did not show any significant dif- ferences among different species (P> 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the abundance of larvae and the different physicochemical and microbial parameters (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The means of EC, TDS, and phosphate of localities and species were remarkably higher than those of the previous studies. Other parameters seem to be in the range of other investigations. Keywords: Anopheles, Culex, Culiseta, Ochlerotatus, larvae, oviposition site Introduction Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) lay eggs at 42 °C in tropical areas, while the tempera- in a wide range of habitats with different ture above 30 °C decreases larval development physicochemical characteristics. The tem- and 37–38 °C is fatal for many temperate perature of larval habitat water has a great species (Muirhead-Thomson 1951, Clements influence on the development of the aquatic 1992). Most of mosquito larvae develop in stages of mosquitoes (Muirhead-Thomson fresh water (a salinity of up to 2 parts per thou- 1951). While some subarctic aedine species sand). However, nearly 5 % live in brackish larvae are able to develop at 1.1°C, the de- (a salinity between fresh water and sea water velopment of many mosquito species criti- - 34.5 per thousand) or saline waters (very cally decrease below 14–16 °C. On the other rich in soluble salts). Some species occur in hand, few species are able to breed and survive both fresh and brackish waters, even closely *Corresponding author: Dr Shahyad Azari- 65 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Hamidian, E-mail: [email protected] Published Online: June 27, 2015 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2016, 10(1): 65–77 MR Abai et al.: Physicochemical Characteristics … related species may be found in different lar- Malaria Control in Iran (Raeisi et al. 2004). val habitats for example fresh and brackish In total, 448 cases of malaria were recorded waters for the Maculipennis Group species in Qom Province during 2001–2008. The trend and fresh, brackish, and saline habitats for of disease shows decline in the province like An. gambiae Giles complex species (Clements many other Iranian provinces. Total number 1992). In nature different mosquito larvae of the cases has been decreased from 151 in species were found in a wide range of pH 2001 to 22 in 2008. Though nearly all cases from 3.3 to 10.5 and some species were are imported from outside of the province reared in pH from 2 to 9 in the laboratory. with mostly non-Iranian origin, one indige- Many species larvae were found in both acid nous case was found in 2004 (Farzinnia et al. and alkaline habitats. Though pH effects on 2010). After 2008, the cases were 16, 24, 49, the distribution of some species, there is no and 54 from 2009 to 2012, respectively (un- evidence that pH is a limiting factor (Clements published data from Department of Disease 1992). Organic matter and pollution, for ex- Control, Deputy of Health, Qom University ample ammonium ion, which has a range be- of Medical Sciences). tween 2 to 5 mM in sewage, can restrict lar- Macan (1950) found An. multicolor Com- val breeding and few species survive in bouliu larvae in “Darya-i-Namak” (Namak heavily polluted waters. Anopheline larvae Lake, Salt Lake, or Qom Lake). Macan (1950) mainly develop in clean water and seldom also showed An. superpictus around Qom in are found in polluted habitats, which seem to the distributional maps. Farzinnia et al. (2010) be favorable for some culicines (Muirhead- reported An. claviger (Meigen) for the first Thomson 1951, Clements 1992). time in the province. Saghafipour et al. (2012) Malaria is the most important mosquito- found 14 species representing four genera in borne disease in Iran, especially in southern Qom Province including 12 new provincial and southeastern areas, and seven species of records. In total, 15 species and 4 genera are the genus Anopheles Meigen are known as found in the province. proven vectors in the country, An. culicifa- There is little information about physico- cies Giles s.l., An. dthali Patton, An. fluviati- chemical characteristics of larval habitats in lis James s.l., An. maculipennis Meigen s.l., Iran. In the most of previous investigations, An. sacharovi Favre, An. stephensi Liston, the collecting data of larval habitats included and An. superpictus Grassi (Hanafi-Bojd et only water temperature and/or pH (eg Macan al. 2011). The mosquito fauna of Iran in- 1950, Lotfi 1976, Azari-Hamidian et al. 2004, cludes seven genera and 64 species (Azari- Azari-Hamidian 2005, 2006, 2007b, 2011). Hamidian 2007a). Yaghoobi-Ershadi et al. (2001) investigated Qom Province is located in the central the bionomics of An. sacharovi in Ardebil plateau of Iran where the risk of malaria in- Province, northwestern Iran, with a note on fection is lower than the southern and south- salinity, based on Calcium Bicarbonate and eastern areas of the country. However, the Sodium Sulfate, for the larval habitats of situation of the province increases the risk of species. Ghanbari et al. (2005) studied some transmission, because many passengers/ pil- physical and chemical factors of oviposition grims visit the province from different parts sites including turbidity, electrical conduc- of the country including malarious areas tivity (EC), temperature, pH, total hardness, (Farzinnia et al. 2010). The province is clas- calcium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, sified in the stratum 2 (with the imported and nitrite in Iranshahr, southeastern Iran, cases of malaria and potential transmission) where eight anopheline species including An. of the National Malaria Strategy Plan for culicifacies s.l., An. stephensi, An. dthali, An. 66 http://jad.tums.ac.ir Published Online: June 27, 2015 J Arthropod-Borne Dis, March 2016, 10(1): 65–77 MR Abai et al.: Physicochemical Characteristics … hyrcanus (Pallas) (Most probably misidenti- Khalajestan District (Ahmadabad, Agholak, fication), An. superpictus, An. turkhudi Lis- Dastjerd, and Ghahan), Markazi District (Qom ton, An. multicolor, and An. pulcherrimus City and Qomrood), and Salafchegan District Theobald were collected. Hanafi-Bojd et al. (Ghal-e-cham and Rahjerd) during spring (2012) investigated larval habitats, including and summer 2008 and 2009. The larvae were the temperature, pH, total hardness, EC, and preserved in lactophenol and the microscope dry residue of waters, and biodiversity of slides of the preserved larvae were prepared anophelines in Bashagard, southern Iran. using de Faure’s medium. The third-and fourth- Ecological data, such as physicochemical instar larvae were identified using the key factors of oviposition sites, larval habitat of Azari-Hamidian and Harbach (2009). The characteristics, species composition, and ac- mosquito name abbreviations follow Reinert tive season play an important role in inte- (2009). grated vector management (IVM). Those data help the managers to make the best de- Physicochemical analysis of water of lar- cision in controlling the aquatic stages of vec- val habitats tors especially using source reduction through The samples of water of larval habitats in environmental manipulation and modification ten aforementioned localities were collected in addition to chemical and biological con- and the chemical factors including alkalinity, trols. To study some physicochemical fea- total hardness (both based on CaCo3), cal- tures of habitat water of mosquito larvae, cium (Ca), chloride (Cl), fluoride (F), nitrite this investigation
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