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UNIT 2: ESTABLISHMENT OF ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY Unit Structure 2.1 Learning Objectives 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Battle of Plessey 2.3.1 Causes 2.3.2 Events 2.3.3 Significances 2.4 Battle of Baxur 2.4.1 Causes 2.4.2 Events 2.4.3 Significances 2.5 Let Us Sum Up 2.6 Further Reading 2.7 Answers to Check Your Progress 2.8 Model Questions 2.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After going through this unit, you will be able to- Know the causes of the battle of Plessey, Analyse the events and results of battle of Plessey, Trace the origin of the battle of Baxur, Analyse the events and results of the battle of Baxur. 2.2 INTRODUCTION India had close commercial relations with European countries from very early times. In 1453 when the Ottoman Empire conquered Asia-Minor and captured Constantinople, the old trading routes between the East and 2 4 History (Block 1) Establishment of English East India Company Unit 2 the West came under Turkish control. Therefore by the later part of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth century, the European countries began the search for new trade route to establish trade relations with the East. As a result, the Portuguese navigator Vasco-da-Gama discovered a new sea route to India. By using this route many European powers entered into India. They tried to establish their commercial as well as political control over India. In this race the British ultimately became successful. They established their empire over India and continued their rule for the next two hundred years. How the British East India Company converted itself from a mere trading company to a political power makes an interesting study. In this unit we are going to discuss about the establishment of East India Company in India. We will focus on their occupation of Bengal in this unit. Coming of the East India Company In 1599, a group of English merchants, known as the ‘Merchant Adventurer’ formed a commercial organization called the East India Company, to trade with the Eastern countries. On December 31, 1600, Elizabeth, the Queen of England, granted to this company the monopoly of trade in the East for fifteen years by a charter. In 1608 the first British ship reached India and sent Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe to the court of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir to obtain royal favours. Consequently, the Company was given permission to open factories at several places in India. From the very beginning they tried to establish their political control over the territory where their factories were situated. Conditions in South India were more favourable to the Company, because they did not have to face a strong local government there. The English opened their first factory in the South at Masaulipatam. Then they got Madras on lease from a local ruler. Now they shifted their activities here. The island of Bombay was acquired by the East India Company from Portugal in 1668 as part of the dowry of Catherine of Bragenze who became the Queen of king Charles II. History (Block 1) 2 5 Unit 2 Establishment of English East India Company In eastern India the East India Company had opened its first factories in Orissa in 1633.In 1651 it was given permission to trade at Hughli in Bengal. Now the Company desired an independent settlement in Bengal. So in 1686, the English declared a war on the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb. The English were defeated and were driven out of their factories in Bengal. Their factories at Surat, Masaulipatam and Vishakhapatam were besieged. They now expressed their willingness to trade under the protection of the Indian rulers. The Mughal authority readily agreed. In 1698, the Company acquired the Zamindari of the three villages Farman: Invitation Sutanati, Kolkota and Govindapur, where it built Fort William. The villages to report to soon grew into a city, known as Calcutta (Modern Kolkata). In 1717 the someone. Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar issued a Farman granting old privileges of carrying on duty free trade in Bengal. Similar permission was also received in Hyderabad and Surat. 2.3 BATTLE OF PLASSEY Dastaks: Special certificates, by 2.3 1 CAUSES using which Bengal was a very fertile and rich province of India. The East India commercial goods Company and its servants had highly profitable trading interests in the could be province. The Farman of 1717 by the Mughal Emperor granted them freedom transported from to export and import their goods in Bengal without paying taxes and the one place to right to issue dastaks for the movement of such goods. The Company another in Bengal servants were also permitted to trade, but were not covered by this Farman. without paying any This Farman was a source of conflict between the Company and the Nawab taxes. of Bengal because it meant less revenue for the Bengal government. The power to issue dastaks for the Company’s goods was misused by the Company’s servants. All the Nawabs of Bengal from Murshid Quli Khan to Alivardi Khan had compelled the Company to pay tax and firmly suppressed the misuse of dastaks. In 1756 Siraj-ud-Daula succeeded his grandfather Alivardi Khan. He demanded that the Company should trade on the same basis as in the times of Murshid Quli Khan .The English refused to comply and levied heavy 2 6 History (Block 1) Establishment of English East India Company Unit 2 duty on Indian goods entering Calcutta, which was under their control. All this annoyed the Nawab. He also suspected that the Company was favouring his rivals for the throne of Bengal. Following were the main causes for the outbreak of the Battle of Plassey- Bengal was a rich and prosperous province. The British were anxious to occupy this region. They were looking for an opportunity to conquer it. Siruj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, was an incompetent and weak ruler. The British thought that they could easily subjugate him. In 1756, Seven Year War broke out in Europe. Both the French and British began to fortify their settlements in Bengal as they feared an attack from each other. Siruj-ud-Daulah asked both of them to demolish their fortifications. The French carried out his orders but the British refused to do so. The British had also not received any permission from the Mughal Emperor to fortify their settlements. Nawab Siruj-ud Daulah could not tolerate this. The British officers had begun to misuse the trading concessions given to them by the Mughal Emperor in 1716. The British had granted asylum to the enemies of Siruj-ud Daulah which embittered relations between them. The British were hatching conspiracies against the Nawab with some Hindu chiefs. One of them was Kishan Das. It also annoyed Siruj- ud-Daulah. In 1756, Siruj-ud-Daulah occupied the British colony of Kasim Bazar. He next captured Fort William and Calcutta. It is said that the Nawab imprisoned 146 English men in a small dingy dark room. Next day, when the door of the room was opened, only 23 prisoners came out alive. This incident is called the Black Hole Incident. Clive hatched a conspiracy with Amir Chand, a rich Hindu merchant, and Mir Jaffar, the Nawab’s commander-in –chief against Siruj-ud- Daulah. According to their plan, it was decided that Clive with a contingent of army would march to Plassey. Mir Jaffar, along with History (Block 1) 2 7 Unit 2 Establishment of English East India Company his army would desert Siruj-ud-Daulah and join Clive. Nawab Siruj- ud-Daulah would be deposed and Mir Jaffar be installed as the Nawab of Bengal in his place. 2.3.2 EVENTS Clive marched towards Murshidabad, the capital of Siruj- ud- Daulah with a small army of 8000 European soldiers and 2100 Indian sepoys and 10 guns only. Siruj-ud-Daulah too with an army of about 70,000 and 50 guns marched from his capital. It was an unequal fight. The two armies met at Plassey. The traitor Mir Jafar and Rai Durlabh took no part in the fighting. Only a small group of Nawab’s soldiers led by Mir Madan and Mohan Lal fought bravely. The Nawab was forced to flee and put to death by Mir Jafar’s son Miran. 2.3.3 SIGNIFICANCES Though the battle of Plassey was only a small battle from military point of view, politically its importance in the history of India is indeed great. The Battle of Plassey paved the way for the British to establish themselves in Bengal and eventually the whole of India. Mir Jafar was appointed the Subedar of Bengal. He awarded the British with much wealth for this favour. Besides he gave them the district of Twenty Four Parganas in the South of Calcutta They also got a huge sum of money as compensation. Mir Jafar soon realized that it was impossible to meet the demands of the company. In 1760 the British forced the Nawab of Bengal to make his son- in-law, Mir Qasim as the Nawab of Bengal. The battle brought many important changes in the position of the East India Company. Before this battle, it was only a trading company but this battle made them a political power in Bengal. It also greatly improved their financial position which helped them in defeating the French in the Third Battle of Carnatic. 2 8 History (Block 1) Establishment of English East India Company Unit 2 LET US KNOW Causes of defeat of Siruj-ud-Daulah and success of East India Company 1.
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