The Administrative Appeals Tribunal and Character Assessments for Non-Citizens
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The Administrative Appeals Tribunal and Character Assessments for Non-Citizens Chantal Bostock A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of New South Wales March 2015 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 'I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed · --~~---~-M-~.... ................................. Date ........ .1..~.. :.. 6 ... -.6 ~_!_). ___ __ ,. .................................... .. AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT 'I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.' Signed ... ~---~-~--~.................................. Date ......... \.~.--- .. ~-- -----6..t?.. 1 .£ ...................................... .. ORIGINALITY STATEMENT 'I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.' Signed ...~~LJ&rvok Date PLEASE TYPE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Bostock First name: Chantal Other name/s: Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD School: Law Faculty: Law Tille: The Administrative Appeals Tribunal and Character Assessments for Non-Citizens Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) Under section 501 of the Migration Act 1958, a delegate of the Minister for Immigration may cancel or refuse to grant the visa of a non-citizen on the ground of"bad" character, a decision which can lead to the permanent exclusion of non-citizens from Australia. In its review of these decisions, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal ('the Tribunal') is frequently perceived as being too independent. I explore the role of the Tribunal, examining aspects of its performance having regard to the wider context and consider what the Tribunal's role should be when reviewing these types of cases. My historical overview reveals an area of decision-making, marked by an underlying tension between Jaw and politics. In order to provide a framework in which to assess the Tribunal's performance, I provide an overview of the law and fact-finding processes. After briefly setting out some usages of "character" in philosophy and psychology, I explore its use in different legal contexts and show how it serves particular goals and is influenced by the various interests at play. I proceed to explore the two limbs of section 50 I, namely the grounds upon which a person is deemed to have failed the character test, and the exercise of the discretion to refuse or cancel the visa. I show how the government employs various devices to shape Tribunal decision-making. I explore its independence, the fairness of its processes, and the quality of its decision making and conclude that although Tribunal members ultimately enjoy independence of thought, their ability to accord applicants procedural fairness is compromised. I argue that as members of the legal, and, at times, the social community, the difference in treatment of non-citizens cannot always be justified. In accordance with this view of justice, I suggest legal reform, designed to better balance the values and interests involved. The bulk of my thesis relates to the law prior to the coming into force of recent amendments, although I discuss the impact of these changes. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known , subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of th is thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only) . .............Cb. .'v.v.+c)... ~ .. \.~.. ~ ....... .. i -3 -Lr Signature Witness Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: THIS SHEET IS TO BE GLUED TO THE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THE THESIS Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people: • my supervisors, Emeritus Professor Mark Aronson and Dr Arthur Glass, for their profound knowledge, guidance, support and encouragement. I could not have wished for better supervisors. I also thank Jenny Jarrett at the UNSW Law School for being exceptionally helpful; • my friends and colleagues, including at the Administrative Appeals Tribunal and the Migration Review Tribunal, including Anne Parbury, Meena Sripathy, Rieteke Chenoweth, Louise Nicholls, Chris Matthies, Jason Cabarrus, Philippa Scarf and Athena Harris-Ingall; • my parents, William and Christiane for imparting the value of continuing education, their practical help, advice and love and my siblings, Delphine, Pierre-Yves and Emmanuelle for their continuing support; • finally, my husband and soul mate, Steve, for his never-ending practical and moral support, love and patience and my children, Lili and Ben, for their patience and encouragement, and Tomas, whose birth coincides with the completion of the thesis. I could not have undertaken this project without their blessing. CONTENTS ORIGINALITY STATEMENT .............................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... ii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1! CHAPTER II HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ........................................................................................... 14! A! Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 14! B! The Politics of Immigration ................................................................................................................. 14! C! The History of Deportation .................................................................................................................. 20! D! The Controversial History of Section 501 ........................................................................................... 25! E! The Constitutional Foundation of the Deportation and Section 501 Powers ...................................... 32! F! The Relationship Between Section 501 and Deportation .................................................................... 39! G! Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 44! CHAPTER III AN OVERVIEW OF THE SECTION 501 DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK ................ 46! A! Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 46! B! Discretion .............................................................................................................................................. 46! C! The Section 501 Scheme ...................................................................................................................... 48! C 1! Overview .................................................................................................................................... 48! C 2! The Substantive Law in Summary ............................................................................................