Bibliography of the Natural and Cultural History of the Loess Hills of Iowa

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

Volume 97 Number Article 6

1990

Dean M. Roosa Department of Natural Resources

Darwin D. Koenig Department of Natural Resources

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Recommended Citation Roosa, Dean M. and Koenig, Darwin D. (1990) "Bibliography of the Natural and Cultural History of the Loess Hills of Iowa," Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS, 97(1), 18-32. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias/vol97/iss1/6

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Bibliography of the Natural and Cultural History of the Loess Hills of Iowa

DEAN M. ROOSA and DARWIN D. KOENIG

State Preserves Advisory Board, Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, Iowa 50319 and Poweshiek County Conservation Board, Courthouse, Montezuma, Iowa 50171

A bibliography of liceracure on Iowa's Loess Hills includes references containing informacion on che culcural or nacural hiscory of chis wescern Iowa landform region. The bibliography is divided into six pares: general, archaeological, bocanical, geological, hiscorical, and zoological. Annocacions are included only where necessary co clarify contents. Because of cheir rugged copography, che Loess Hills of wescern Iowa have resisced large-scale conversion co agriculcure. This has permined noceworchy persiscence of nacive prairies and woodlands, along wich cheir associaced species. This bibliography complements cwo special issues of che Proceedings of che Iowa Academy of Science devoced co Iowa's Loess Hills. INDEX DESCRIPTORS: Iowa Loess Hills, Iowa archaeology, Iowa bocany, Iowa geology, Iowa hiscory, Iowa zoology.

This bibliography pertains ro archaeological, botanical, geologic botanical niches and the high soil-erosion rates present in this region. al, historical and zoological literature referable to the Loess Hills The Loess Hills area lies within the tallgrass prairie association of the landform region in western Iowa. It was compiled as part of a study of grassland biome. The well-drained soils, rapid surface runoff, and a the Loess Hills undertaken by the State Preserves Advisory Board and high evaporation rate of the loess bluffs provide an arid microenviron is the final paper in a series designed to document the special nature of ment comparable to areas hundreds of miles to the west. Consequent this region (See Vol. 92, No. 5 and Vol. 93, No. 3, PIAS). This ly, several western plants are at their easternmost range limit here. bibliography is by no means exhaustive, although an attempt was The topography of most of the Loess Hills region consists of a series made to include all of the major references dealing with the Iowa of high-relief, corrugated hills. The most rugged bluffs are along the Loess Hills. Annotations, included only on a limited basis to clarify western edge of the area where they rise precipitously (40-100 percent content, are set off by brackets. slope) from the Missouri River floodplain, attaining heights of from 60 to 200 feet. These bluffs and narrow-ridge hills grade into lower, more rounded hills at the eastern margins of the area. The topography BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE LOESS HILLS is accentuated by a dense drainage network; soil erosion, gully development, and high-sediment loads in streams are common The Loess Hills are a distinctive landform region in western Iowa problems associated with the easily eroded loess. Several larger and northwest Missouri adjacent to the broad Missouri River flood streams bisect the area from a northeast to southwest direction. These plain. The steep, sharply ridged hills are composed of thick, wind stream valleys are generally wide and nearly level, presenting a great blown deposits of coarse silt that originated as glacial oucwash in the contrast to the adjacent hills. All of these streams have been adjacent valley. These deposits were subsequently carved by erosion channelized. into the unusual, intricately dissected landscapes seen today. While The soils of the bluffs and hills are included in the Hamburg-Ida extensive deposits are also present along the Mississippi and Platte Monona soil association, with the Hamburg series found on the River valleys, on the loess plateau in eastern Europe, and in the steepest slopes (>40 percent), the Ida series on 5-40 percent slopes, Palouse of Washington State, the great thickness and unusual and the Monona series on 0-40 percent slopes. These are well drained topographic relief of the loess deposits found in western Iowa is to excessively drained, somewhat droughty, silty soils formed in loess equalled only in portions of The People's Republic of China. In Iowa, under prairie vegetation and are very susceptible to erosion. The soils the area includes the steep bluffs and hills found in a narrow band of the stream valleys are characterized by the Kennebec, McPaul, through portions of Fremont, Mills, Pottawattamie, Harrison, Mo Nodaway, and Napier soil series. These are moderately well-drained nona, Woodbury and Plymouth counties (See PIAS 92(5): 158, for a soils formed in silty alluvium. map of Iowa Loess Hills). The Loess Hills vegetation can be divided into grassland, wood The climate of the Loess Hills area is mid-continental, charac land, and cropland communities. Originally, the grassland occupied terized by marked seasonal variations including recurrent drought most of the Loess Hills, bur it has been diminished since settlement. and periods of intense rainfall. The winds are mostly westerly ro Morrill (1953) divided the grassland into the following communities: northwesterly in the winter and southwesterly during the summer. 1. Andropogon gerardii community: Usually occurs on the edges of Average annual temperature and precipitation records for the north woods on the lower west slopes, upper east slopes, and in ern (Sioux City), central (Logan), and southern (Sidney) portions of sheltered gullies. the study area are given below (from U.S. Department of Com 2. Andropogon scoparius-Bouteloua curtipendula community: Occurs on merce). rhe upper slopes and summits. 3. Andropogon scoparius-Yucca glauca community: Found on the steep, Average Average unsheltered slopes exposed to the arid west and southwest winds. Annual Temperature Annual Precipitation 4. Sporobolus cryptandrus-Lygrxksmia juncea community: Characteristic Sioux City 9.02°C (48.23°F) 61.42 cm. (24. 18 inches) of bare, vertical, loess exposures. Logan 10.09°C (50. 16°F) 79. 73 cm. (31. 39 inches) 5. Verbena stricta community: Found where the grass cover had been Sidney l l.20°C (52. 16°F) 88.85 cm. (34.98 inches) disturbed by overgrazing on the lower west and upper east slopes These climatic conditions are important contributors to the special and summits. LOESS HILLS BIBLIOGRAPHY 19

Woodlands were originally restricted to the stream valleys and the (Eumeces obsoletus), and prairie rattlesnake (Crota/us viridis viridis) are protected ravines. They have increased since settlement and, bene found in Iowa mainly in the Loess Hills. fitting from the suppression of natural prairie fires, now cover much The steep, west and southwest facing slopes of the bluffS (basically of the uncropped hills. Invasion by red cedar (juniperus virginiana L.) the areas of Hamburg soil) and their summits are considered fragile has become widespread and is a threat to the continued existence of areas. Most of the plants listed above are found in this restricted part the prairies. The woodland is of the oak-hickory association, domi of the Loess Hills. These slopes and summits are easily eroded and nated by bur oak (Quercus rnacrocarpa Michx.), ash (Fraxinus penmylva intolerant of much disturbance. However, certain species exist be nia Marsh), basswood (Tilia americana L.) and cottonwood (Populus cause of the prevalence of natural disturbances on the steepest slopes deltoides Bartram). The amount of woodland decreases from south to producing extremely dry and barren west-facing exposures. north (Novacek, 1985). Much of the Loess Hills area is degraded in ecological quality as a The greatest acreage in the area is devoted to various agricultural result of excessive human or domestic-animal disturbance. I.and is crops (corn, soybeans, hay) and pasture. The crops on the lower slopes often intensively cultivated with attendant loss and disruption of the and along streams. A substantial portion of pastured acreage is native native biota. A devastating practice is the mechanized alteration of prairie. the topography, smoothing the land surface to make it more accessi Common animal species dependant on the. vegetation of the above ble to farm machinery. Because of the steep slopes, uniformity and communities include white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), gray grain size of the loess particles, and its inherent erodibility, such and fox squirrels (Sciurus carolinenesis, S. niger), Franklin's and thir practices only accentuate already serious erosion problems. The teen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus franklinii, S. tridecem amount of soil lost to erosion on the cultivated land in the Loess Hills lirlfatus), white-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus t=endii), eastern cottontail area is the highest in the state. Urban sprawl, especially near Council (Sylvilagus floridanus), and numerous small rodents. Predatory ani BluffS and Sioux City, is also having a detrimental effect on the mals include coyotes (Canis latram), red and gray foxes (Vulpes vulpes, ecological quality of the area. County zoning laws would help protect Urocyon cinerwargenteus), raccoons (Proryon lotor), mink (Mustela vison), the ecological integrity of this landform region. and weasels (Mustela sp.) (Lampe and Bowles, 1985). Although considerable modification of this landform region has Numerous streams are found in the area, but except for the Little occurred, it does yet harbor much of the state's remnant prairie and Sioux River, their fauna has been little studied. The major species of provides habitat for a considerable number of the state's rare species. game fish present are channel catfish (lctalurus punctatus) and black bullheads (lctalurus tmlas). Most of the streams have been channelized, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS destroying much of their beauty and productivity and most are We wish to thank the following people who reviewed the manu heavily silt-laden due to excessive erosion from the surrounding script and who made suggestions which resulted in its improvement: croplands. E. Arthur Bettis III, Department of Natural Resources; Jim Dins The Loess Hills are an important nesting area for captors, particu more, Iowa State University; Don Farrar, Iowa State University; larly the Great-horned Owl (Bubo virginianus, Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo Loren Horton, State Historical Society; Jim Peck, University of jamaicemis), and American Kestrel (Falco sparverius). The area is also Arkansas; Jean Prior, Department of Natutal Resources; and Deb important as a wintering ground for these species as well as for Zieglowsky, Office of State Archaeologist. Their help is genuinely Rough-legged hawks (Buteo lagopus) and occasionally Golden Eagles appreciated. (Aguila chrysaetos) and Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus) (Roosa and Bartelt, 1979). REFERENCES The Loess Hills region is a unique geologic occurrence of materials and processes. These wind-deposited silts are unusually thick ac LAMPE, R. P. and J. B. BOWLES. 1985. Annotated checklist of the mammals of the Loess Hills of western Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. cumulations, and they have been carved into rarely seen topographic 92:176-179. forms. The Loess Hills area contains some unique components of MORRill, J. B., Jr. 1953. Prairie flora on the Missouri River bluffs of Iowa's flora and fauna. The ranges of such plants in Iowa as Yucca western Iowa. M.S. thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames. glauca L., Gaura coccirlfa Pursh, Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh) Urban & NOVACEK, J.M. 1985. The Loess Hills of western Iowa: a problem in Gilg, Asclepias engelmanniana Woodson, and Dalea candida Willd. var. phyrogeography. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 92:213-219. oligophylla (Torr.) Shin. are confined to the Loess Hills area. Animals ROOSA, D. M. and P. BARTELT. 1979. Results of the 1979 winter raptor such as the plains spadefoot (Scaphiopus bombifrom), great plains skink survey. Report of the State Preserves Advisory Board, Des Moines.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY KELSON. 1986. Preserving natural diversity ANDERSON, A. D. 1957a. Report on Turin GENERAL in Iowa's Loess Hills: challenges and opportu skeleton no. 3. Iowa Archeological Society nities. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 93:163-165. Newsletter. 19:4-5. CABLE, E.J. 1916. Bibliography of the loess. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 23:159-162. WARNOCK, M. D. 1950. Bibliography on the ANDERSON, A. D. 1957b. Preliminary notes loess. Tech. Bibliography No. 207. Bureau of on excavations in southwestern Iowa. Iowa FARRAR, D. R., D. M. ROOSA, and J. C. Reclamation, United States Department of Archeological Society Newsletter. 22:4-8. PRIOR. 1985. Iowa's Loess Hills - a national Interior. treasure. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 92:157-159. ANDERSON, A. D. 1961. The Glenwood Se ARCHAEOLOGY quence: a local sequence for a series of MUTEL, C. F. 1989a. Iowa's Loess Hills. Part II, archaeological manifestations in Mills Coun Sec 4, pgs 79-102 in Take this exit, R. F. ALEX, 1.M. 1973. An analysis offish utilization ry, Iowa. J. of the Iowa Archeological Soc. Sayre (ed.), Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames. at four Initial Middle Missouri sites. M.S. 10(3): 1-101. thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. MUTEL, C. F. 1989b. Fragile giants: natural ANDERSON, A. D. 1973. Phasethreehighway history of the Loess Hills. Univ. oflowa Press, ANDERSON, A. D. 1954. Stone artifacts from archaeology 1966-1969. Jn: Archaeological Iowa Ciry. 284 pgs. the Glenwood area. J. Iowa Archeological excavations along Iowa highways. Report on Soc. 4(2):2-16. file at Office of the State Archeologist, Uni ROOSA, D. M., D. R. FARRAR, and M. AC- versiry of Iowa, Iowa Ciry, Iowa. 20 JOUR. IOWA ACAD. SCI. 97(1990)

ANDERSON, D. C. 1970. The Diggins site ANDERSON, D. C. and I. WHITWORTH. Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution. (13HR401). Northwest Chapter of the Iowa 1977. Ananalysisofceramicsfrom 13ML155: No. 5. ArcheologicalSociecy Newsletter. 18(4):3-11. a Nebraska phase earthlodge from southwest ern Iowa. Research Papers 2(10): 1-21. Office BUHL, D. P. 1976. A race against time. Iowa's ANDERSON, D. C. 197 la. The Rubel Burial of the Scace Archaeologist, University of People 1( 4):6-7. site (13PM413). Northwest Chapter of the Iowa, Iowa City. Iowa Archeological Society Newsletter. DAVIS, D. D. 1959. Site 0-32-5. Iowa Archeol 19(2):3-9. ANDERSON, D. C. and P. M. WILLIAMS. ogical Society Newsletter 29:4-6. 1974. Western Iowa proboscidians. Proc. ANDERSON, D. C. 197 lb. Human remains in Iowa Acad. Sci. 81:185-191. DEAN, S. 1883. Antiquities of Mills County, the Sanford Museum collection. Northwest Iowa. Ann. Report Smithsonian Institution, Chapter of the Iowa Archeological Society ANDERSON, D. C. andL.J. ZIMMERMAN. pp. 528-532. Newsletter 19( 1):6-16. 1976. Settlement-subsistence variability in the Glenwood locality, southwestern Iowa. FAY, L. P. 1978. Catalog of Quaternary paly ANDERSON, D. C. 1975a. The development Plains Anthropologist 21(72):141-154. nologic and vertebrate localities in Iowa. of archaeology in Iowa: an overview. Proc. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 85:35-38. Iowa Acad. Sci. 82:71-86. BAERREIS, D. A. (Ed.). 1970. Environmental archaeology in western Iowa. Northwest FISHER, A. K. 1977a. Human bones from the ANDERSON, D. C. 1975b. Western Iowa pre Chapter of the Iowa Archeological Society Schoolhouse site 13PM48. Research Papers history. Iowa Scace Univ. Press, Ames. 85 p. Newsletter 18(5):3-15. 2(6):24-26. Office of Scace Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. ANDERSON, D. C. 1976. A dugout canoe BAERREIS, D. A. 1971. Environmental recon from Montgomery County, Iowa. Research struction through molluskan remains: a pre FISHER, A. K. 1977b. Re-examination of hu Papers 1(4): 1-9. Office of State Archaeolog liminary report on the A. C. Banks site. In: man skeletal material from the Rock Creek ist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Prehistoric investigations. Office of the Stace ossuary, Iowa, 13PM65. Research Papers Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa Ciry. 2(13):3-9. Office of State Archaeologist, Uni ANDERSON, D. C. 1982. An introduction co Report 3:95-108. versity of Iowa, Iowa City. northwest Iowa archaeology. Pp. 2-8 in Inter relationships of cultural and fluvial deposits BAERRIS, D. A. and R. A. BRYSON (Eds.). FISHER, A. K. 1977c. Bone fragments from in northwest Iowa, E. A. Bettis and D. M. 1967. Climatic change and the Mill Creek Sioux City Sanitary Landfill site (13WD27). Thompson, eds. Assoc. of Iowa Archaeolog culture of Iowa. Archives of Archaeology Research Papers 2(6):4. Office of State Ar ists, Decorah. No. 29. chaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City.

ANDERSON, D. C. and D. A. BAERREIS. BARDWELL, J. 1981. The paleoecological and FISHER, A. K. 1978a. Report on the skeleton 197 3. The Rock Creek Ossuary, Iowa social significance of the zooarchaeological from Cache K, Nebraska phase earchlodge (13PM65). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 80: 185- remains from Central Plains Tradition ear Institution grounds, Glenwood, Iowa, site 191. thlodges of the Glenwood locality, Mills 13ML135. Research Papers 4(3):2-3. Office County, Iowa. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Iowa, of State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Iowa City. ANDERSON, D. C., M. FINNEGAN,). HO TOPP, and A. K. FISHER. 1978. The Lewis BASS, W. M. and C. L. BERNEKING. 1965. FISHER, A. K. 1978b. Paleopachology of an Central School Site (13PM5): a resolution of A possible Oneota burial found near Sioux Archaic Ossuary at the Lewis Central School ideological conflicts at an Archaic ossuary in City, Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Archeological site in Pottawattamie County, Iowa. Proc. western Iowa. Plains Anthropologist. Society 13: 17-23. Iowa Acad. Sci. 85:88-90. 23: 183-219. BENN, D. W. (editor) 1981. Archaeological FISHER, A. K. 1979a. Fragmentary human ANDERSON, D. C. and L. TATUM. 1978. An investigations at the Rainbow site, Plymouth mandible from Central Plains House site analysis of the scone tool assemblage from County, Iowa. Report of the Luther College 13ML128. Research Papers 4(3): 1. Office of l 3ML 15 5: a Nebraska phase earthlodge from Archeological Research Center, Decorah. State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa southwestern Iowa. Research Papers 3(2): 1- City. 27. Office of the State Archaeologist, Univer BETTIS, E. A. III. 1987. Geology of the Hang sity of Iowa, Iowa City. ing Valley site (13HR28). Research papers, FISHER, A. K. 1979b. Human skeletal remains 12(1):54-60. Office of the State Archaeolog from the Parmeter site, (13PM102). Unpub ANDERSON, D. C. and D. THOMPSON. ist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. lished manuscript. Office of Scace Archaeolo 1977. A cultural resource survey of the pro gist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. posed site of the Pottawattamie County land BETTIS, E. A. III and D. M. THOMPSON. fill. Research Papers. 2(8): 1-18. Office of the 1981. Holocene landscape evolution in west FISHER, A. K. 1980a. Human bones from site State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa ern Iowa - concepts, methods, and implica City. 13MN3. Unpublished manuscript. Office of tions for archaeology. In Current Directions in State Archaeologist, U niversicy of Iowa, Iowa Midwestern Archaeology: Selected Papers City. ANDERSON, D. C., J. A. TIFFANY, M. from the Mankato Conference. Minnesota FOKKEN, and P. M. WILLIAMS. 1979. Archaeology Society Occasional Papers in FISHER, A. K. 1980b. Osceological report on The Siouxland Sand and Gravel site Minnesota Anthropology, No. 9, p. 1014, the Council Bluffs burial (13PM3). Research (13WD402): new data and the application of St. Paul. Papers 5(1):24-25. Office of State Archaeolo Iowa's new state law protecting ancient gist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. cemeteries. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 26: 119-146. BETTIS, E. A. III and D. THOMPSON (Eds.). FISHER, A. K. 1980c. Human bones, Sioux 1982. Interrelationships of cultural and flu land Sand and Gravel site (13WD402). Re ANDERSON, D. C. and M. WALDEN-FREY. vial deposits in northwestern Iowa. Assoc. of search Papers 5(1):3-13. Office of Scace Ar 1981. A compendium of nonculcural Iowa Archaeologists, Ames. chaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. radiocarbon daces from Iowa. Research Papers 6:58-76. Office of the State Archaeologist, BROWN, L. A. 1967. Pony Creek archaeology. FISHER, A. K. 1981. Human skeletal remains University of Iowa, Iowa City. Publications in Salvage Archaeology, River LOESS HILLS BIBLIOGRAPHY 2I

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SCHERMER, S. J. 1982b. Human remains Analysis of human skeletal material from the ZIMMERMAN, L.). 1976. Archeological re from site 13ML130. Research Papers Hanging Valley site (13HR28). Research Pa search in the Glenwood area. Proc. Iowa 7(2):322-323. Office of State Archaeologist, pers 12(1): 13-53. Office of the State Acad. Sci. 83: 121-124. University of Iowa, Iowa City. Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. ZIMMERMAN, L.). 1977a. Prehistoric loca SCHERMER, S. J. 1982c. Human remains from SCOTI, D. H. 1979. Analysis of avifauna from tional behavior: a computer simulation. Of site 13ML138. Research Papers 7(2):324- five sites in northwest Iowa. J. of the Iowa fice of the State Archaeologist, University of 325. Office of State Archaeologist, University Archeological Society 26:45-79. Iowa, Iowa City, Report 10. of Iowa, Iowa City. STAFFORD, W. T. 1906. Result of the investi ZIMMERMAN, L. J. 1977b. The Glenwood SCHERMER, S. J. 1982d. 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Hiscory of Harrison 7:300-303, 391-394. level soils developed from Peorian Loess in Councy, Iowa. Nacional Publishing Co., Chi LEVERING, N. 1870. Recolleccion of che early souchwescern Iowa. Soil Science Sociecy of cago. secdemenc of N. W. Iowa. Annals of Iowa America Proceedings 15:324-329. 8:28-34, 141-143, 275-282, 355-362. ANONYMOUS. 1901. A biographical hiscory VANDERPOEL, P., R. G. SPOMER, and R. F. of Fremonc and Mills councies. Lewis Pub LEVERING, N. 1871. Recolleccion of che early PIEST. 1986. Slope indicacor measuremencs lishing Co., Chicago. secdemenc of N. W. Iowa. Annals of Iowa of subsurface movemenc in gully walls. Trans 9:457-467, 515-523, 599-606, 700-708. accions of che American Sociecy of Civil En ANONYMOUS. 1942. WoodburyCouncy His gineers 29(4):982-987. cory. The Iowa Wricers' Program of che Work LEVERING, N. 1872. Recolleccion of che early Projeccs Adminiscracion in che Scace of Iowa. secdemenc of N. W. Iowa. Annals of Iowa VAN ZANT, K. L. 1979. Lace-glacial and posc 10:31-41, 110-122, 261-269. glacial pollen and plane macrofossils from AUDUBON, M. R. 1898. Audubon and his Lake Okoboji, norchwescern Iowa. Quac. journals. 2 vols. John C. Nimmo, London. LEVERING, N. 1873. Recolleccion of che early Res. 12(3):358-380. secdemenc of N. W. Iowa. Annals of Iowa BLOOMER, D. C. 1871. Noces on che early WHITE, C. A. 1870. Reporc on che geological hiscory of Poccawaccamie Councy. Annals of 11:352-361, 448-459, 516-527. survey of che Scace of Iowa. 2 vols. Mills and Iowa 9:523-533, 666-683. LINDGREN, A. B. 1954. Hiscory of Pioneer Co., Des Moines, Iowa. Valley: The scory of a cencury ac Sergeanc BLOOMER, D. C. 1872. Noces on che early Bluff. Johnson-Severeide Co., Sioux Cicy. WHITE, E. M., C. MCCLELLAND, C. L. hiscory of Poccawaccamie Councy. Annals of COULTAS, and R. C. PRILL 1959. Soil Iowa 10:41-51, 128-142, 175-194, 270- MARKS, C. R. 1904. Pase and presenc of Sioux survey of Monona Councy, Iowa. Uniced 286. Cicy and Woodbury Councy, Iowa. S. ] . Scaces Deparcmenc of Agriculcure, Washing Clarke Publishing Co., Chicago. con, D.C. BLOOMER, D. C. 1873. Noces on che early hiscory of Poccawaccamie Councy. Annals of WHITE,]. 1984. Formacion of cacsceps in che Iowa 11:333-351, 423-443, 527-539, 613- MAXIMILIAN, A. P. 1843. Travels in che ince rior of Norch America. Translaced from che Loess Hills. Program Abscraccs, Iowa Acad. 628. Sci. 96ch Session, Iowa Cicy, Iowa. German by H. Evans Lloyd. Ackerman and BLOOMER, D. C. 1874. Noces on che early Co. London. WORCESTER, B. K. 1974. Soil genesis on che hiscory of Poccawaccamie Councy. Annals of MOULTON, G. E. (ed.) 1986. The journals of scable primary divides of che souchwescern Iowa 12:31-53, 103-119, 219-236, 275- che Lewis and Clark expedicion, Volume 2. Iowa loess province. Ph. D. dissercacion, Iowa 283. Scace Univ., Ames. Univ. of Nebr. Press, Lincoln. BLOOMER, D. C. 1896. The Mormons in NEGUS, C. 1871. The early hiscory of Iowa. WORSTER,]. R., E. H. HARVEY, and L. T. Iowa. Annals of Iowa, chird series 2:586-602. HANSON. 1972. Soil survey of Woodbury Annals of Iowa 9:568-580. Councy, Iowa. Uniced Scaces Deparcmenc of BONNEY, M. A. 1986. Froncier secdemenc and Agriculcure, Washingcon, D.C. communicy building on wesrern Iowa's Loess PETERSEN, W. ]. 193la. Trailmaking on che Hills. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 93:86-93. froncier. Palimpsesc 12:298-314. WORSTER,]. R. and E. H. HARVEY. 1976. Soil survey of Plymouch Councy, Iowa. BRACKENRIDGE, H. M. 1816. Journal of a PETERSEN, W. ] . 193 lb. Up che Missouri Uniced Scaces Deparcmenc of Agriculcure, voyage up che River Missouri; performed in wich Ackinson. Palimpsesc 12:315-325. Washingcon, D.C. 1811. 2nd edicion. Coale and Maxwell, Balti more. PETERSEN, W. ]. 1954a. Lewis and Clark WRIGHT, G. F. 1904. Evidenceofcheagencyof expedicion. Palimpsesc 35:368-389. wacer in che discribucion of che loess in che DEAN, S. 1927. Wabaunsee, chelndianchief(a Missouri Valley. Am. 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RATHKE, W. C. 1959. Chief Waubonsie and biogeography of the mammals of Iowa. Spec. DOWNES, W. L.,Jr. 1953. TheSarcophaginae the Pottawattamie Indians. Annals of Iowa Pub!. No. 9. The Museum, Texas Tech. of Iowa with special reference co the identifi third series. 35:81-100. Univ., Lubbock. cation of females. M. S. thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames. ROBBINS, W. No dace. Recollections of Mono BOWLES, J. B. 1977. Update of mammals of na County pioneers. Private pub!. 82 pgs. Fremont County. Iowa Bird Life 47: 138-140. DOWNEY, J.C. 1978. The butterflies of Fre mont County, Iowa and the cabbage princi ROBESON, G. F. 1958. Manual Lisa. The BRAY, T. 1987. Birding Waubonsie State Park. ple. Iowa Bird Life. 48:20-24. Palimpsest 39:65-78. Iowa Bird Life 58:3-4. DUMONT, P. A. 1933. A revised list of the SMITH, J. H. 1888. History of Harrison Coun BROWN, W. H. 1971. An annotated list of the birds of Iowa. Univ. Iowa Studies Nat. Hist. ty, Iowa. Iowa Printing Co., Des Moines, birds of Iowa. 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[Bufo cognatus and B. (Diptera, Ephydridae). M. S. thesis. Iowa 1954. An annotated list of the fishes in the woodhousii from Loess Hills area.} State Univ., Ames. streams tributary to the Missouri River in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 61:511-523. BLEASDELL, G. G. 1937. The Rhynchophora DINSMORE,).)., T. H. KENT, D. KOENIG, of Iowa. M. S. thesis, Iowa Scace Univ., P. C. PETERSEN, and D. M. ROOSA. HENDRICKSON, G. 1930. Studies on the Ames. 1984. Iowa Birds. Iowa State University, insect fauna of Iowa prairies. Iowa State Coll. Ames. 356 p. ). Sci. 4:49-179. [Some collecting stations BOWLES, J. B. 1970. Historical record of some were in the Loess Hills area.} Iowan mammals. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. DINSMORE, S., E. MUNSON,).). DINS 73:419-430. [Has many references co species MORE, and G. M. NELSON. 1987. Two HENDRICKSON, G. 1931. Further studies on from the Loess Hills area.} television rower kills in Iowa. Iowa Bird Life the insect fauna of Iowa prairies. Iowa St. 57:5-8. 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HOWE, R. W. 1984. Animals of che Loess 335. {Many records are from che Sioux Cicy and species of birds found on plocs in Wau Hills. Iowa Conservacionisc 43(4):28-30. area.] bonsie Scace Park in Fremonc Counry.]

HOWE, R. W., D. M. ROOSA, J. P. SCHAU MATHWIG. H. ). 1973. Food and populacion ROOSA, D. M. 1977g. Bell's Vireo singing FENBUEL, and W. R. SILCOCK. 1985. characceriscics of Iowa coyoces. Iowa Scace male counc. Iowa Bird Life. 47:137-138. Discribucion and abundance of birds in che )our. Res. 47: 167-189. {Has populacion esci {Bell's Vireo found in che Loess Hills area.] Loess Hills of wescern Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. mace for Monona Councy.] Sci. 92:164-175. ROOSA, D. M. 1978. Resulcs of che 1978 McGUIRE, J. U., Jr. 1947. The Tachinidae of wincer rapcor survey. Reporc of che Scace HUSER, B. and J. PROBST. 1985. Breeding Iowa. M. S. chesis, Iowa Scace Univ., Ames. Preserves Advisory Board, Des Moines. birds of che Sioux Ciry Prairie. Iowa Bird Life 55:42-45. MILLER, L. D. 1961. Noces on nine Iowa ROOSA, D. M. and P. BARTELT. 1979. Re buccerfly species including four new co che sulcs of che 1979 wincer rapcor survey. Reporc JONES,). K., Jr. 1960. The pronghorn, Anti scace. Jour. Lepid. Soc. 15(2):97-98. {Strymon of che Scace Preserves Advisory Board, Des locapra americana, in wescern Iowa. Amer. m-albun, S. caryaevorw, and A cha/oms /yciadeJ Moines. Midi. Nae. 63:249. {Reporcs an 1850 obser from Fremonc Councy.] vacion of pronghorns in Harrison and Monona ROOSA, D. M., P. BARTELT, and D. D. councies.] MILLS, H. B. 1934. A monograph of che Col KOENIG. 1982. Resulcs of che 1982 wincer lembola of Iowa. Collegiace Press, Inc., rapcor survey. Reporc of che Scace Preserves JONES, M. L. 1942. Bird observacions ac Ames, Iowa. Advisory Board, Des Moines. Waubonsie. Iowa Bird Life 12:39-40. MILLSPAUGH, D. D. 1949. Revisions and ROOSA, D. M. and D. D. KOENIG. 1983. JONES, M. L. 1943a. Wincer records in che addicions co our lisc of Iowa Corixidae. Proc. Resulcs of che 1983 wincer rapcor survey. Waubonsie Scace Park area. Iowa Bird Life IowaAcad. Sci. 56:371-375. {Annocacedlisc Reporc of che Scace Preserves Advisory Board, 13: 14. mencions some specimens from Woodbury Des Moines. Co.] JONES, M. L. 1943b. Schufeldc's Junco in ROOSA, D. M., D. D. KOENIG, and P. BAR Fremonc Councy. Iowa Bird Life 12:51-52. OSBORN, H. 1899. Noces on che Hemipcera of TELT. 1984. Resulcs of che 1984 wincer norchwescern Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. rapcor survey. Reporc of che Scace Preserves KENT, T. H. and W. R. SILCOCK. 1984. Rock 6:36-39. {An annocaced lisc wich some rec Advisory Board, Des Moines. Wren in Woodbury Councy. Iowa Bird Life ords for Sioux Cicy.] 54:37. ROOSA, D. M. 1986. Endangered and PETERSEN, W. ) . 1971. Birds along che Mis chreacened Iowa birds. Special Reporc No. 7., KING, R. L. 1939. New Iowa records of Ac souri. Palimpsesc. 52:550-570. {Excerpcs Scace Preserves Advisory Board, Deparcmenc rididae (Orchopcera). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. from Audubon's journal on che birds he found of Nacural Resources. 46:417-418. {Some specimens reporced from along che Missouri River bordering Iowa.] Harrison and Poccawaccamie councies.] ROOSA, D. M. and J. STRAVERS. 1989. POLDER, E. 1958. Recenc localicy records for Nescing of rapcors uncommon in Iowa: sum some Iowa mammals. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. KNIGHT, K. L. and M. WONIO. 1969. Mos mary and new records. J. Iowa Acad. Sci. quicoes of Iowa (Dipcera: Culicidae). Iowa 65:559-564. {Reporcs gray fox and bobcac in 96:41-49. Scace Agric. Exp. Sea. Special Reporc 61. che Loess Hills area.] ROWE, J. A. 1942. Preliminary reporc on Iowa KUNZ, T. H. and D. A. SCHLITTER. 1968. ROBINSON, W. H. 1970. A revision of che mosquicoes. Iowa Scace Coll. Jour. Sci. An annocaced checklisc of bacs from Iowa. nearccic species of groups I and II of Megaselia 16:211-225. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 71:166-175. (Dipcera: Phoridae). Ph. D. dissercacion, {Included some specimens from councies in Iowa Scace Univ., Ames. {Included a Iisc of ROWE,). A. 1942. Bionomics of Iowa mos che Loess Hills area.] councy records.] quicoes. Ph. D. dissercacion, Iowa Scace Univ., Ames {Liscs councy records.] LAFFOON,). 1941. Lace full and wincer bird ROOSA, D. M. 1977a. Endangered and records, 1938 co 1941, in che Sioux Cicy area. chreacened fish of Iowa. Special Reporc No. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 48:425-436. 1. Scace Preserves Advisory Board. Iowa Con RUTHVEN, A.G. 1919. Concribucion co che servacion Commission. herpecology of Iowa, III. Occ. Pap. Mus. LAFFOON,). 1942. Some recenc bird records in Zoo!. Univ. Mich. 66:1-3. {Some specimens che Sioux Cicy area. Iowa Bird Life 12:61. ROOSA, D. M. 1977b. Endangered and of snakes, salamanders, and frogs from Wood chreacened mammals of Iowa. Special Reporc bury, Plymouch, and Monona councies.] LAMPE, R. P. and J. B. BOWLES. 1985. No. 2. Scace Preserves Advisory Board. Iowa Annocaced checklisc of che mammals of che Conservacion Commission. SANDERSON, G. C. 1953. Recenc scacus ofche Loess Hills of wescern Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. beaver in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. Sci. 92: 176-179. ROOSA, D. M. 1977c. Endangered Iowa am 60:746-753. phibians and repciles. Special Reporc No. 3. LEE, Z. C. 1946. Blue-gray Gnaccaccher in che Scace Preserves Advisory Board. Iowa Conser SCHAFFNER,). C. 1964. A caxonomic revision Sioux Cicy area. Iowa Bird Life 16:68. vacion Commission. of cercain genera of che cribe Alydini (Heceropcera: Corediae). Ph. D. dissercacion, LINDSEY, A. W. 1914. The buccerflies of ROOSA, D. M. 1977d. Endangered Iowa birds. Iowa Scace Univ., Ames. {Liscs councy rec Woodbury Counry. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. Special Reporc No. 4. Scace Preserves Adviso ords.] 21:341-348. ry Board. Iowa Conservacion Commission. SCHLITTER, D. A. and). B. BOWLES. 1967. LINDSEY, A. W. 1917. A lisc of che buccerflies ROOSA, D. M. 1977e. The firsc Iowa foray. 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LINDSEY, A. W. 1920. Some Iowa records of ROOSA, D. M. 1977f. Singing male councs. SCHMITT, D. P. 1971. Vercical discribucion of Lepidopcera. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 27:319- Iowa Bird Life. 47:133-137. {Liscs numbers Xiphinema americanum in minimal and medial LOESS HILLS BIBLIOGRAPHY 31

developed Loess soil in southwest Iowa. Ph. STEPHENS, T. C. 1944a. The makers of or YOUNGWORTH, W. 1931. Lace fall and win D. dissertation, Iowa Scace Univ., Ames. nithology in northwestern Iowa. Iowa Bird ter bird records, 1926 co 1930, in the upper (One study station was near Hamburg, Fre Life 14:18-37. Missouri Valley. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. mont County.} 38:277-285. (Annotated list of birds, some of STEPHENS, T. C. 1944b. The Saw-whee Owl in which were observed in the Loess Hills area.} SCHAUFENBUEL, ]. 1979. Greater Prairie Woodbury County, Iowa. Iowa Bird Life Chicken in Harrison County. Iowa Bird Life 14:45-47. YOUNGWORTH, W. 193 la. Notes from 49:26-27. Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life 1: 11. (Comment STEPHENS, T. C. 1944c. Another record of the on heavy flight of Lapland Longspurs.} SCOTT, T. G. 1937. Mammals of Iowa. Iowa Mockingbird in Woodbury County. Iowa Scace Coll. ]our. Sci. 12:43-97. Bird Life 14:77. YOUNGWORTH, W. 193 lb. Red Crossbill ac Sioux City in August. Iowa Bird Life 1:47. SHIMEK, B. 1899. Distribution of loess fossils. STEPHENS, T. C. and W. YOUNGWORTH. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 6:98-113. (Discusses 1947. Lace fall and winter bird records, for YOUNGWORTH, W. 1932. Fall migration distribution of mollusks (both modern and 1941 co 1947, in the upper Missouri Valley. daces from Sioux City, Iowa. Iowa Bird Life fossil) in the loess.} Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 54:373-381. 2:52.

SHIMEK, B. 1930. Land snails as indicators of STILES, B. F. 1937a. Magpies in western Iowa. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1933. Spring migration ecological conditions. Ecology 11:673-686. Iowa Bird Life 7:8. (Includes records from data from Sioux City, Iowa. Iowa Bird Life (Mentions some distribution records of snails Monona and Woodbury counties.} 3:38-39. (modern and fossil) from che Loess Hills area.} STILES, B. F. 1937b. BirdsofcheSiouxCityarea YOUNGWORTH, W. 1937. Western Iowa SILCOCK, W. R. 1977. Annotated list of foray in 1936. Iowa Bird Life 7:49-52. bird records. Iowa Bird Life 7:35. (Mocking birds. Iowa Bird Life. 47:123-132. (Lists the bird and Blue Grosbeak in Plymouth and birds found on the 1977 Fremont County STILES, B. F. 1938. Birds of the Sioux City area Woodbury counties.] foray.} in 1936. Iowa Bird Life 8:6-8. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1940. American mag SILCOCK, W. R. 1979. Fremont County foray, STILES, K. A. and D. H. LUBER. 1944. pies in migration in Woodbury County. Iowa June 2-7, 1978. Iowa Bird Life 49:47-52. Studies on Iowa spiders. Proc. Iowa Acad. Bird Life 10: 11. Sci. 51:473-484. (Annotated list with speci SLATER,]. A. 1950. Notes and new records of mens from Woodbury, Monona, and Fremont YOUNGWORTH, W. 1942. Summer bird Iowa Hemipcera (Heceropcera). Proc. Iowa counties.} notes from western Iowa. Iowa Bird Life Acad. Sci. 57:519-521. (Lists some species 12:45. (Mockingbirds, Blue Grosbeaks, and taken from loess bluffs in Scone Scace Park.} STONER, D. 1918. The rodents of Iowa. Iowa Lark Buntings in the Sioux City area.} Geo!. Survey Bull. No. 5. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1946. Blue Grosbeaks SLATER, J. A. 1952. An annotated list of the and ocher birds. Iowa Bird Life 16:65. Lygaeidae of Iowa and Illinois (Hemipcera: STONER, D. 1920. The Scucelleroidea of Iowa. (Reports Blue Grosbeaks from Plymouth Heceropcera). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 59:521- Univ. Iowa Studies Nae. Hise. 8:3-140. County and several unusual species from 540. TRAPP, D. E. 1987. Barn owls ac Scone Scace Waubonsie Scace Park, Fremont County.} Park. Iowa Bird Life 58:5-6. SPIKER, C.]. 1926. Winter bird records 1922- YOUNGWORTH, W. 1946. Carolina Wren 1926, in norchwescern Iowa. Proc. Iowa TRAPP, D. E. 1989. Barred Owl responses co and Orchard Oriole in Woodbury County. Acad. Sci. 33:307-313. (Annotated list of capes ac Scone Park. Iowa Bird Life 59:5-6. Iowa Bird Life 16:65. birds, some of which were observed in the Loess Hills area.} TRAVIS, B. V. 1933. Phyllophaga of Iowa. M. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1946. Notes on fall S. thesis, Iowa Scace Univ., Ames. migration in western Iowa. Iowa Bird Life 16:69. STEPHENS, T. C. 1917. Bird records during VARLAND, D. 1982. Raptor banding and mi the past winter, 1916-1917, in northwestern gration in the loess bluffs of southwest Iowa. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1947. Another Carolina Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 24:245-258. Iowa Bird Life 52:43-47. Wren record from Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life (Annotated list of birds, some of which were 17:57. observed in the Loess Hills area.) VELICH, R. 1961. Notes on mammals from Nebraska and southwestern Iowa. Jour. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1948. Fall migration Mammalogy. 42:92-94. (Mentions nutria notes from Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life 18: 18. STEPHENS, T. C. 1918. Bird records of che past and black cocconcails in Fremont Co. and elk winter, 1917-1918, in the upper Missouri and bison fossils from che Loess Hills area.} YOUNGWORTH, W. 1949. Early fall migra Valley. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 25:71-83. tion notes from the Sioux City region. Iowa WICKHAM, H.F. 1911. A list ofche Coleopc Bird Life 19:77. era of Iowa. Bull. Lab. Nae. Hise. Univ. Iowa STEPHENS, T. C. 1920. Bird records of the past 6(2): 1-40. (Some locality records are from the YOUNGWORTH, W. 1950a. Lace fall migra two winters, 1918-1920, in the upper Mis Loess Hills area.] tion notes from the Sioux City region. Iowa souri Valley. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 27:395- Bird Life 20:27-28. 407. WILSON, B. L. 1979. The 1978 breeding Log gerhead Shrike population in Fremont Coun YOUNGWORTH, W. 1950b. Another unusu ty. Iowa Bird Life 49:90-91. al flight of warblers in western Iowa. Iowa STEPHENS, T. C. 1930. Bird records of two Bird Life 20:64-66. winters, 1920-1922, in the upper Missouri Valley. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 37:357-366. WILSON, C. A. 1942. The Lygaeidae of Iowa (Hemipcera). M. S. thesis, Iowa Scace Univ., YOUNGWORTH, W. 1952a. Additional fall Ames. migration daces from the Sioux City region. STEPHENS, T. C. 1942. Another record of the Iowa Bird Life 22:9-10. Lark Bunting in Woodbury County. Iowa WOOLEY, J. 1984. Prairie chicken update. Bird Life 12:30. Iowa Conservationist 43(9): 10-11. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1952b. Spring migra- 32 ]OUR. IOWA ACAD. SCI. 97(1990)

tion dates from the Sioux City region. Iowa con in the Sioux City area. Iowa Bird Life 31:69. Bird Life 22:40-42. 28:33-34. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1962a. A Prairie Hen in YOUNGWORTH, W. 1953. Summer notes YOUNGWORTH, W. 1959a. Townsend's Sol Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life 32:20. from western Iowa. Iowa Bird Life 23:74-75. itaire in western Iowa. Iowa Bird Life 29:23- [Results of a trip to Waubonsie Park, Fre 24. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1962b. A late Clay mont County.} colored Sparrow. Iowa Bird Life 32:22. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1959b. Blue-winged YOUNGWORTH, W. 1954a. Late 1953 sum Warbler at Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life 29: 103. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1963a. The Mocking mer notes from Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life bird in nonhwest Iowa. Iowa Bird Life 3 3: 3 3- 24:16-17. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1959c. A Broad-winged 35. Hawk flight. Iowa Bird Life 29: 105. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1954b. The Blue Gros YOUNGWORTH, W. 1963b. The Pigeon beak in western Iowa. Iowa Bird Life 24:58- YOUNGWORTH, W. 1960a. Swainson's Hawk in western Iowa. Iowa Bird Life 33:72- 59. Hawk in the general Sioux City area. Iowa 73. Bird Life 30:12-13. YOUNG WORTH, W. 1955. Funher notes on YOUNGWORTH, W. 1963c. The Pine Warb the Blue Grosbeak in western Iowa. Iowa YOUNGWORTH, W. 1960b. The Arctic To ler as a migrant in the Sioux City area. Iowa Bird Life 25:62. whee along the western border of Iowa: a Bird Life 33:84-85. discussion and summary. Iowa Bird Life YOUNGWORTH, W. 1957a. Winter notes 30:51-53. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1963d. The Prairie Fal from western Iowa. Iowa Bird Life 27:24. con in late summer. Iowa Bird Life 33:93. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1960c. Mockingbird in YOUNGWORTH, W. 1957b. Townsend's Sol Monona County. Iowa Bird Life 30:65. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1966a. The Connecticut itaire in Monona County. Iowa Bird Life Warbler as a fall migrant at Sioux City. Iowa 27:24-25. YOUNGWORTH, W. 196 la. Winter birds in Bird Life 36:25-26. the Sioux City area. Iowa Bird Life 31:2-4. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1958a. A survey of YOUNGWORTH, W. 1966b. The Red-naped White-winged Crossbills in nonhwest Iowa, YOUNGWORTH, W. 1961b. Golden Eagle in Sapsucker at Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life winter of 1957-58. Iowa Bird Life 28:6-10. Monona County. Iowa Bird Life 31: 19. 36:52. [Documents a crossbill invasion in the Sioux City area.} YOUNGWORTH, W. 1961c. Some winter YOUNGWORTH, W. 1966c. MacGillivray's captors in the Sioux City area. Iowa Bird Life Warbler at Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life 36:54- YOUNGWORTH, W. 1958b. Fall Warbler 31:42-43. 55. studies at Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life 28:24. YOUNGWORTH, W. 1961d. Black-throated YOUNGWORTH, W. 1966d. Two early fall YOUNGWORTH, W. 1958c. The Prairie Fa!- Gray Warbler at Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life arrivals at Sioux City. Iowa Bird Life 36: 108.