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ARTICULATING SOCIALISM with NATIONALISM: a CRITICAL ANALYSIS of NATIONALISM in the TURKISH LEFTIST TRADITION in the 1960S

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ARTICULATING SOCIALISM with NATIONALISM: a CRITICAL ANALYSIS of NATIONALISM in the TURKISH LEFTIST TRADITION in the 1960S ARTICULATING SOCIALISM WITH NATIONALISM: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONALISM IN THE TURKISH LEFTIST TRADITION IN THE 1960s A Ph.D. Dissertation by ERKAN DOĞAN Department of Political Science Bilkent University Ankara August 2010 To my parents, Güley and Aziz Doğan ARTICULATING SOCIALISM WITH NATIONALISM: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONALISM IN THE TURKISH LEFTIST TRADITION IN THE 1960s The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University By ERKAN DOĞAN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2010 ABSTRACT ARTICULATING SOCIALISM WITH NATIONALISM: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONALISM IN THE TURKISH LEFTIST TRADITION IN THE 1960s Doğan, Erkan Ph.D., Department of Political Science Supervisor: Professor Ümit Cizre August 2010 In this dissertation, it is argued that nationalism was one of the most important characteristics of the socialist movement in Turkey in the 1960s. When we look at the socialist movement in Turkey in this period, we encounter with the concept of nationalism, in other words, Turkish socialists’ deliberate attempt at articulating socialism with nationalism, presenting themselves as the real representatives of nationalism in Turkey. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the uneasy relationship between nationalism and the Turkish left in the 1960s in particular and between socialism and nationalism in general. The main issue of this study is to explore why and how the Turkish left of the sixties incorporated nationalism into its political discourses, strategies, and programs. One important concern of this study is to investigate the internal sources of the articulation of socialism with nationalism in Turkey. A ‘leftist’ variant of Kemalism, becoming a hegemonic discourse within the ranks of the Turkish left in iii the 1960s, played a very crucial role in the attempts of the leftist intellectuals of the period at accommodating nationalist principles within the idiom of socialism. Turkish left in the 1960s re-invented Kemalism as a progressive, anti-imperialist, anti-feudal and developmentalist outlook. This study, in this sense, argues that Kemalism (together with nationalism) as the founding ideology of the Republican regime has not just only been the basis of the mainstream political parties and movements, but can also be found, in certain forms and amounts, among the ranks of the different factions of socialist movement in Turkey. The sources of Turkish socialists’ engagement with nationalism cannot be fully grasped merely by reference to the Turkish context. Rather, it should be located within an international context and perspective. Turkish socialists were not alone in their efforts to reconcile nationalism with socialism. The history of the ideological and practical accommodation between socialism and nationalism from mid-19th century to the post-colonial era reflects a change from “socialization of the nation” to the “nationalization of socialism” and shows us how this relationship changed from hostility to affinity. Turkish socialists of the 1960s received an important part of their strategic and tactical inspirations from those international experiences. But, their main sources of inspiration were Stalinism and the Third Worldism of the post-colonial period. In this sense, this study analyzes Turkish left’s experience with nationalism also by reference to international experiences, with a special emphasis on the Third Worldist variant of the articulation of socialism with nationalism. The main primary sources of this study are the journals, papers, books, pamphlets, programs, regulations, congress reports and resolutions, election manifestos and other published documents, generated during the political activities of iv the main factions of the socialist movement in Turkey in the 1960s. These primary sources are evaluated within the general literature on nationalism, its Marxist interpretations, Third Worldism, economic nationalism, develomentalism, imperialism, dependency, and the concepts of imitation and uniqueness. Keywords: Nationalism, Socialism, Third Worldism, National Liberation, Anti- Imperialism, Developmentalism, Economic Nationalism v ÖZET SOSYALİZMİ MİLLİYETÇİLİKLE EKLEMLEMEK: 1960’ların TÜRKİYE SOL GELENEĞİNDE MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİN ELEŞTİREL BİR ANALİZİ Doğan, Erkan Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ümit Cizre Ağustos 2010 Bu tezde, milliyetçiliğin, 1960’ların Türkiye sosyalist hareketinin en önemli karakteristiklerinden biri olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Türkiye’de bu dönemin sosyalist hareketine baktığımız zaman milliyetçilik kavramıyla karşılaşırız. Diğer bir deyişle, Türkiye’de kendilerini milliyetçiliğin gerçek temsilcileri olarak gören Türkiyeli sosyalistlerin, sosyalizmle milliyetçiliği bilinçli bir tercih olarak birbirine eklemleme çabalarına tanık oluruz. Bu tezin amacı, özel olarak, milliyetçilikle 1960’ların Türkiye solu arasındaki, genel olarak ise, sosyalizmle milliyetçilik arasındaki gergin ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Bu çalışmanın temel meselesi, solun 1960’lar Türkiye’sinde milliyetçiliği neden ve nasıl politik söylem, strateji ve programlarına dâhil ettiğini incelemektir. Bu çalışmanın ilgilendiği önemli konulardan biri Türkiye’de sosyalizmin milliyetçiliğe eklemlenmesinin dâhili kaynaklarını araştırmaktır. 1960’larda Türkiye solunun saflarında egemen söylemlerden biri haline gelen Kemalizmin ‘sol’ bir vi varyantı, söz konusu dönemin solcu entelektüellerinin, milliyetçiliğin ilkelerini sosyalizmin diliyle harmanlama girişimlerinde oldukça önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Türkiye solu 1960’larda Kemalizmi ilerici, anti-emperyalist, anti-feodal ve kalkınmacı bir dünya görüşü olarak yeniden icat etmiştir. Bu anlamda, bu çalışma, rejimim kurucu ideolojisi olarak Kemalizmin (milliyetçilikle beraber) yalnızca ana siyasi partiler ve hareketlerin temelini oluşturmadığını, aynı zamanda, belli biçim ve miktarlarda, Türkiye’de sosyalist hareketlerin değişik parçaları içinde de bulunabileceğini tartışmaktadır. Türkiye sosyalistlerinin milliyetçilikle olan angajmanlarının kaynakları yalnızca Türkiye bağlamına bakılarak tamamen anlaşılamaz. Aksine, bu durum uluslararası bir bağlam ve perspektif içine yerleştirilmelidir. Türkiye sosyalistleri, milliyetçiliği sosyalizmle birleştirme çabalarında yalnız başlarına değillerdi. 19. yüzyılın ortasından post-kolonyal döneme, sosyalizmle milliyetçilik arasındaki ideolojik ve pratik ilişkinin tarihi, “milletin sosyalizasyonu”ndan “sosyalizmin nasyonalizayonu”na bir değişimi yansıtmaktadır ve bize bu ilişkinin nasıl düşmanlıktan yakınlaşmaya dönüştüğünü göstermektedir. 1960’lı yılların Türkiyeli sosyalistleri, stratejik ve taktik ilhamlarının önemli bir kısmını bu uluslararası deneyimlerden almışlardı. Fakat onların temel esin kaynakları, Stalinizm ve post- kolonyal dönemin Üçüncü Dünyacılığıydı. Bu açıdan, bu çalışma, Türkiye solunun milliyetçilikle olan deneyimini, bu uluslararası deneyimlere referansla, fakat özellikle, sosyalizmin milliyetçilikle eklemlenmesinin Üçüncü Dünyacı varyantına özel bir vurguyla, analiz etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel birincil kaynakları, 1960’lar Türkiye’sinin belli başlı sosyalist hareketlerinin politik faaliyetlerinin ürünü olan dergiler, gazeteler, kitaplar, broşürler, programlar, tüzükler, kongre raporları ve kararları, seçim bildirileri ve vii diğer basılı materyallerden oluşmaktadır. Bu birincil kaynaklar, milliyetçilik ve onun Marksist yorumları, Üçüncü Dünyacılık, ekonomik milliyetçilik, kalkınmacılık, emperyalizm, bağımlılık ve taklit ve biriciklik kavramları üzerine genel bir literatür içinde değerlendirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Milliyetçilik, Sosyalizm, Üçüncü Dünyacılık, Ulusal Kurtuluş, Anti-Emperyalizm, Kalkınmacılık, Ekonomik Milliyetçilik viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing of this dissertation would not have been possible without the help and support of a large number of people. First of all, I would like thank to my thesis supervisor and mentor Professor Ümit Cizre for her invaluable and continuous support, encouragement and guidance throughout the course of my research and writing. I am indebted to her advices and suggestions. I am especially grateful to her for reading my draft chapters, helping to clarify the arguments and commenting on revisions. I am also very much thankful to my dissertation committee members, Associate Professor Menderes Çınar, Assistant Professor Nedim Karakayalı, Assistant Professor İlker Aytürk and Assistant Professor Akif Kireççi, for their insightful comments, invaluable critique and for their encouragement for further work. But, as I express my gratitude for all this support, guidance, and critique, I should also acknowledge that I alone am responsible for all the possible errors and omissions of this work. I would also like to thank Professor Erik-Jan Zürcher and Professor Marcel van der Linden from the International Institute of Social History (IISG), Amsterdam, for hosting me as a visiting fellow at the Institute. This dissertation is mostly based on my archival research at the IISG, which was sponsored by TUBITAK. The Political Science Department at Bilkent University provided a supportive and stimulating learning environment throughout the course of my PhD studies. I would especially like to thank my professors in the program, ix Professor Metin Heper, Assistant Professor Dilek Cindoğlu, Associate Professor Jeremy Salt, Associate Professor Aslı Çırakman and Dr. Hootan Shambayati. I am also grateful to the administrative staff of
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