EVERYDAY LIFE, CULTURE AND POLITICS spread tothecolonies.There againitwassupposedtoupholdthevalues ofEnglishness. citizens. Girlswerenot toplaygamesmeantforboys.Withthe British,cricket programme ofphysical trainingthroughwhichboysweretobemoulded intoideal fair play,discipline,gentlemanliness.Itwasintroduced inschoolsaspartofawider Victorian society.Thegamewasexpectedto represent allthattheEnglishvalued– in Englandandbecameintimatelylinkedto thecultureofnineteenthcentury At onetime,acenturyandhalfago,cricketwas anEnglishgame.Ithadbeeninvented chequered historyofthegame. know thatthiswasnotalwaysso?Thischapter willtellyouaboutthelongand country. Thegamehas,infact,cometorepresent theunityofIndia.Butdidyou to establishfriendshipbetweennationsandcricketersareseenasambassadorsofthe News ofcrickettodayhitstheheadlinenewspapers.Cricketmatchesareorganised of onegamethatinIndiahascapturedtheimaginationnationforsomedecades. Chapter VIIisonHistoryandSports.Youwillstudythishistorythroughthestory and clothingforinstance–differently. century ago;orhowpeopleindifferentsocietiesseetheseeverydaythings–food lives, theirhistoryescapesus.Weneverpausetothinkwhatthingswerelikea games weplay.Allthesehaveevolvedovertime.Sincerelatetotheminourdaily the foodweeat,musichear,medicinesuse,literatureread, small thingsinourlives.Everythingaroundushasahistory–theclotheswewear, History isnotjustaboutthedramaticeventsinworld.Itequally read aboutthehistoryofsportsandclothing. Section IIIwillintroduceyoutothehistoryofeverydaylife.Inthissection EVERYD SECTION A Y LIFE,CUL III III III III III TURE ANDPOLITICS 2018-19 139
History and Sport: The Story of Cricket India and the Contemporary World 140 questions aboutothersuchaspectsofordinary lifewhichyouhavetakenforgranted. Once youseethehistorybehindoneortwosuch issues,youmaybegintoaskhistorical extensively onit. one individualwhowashighlysensitivetothepoliticsofclothing,andwrote symbol ofthecharkha.ItevenhelpsusunderstandMahatmaGandhibetter,forhewas clothing helpsusdiscovernewlayersofmeaninginthepoliticsSwadeshiand the politicsofcolonialismandnationalism,casteclass.Alookathistory by changeswithintheeconomy.Youwillseehowclothingtoo,isdeeplyconnectedto in EnglandandIndiawereshapedbythesocialmovementswithinthesesocieties, Chapter VIIIwillintroduceyoutothishistory.Itshowhowtheshiftsinclothing happen naturally. consequence oflongyearsstruggle.Theyhaveahistory.donotjust alter. Butthesechangesinthenormsofsocietyandstylesclothingcomeaboutasa honour, theirnotionsofproperconductandbehavior.Associetieschange,thesenorms shaped bytherulesandnormsofsocieties.Theyreflectpeople’ssensebeauty clothing cantellussomuchaboutthehistoryofsocieties.Theclothespeoplewearare From cricketyouwillmovetoclothing(ChapterVIII).Youseehowahistoryof cricket asanationalgamewastheresultofmanydecadeshistoricaldevelopment. connected tothepoliticsofcasteandregion,communitynation.Theemergence Within thecoloniesgamehadacomplexhistory.AsChapterVIIwillshow,itwas closely withthepoliticsofcolonialismandnationalism. and attimesbeattheEnglishtheirowngame.Thegameofcricketthusgotlinkedup colonies notonlybegantoplaythegame,butoftenplayeditbetterthanmasters; played, initstruespirit.Theywere,fact,worriedwhentheinhabitant The colonialmastersassumedthatonlytheycouldplaythegameasitoughttobe 2018-19 s ofthe History andSport: History andSport: The StoryofCricket The StoryofCricket Eng 500 y Cricket grewoutofthemanystick-and-ballgamesplayedinEngland History andSport: Indians toda instead of was popularenoughforitsfanstobefinedplayingitonSunday cricket hadevolvedenoughtoberecognisableasadistinctgameandit The StoryofCricket r colonialism andna is par Eng to e ma other lif ho subject f the moder Ho the bestchanceofmakingcontact. along theg w tr the adoptionof then movetoIndia,discussthehistoryof training andathleticismofthetime.Itwill and discussthewidercultureofphysical evolution ofcricketasagameinEngland, Our histor bottom. to thesocialhistor ho g The StoryofCricket The StoryofCricket History andSport: History andSport: eligion andcaste ame ace themoder er e: w thehistor w thepr tc w tha e r itisonew lish w land becamether xplor h oraone-da ear , . ticular sta Ineac oughl T s a or histor t earl y f or e ho g her g n g y of esent w r oing toc d tha ound andthecur o y thesamesha l it, h of y so y dr e w , underav y v ame pla andexpr y of w tha crick a cric as asimpler t simpl y inw , er op e thesesectionsw n tr y becauseoneof sincetheg . y inter theg as made sion of y of tionalism andwasinpar hur k t stic et willlookf ansf et inthiscountr v yed ingiantstadiumsg uling passionof er y meansstic c ariety of thetime hic ame w ess oursociallo h. na ything tow or k-and-ball g
cric Till themid h w pe ashoc . tional, eason forthis: ma And spor v ame w as connected e a e am k tion of dif et pla . t theendof itisr ir e willsee theusesof k orc st atthe f use our er key stic as link a y, yed invilla t isalar dle of ent r tc ame in and the easona theIndiansub-continent. h theIndianteampla lub yalties theballw ules . ed tothewiderhistor ks selv Bythese theeighteenthcentur t sha thebatg g , v b cur histor . e par in 1821. Fig.2 —Anartist’ssketchof thecricketgroundatLord’sinEngland . ented insouth-easter T le f es If g r ped b he w , ea e Englandg competewitheac ving outw or ahistor tensof as bo t of t citiesisapr v y istounder or enteenth centur av y thepoliticsof wled under contemporar d e theba ‘ba millionsof 2018-19 ar y of t’ isanold re ds a y a w into tsman y, India stand T oper t the ba ar T y of his est m, ts y, n h y stick. Note thecurvedend,similartoahockey Fig.1 –Theoldestcricketbatinexistence. 141
IIIIII HistoryHistory and Sport: and The Story of CricketSport: The Story of Cricket Chapter V India and the Contemporary World club wasformedinHambledon inthe1760s unprotected bypads.The world’sfirstcricket due tothebowlersbowling quicklyatshins runs wasviewedasaverybigscore,probably or sizeofthebat.Itappearsthat40notches yards apart’.Therewerenolimitsontheshape 5 and6ounces,thetwosetsofstumps22 across themsixinches.Theballmustbebetween The stumpsmustbe22incheshighandthebail umpires whoshallabsolutelydecidealldisputes. choose fromamongstthegentlemenpresenttwo up in1744.Theystated,‘theprincipalsshall The firstwritten‘LawsofCricket’weredrawn well beforeteamgameslikesoccerandhockey. be playedinauniformandstandardisedway of sayingthatcricketgaveitselfrulesandregulationssoitcould the earliestmodernteamsporttobecodified,whichisanotherway There’s ahistoricalreasonbehindboththeseoddities.Cricketwas Shah KotlainDelhi. much moregroundthanaloftedshotforthesamerewardatFeroz Chennai. AsixattheMelbourneCricketGroundneedstoclear oval liketheAdelaideOvalornearlycircular,Chepaukin the dimensionsofplayingarea:cricketdoesnot.Groundscanbe not. Mostotherteamsports,suchashockeyandfootballlaydown pitch isspecified–22yardsbutthesizeorshapeofground Another curiouscharacteristicofcricketisthatthelength modern cricket! it takestoplayalimited-oversmatch,theshortenedversionof modern sport,completesnineinningsinlessthanhalfthetimethat baseball, along-drawn-outbat-and-ballgamebythestandardsof match isgenerallyoverinanhour-and-a-halfofplayingtime.Even team sporttakesevenhalfasmuchtimetocomplete.Afootball can goonforfivedaysandstillendinadraw.Noothermodern For example,oneofthepeculiaritiesTestcricketisthatamatch cricket itsuniquenature. nineteenth centuries,cricket’searlyyears,shapedthegameandgave The socialandeconomichistoryofEnglandintheeighteenth 142 1 1 1 asa 1 1 asa asa asa asa The The The The The H HHHH G GGGG istorical istorical istorical istorical istorical ame inEngland ame inEngland ame inEngland ame inEngland ame inEngland D DDDD evelopment of evelopment of evelopment of evelopment of evelopment of 2018-19 Fig.3 –ThepavilionoftheMarylebone CricketClub(MCC)in1874. C CCCC ricket ricketricketricketricket ground isaresultofitsvillage origins.Cricketwasoriginallyplayed In thesameway,cricket’s vaguenessaboutthesizeofacricket city life. hockey, werestrictlytime-limitedtofittheroutines ofindustrial were people werepaidbythehourordayweek: gamesthat before theIndustrialRevolution.Modernfactorywork meantthat rhythms ofvillagelifewereslowerandcricket’srules weremade game wentonforaslongittooktobowlouta sidetwice.The a Testmatch.Originally,cricketmatcheshadno time limit.The Cricket’s connectionwitharuralpastcanbeseen in thelengthof with characteristicsofboththepastandpresentday. the lateeighteenthcentury.Thishistoryhasmadecricketagame that maturedduringtheearlyphaseofIndustrialRevolution, arm bowlingbecamelegal)cricketremainedapre-industrialsport previously allshotshadtoberunand,mostimportantly,over- pads andglovesbecameavailable,boundarieswereintroducedwhere circumference oftheballwasspecified,protectiveequipmentlike century (theruleaboutwideballswasapplied,theexact While manyimportantchangesoccurredduringthenineteenth creation ofthefirstsix-seamcricketball. become thelengthofamajormatch,andthisyearalsosaw this time,athirdstumpbecamecommon.By1780,threedayshad wicket! In1774,thefirstleg an inningsbyabatsmanwhoappearedwithbataswidethe and thewidthofbattofourinches.Thelatterrulingfollowed The weightoftheballwaslimitedtobetween5½5¾ounces, the influenceofroughgroundandbruteforce. straight one.Allofthisraisedthepremiumonskillandreduced immediate resultwasthereplacementofcurvedbatwith In response,batsmenhadtomastertimingandshotselection.One increased pace.Italsoopenednewpossibilitiesforspinandswing. gave bowlerstheoptionsoflength,deceptionthroughair,plus through theair,ratherthanrollitalongground.Thischange During the1760sand1770sitbecamecommontopitchball the gamethatoccurredinsecondhalfofeighteenthcentury. The MCC’srevisionofthelawsbroughtinaseries the guardianofcricket’sregulations. 1788, theMCCpublisheditsfirstrevisionoflawsandbecame and theMaryleboneCricketClub(MCC)wasfoundedin1787.In codified aftertheindustrialrevolution,likefootballand -before lawwaspublished.Alsoaround of changesin 2018-19 with clearlyestablishedrules andlaws Codified –Madeintoaformalised system New words formalised. this form.Notethatnormsofbettingwerealso revised bytheMCCwereregularlypublishedin Fig.4 –Thelawsofcricketdrawnupand 143
History and Sport: The Story of Cricket India and the Contemporary World out ofmetalandsyntheticlightweightmaterials. and themoder the intr b But inthema innings withanaluminiumba been f industrial orman-madematerials: Unlik colonialists andtr handle whic the bladew it w man 144 cor the stumpsandbails of its originsinr c If youlookatthegame’sequipment,canseehowcricketboth the boundariesofplayingarea’. simply laydownthat‘theumpireshallagreewithbothcaptainson cricket, theirdistancefromthewicketwasnotspecified.Thelaws to retrieveit.Evenafterboundarieswerewrittenintothelawsof ball wentintothecrowd,crowdclearedawayforfieldsman there werenodesignatedboundariesorboundaryhits.Whenthe The sizeofth on countrycommons,unfencedlandthatwaspublicproperty. He wasplayingfortheGentlemen againstthePlayers. in 1895. Fig.6 –Thelegendarybatsman W.G.GracecomingouttobatatLord’s hang y tec na k. as cutoutof uf Ev e g tur ed withc hnolo ir actur oduction of ml al, olf en toda y r pr ed. hic andtennis gical chang h ismadeoutof ejected. tter of ur e-industrial ma T h ismadeoutof n g hanging timesandy e commonsvariedfromonevillagetoanother,so al Eng asing he ma y bothba ame w ading companiesesta padsin1848andpr pr A land. le pieceof terial of otecti ustr , e. T cric ould beunimagina . . T alian cric Cric t andballar he in v k he ballismadewithlea canetha t, terials e equipment, et hasr theba onl k thew w v et’ ention of y toha plastic ood. s mostimpor . T . et fundamentall k t c eter DennisLilleetriedtopla efused tor t becamea he ba ood of otecti hang No e handmade v b , e itoutla f cric lished themselv w itconsistsof b ed slightl t ismadeof vulcanisedr ibr v le withouthelmetsmade e g thewillo k e g et hasbeeninf lo tant toolsar v emak lass andmetalha v aila w es soonafterw y r 2018-19 ed b y o , notindustriall b emained tr ther e itstoolswith le asEur w treeandthe v y theumpir er time w ub , tw twineand es in ood asar ber ledto e allmade o pieces luenced . opean Once ue to Asia. ar y an ds es ve y e . , , the dramaticnatureofgame. matches lookedliketheatreposterssuggesting Advertisements fornineteenthcentury the GentlemenandPlayers. and theprofessionalsbycallingtwosides It showsthedifferencebetweenamateurs Lord’s in1848. Fig.5 –Thisposterannouncesamatchat Source A ground fromdifferententrances.Amateurstendedtobebatsmen, be contentwithbeingdescribedasPlayers.Theyevenenteredthe cricket. AmateurswerecalledGentlemenwhileprofessionalshadto The socialsuperiorityofamateurswasbuiltintothecustoms of workingclassemploymentinwinter,theoff-season. year round.Mostprofessionalsworkedasminersorinotherforms money. Thegamewasseasonalanddidnotofferemploymentthe of professionalswerepaidby enough moneyinthegameforrichtobeinterested.Thewages and notformoneywasanaristocraticvalue.Two,there considered sportakindofleisure.Toplayforthepleasureplaying professionals. Therichwereamateursfortworeasons.One,they amateurs andthepoorwhoplayeditforalivingwerecalled society. Therichwhocouldaffordtoplayitforpleasurewerecalled TheorganisationofcricketinEnglandreflectedthenatureEnglish 1.1 CricketandVictorianEngland Extract from and gentlenessfirmness, andIknownotwhatotherr ‘ oneself better gamesthanfives’orhare-and-hounds,any otherswheretheobjectistocomeinfirstorwinfor ‘ win, butthathissidema ‘it oughttobesuchanunselfishgame.Itmerges the individualineleven;hedoesn’tplaythatmay ‘ British men. ‘ ‘ What anoblegameitis,too! ‘Come, noneofy ——EXTRACT This transformationisbroughtaboutbythedisciplineofpublicschoolandculturesports. He becomesaheroicfigurerecognisedforhisphysicalcourage,sportsmanship,loyaltyandpatriotism. In thisbookT that healthycitizenshadtobemouldedthroughChristianidealsandsports. became popularandhelpedspreadtheideasofwhatcametobecalledmuscularChristianitythatbelieved Based onhisschoolexperience,hewroteanovel, Thomas Hughes(1822-1896)studiedatRugbySchoolduringtheheadmastershipof Arnold. And thentheCaptainofelev That The disciplineandrelianceononeanotherwhich itteachesissov Y Isn’ es, t it?Butit ’ saidArthur ’ s v , andnotthatone’ ery true, ’ —— Tom Brown’sSchooldays om Brownistr ’ s morethanagame.It ’ saidT , ‘thebirthrightofBritishbo our iron om, ‘andthat y y. , Brown, s sidema ’ patronage ansformed fromanerv ’ en! ’ answersthemaster ’ saidthemaster y win. ’ s wh ’ by ThomasHughes s aninstitution, or y footballandcrick ’ subscription ys oldandy Tom Brown’sSchooldays. , ‘whatapostishisinourSchool- ous, homesick,timidbo ’ saidT 2018-19 . ‘I’mbeginningtounderstandthegamescientifically orgate oung, ashabeascorpusandtrialb are qualities. et, nowonecomestothinkofit,aresuchmuch om. cricket) contribution foraspecificpurpose(suchas Subscription –Collectedfinancial specific cause supporter togivefinancialsupportfora Patronage –Agreementbywealthy New words aluable, Ithink, ’ y intoarobust,manlystudent. Thebook,publishedin1857, ’ wentonthemaster world!...requiring skill y juryareof , . 145
History and Sport: The Story of Cricket India and the Contemporary World playing gentlemanlygameslikecricket,thattipped the balance. was thesuperiorcharacterofitsyoungmen,builtinboarding schools, greatest power,butitsuitedtheEnglishrulingclass to believethatit the EnglishleadintradeandindustrythatmadeBritain theworld’s Lancashire andthefinancialhousesofCity London. Itwas contribution oftheironworksScotlandandWales, themillsof In actualfacttheNapoleonicwarswerewonbecause oftheeconomic own sake,inthespiritoffairplay. ideal, wherecricketwasplayednotforvictoryorprofit,butits confirm thisself-imageoftheEnglishelitebyglorifyingamateur influence ofBritishlawandWesternknowledge.Crickethelpedto service, bywhichbackwardpeopleswereintroducedtothecivilising justified theconquestofothercountriesasanactunselfishsocial them buildandruntheBritishempire.Victorianempirebuilders the skills,codesofhonourandleadershipqualitiesthathelped of teachingEnglishboysthediscipline,importance cricket andrugbynotjustasoutdoorplay,butanorganisedway founder ofthemodernpublicschoolsystem,sawteamsportlike Thomas Arnold,headmasterofthefamousRugbySchooland England. Bythebeginningofnineteenthcentury,menlike the civilserviceandchurch,threegreatinstitutionsofimperial the institutionthattrainedEnglishboysforcareersinmilitary, the mostfamousoftheseschools.TheEnglishboardingschoolwas on thevaluestaughttoschoolboysinitspublicschools.Etonwas fields ofEton’.ThismeansthatBritain’smilitarysuccesswasbased It’s oftensaidthatthe‘battleofWaterloowaswononplaying Yorkshire batsman,LenHutton. 1930s thattheEnglishTestteamwasledbyaprofessional, club teamsornationalsides,werealwaysamateurs.Itwasnottillthe because theyweregenerallyGentlemen.Captainsofteams,whether batsman: notbecausebatsmenwerenaturallybettercaptainsbut was alsothereasoncaptainofacricketteamtraditionally who didmostofthebatting.Thesocialsuperiorityamateur a batsman’sgamebecauseitsrulesweremadetofavour‘Gentlemen’, game alwaysgivethebenefitofdoubttobatsman.Cricketis bowling, totheprofessionals.Thatispartlywhylawsof leaving theenergetic,hardworkingaspectsofgame,likefast 146 Hierarchy –Organisedby rank andstatus New words 2018-19 hierarchy , July 201872. From IllustratedLondonNews parasols shadingthemfrom the sun. gentlemen inbowlerhatsand ladieswiththeir of thegameisbroughtoutby thefocuson Notice howtheupper-classsocialcharacter wherever itisplayed,thecrowddoesnot. While thegameitselfwouldlooksimilar famous publicschoolsEtonandHarrow. Fig.7 –AcricketmatchatLord’sbetweenthe , Source B character ofwomen’ssports.From considered suitableforwomen,especiallyoftheupperclass.Theplayers’flowinggowns,frillsandhatsshow Sports forwomenwasnotdesignedasvigorous,competitiveexercise.Croquetaslow-paced,elegantgame Fig.8 –Croquet,notcricket,forwomen From: Kathleen,E.McCrone, ‘ country ex learn totak not playagainsttheother schools.Ithinkitisbetterforgirlsto or becomeabsorbedinathleticrivalries,andtherefore wedo ‘I ammostanxiousthatgirlsshouldnotover-exert themselves, Beale toldtheschoolcouncilin1893-1894: preserves. Butthecompetitionwasstilldiscouraged. Dorothea girls toplaysomeofthegamesearlierconsidered male By the1890s,schoolbeganacquiringplaygroundsand allowing Sport attheLateVictorianGirlsPublicSchool’. From: Kathleen,E.McCrone,‘ be suppliedinthecaseofgirlsb ‘The vigorousex reported totheschoolsEnquiryCommissionin1864: Beale, principalofCheltenhamLadiesCollegefrom1858to1906, exercise forgirlswasnotapartoftheireducation.Dorothea Till thelastpartofnineteenthcentury Sport for g cursions. irls? e aninterestinbotan ercise whichbo ’ Play up!Andthe Game Play up!AndtheGame: ys getfromcrick Illustrated LondonNews,20July,1872. y w y , geologyetc. . alking and…skipping. , sportsandvigorous , andnotmak et, etc. 2018-19 , must ’ ’ e . Activity that time? the behaviourconsideredproper forgirlsat nineteenth centurygirls’school tellusabout What doesthesportscurriculumofa 147
History and Sport: The Story of Cricket India and the Contemporary World while blackpeopleplayedanenormous members werelight-skinned nineteenth century,andeveninthiscaseits was establishedtowardstheendof The firstnon-whiteclubintheWestIndies white plantationownersandtheirservants. club cricket,whichremaineddominatedby discouraged fromparticipatinginorganised the Afro-Caribbeanpopulationwas sign ofsuperiorsocialandracialstatus, West Indies.Here,playingcricketbecamea mainly non-white,suchasIndiaandthe territories wherethesubjectsofempirewere to spreadthegame,especiallyincolonial game tothecolonies,theymadelittleeffort While Britishimperialofficialsbroughtthe habits oftheircolonialmasters,asinIndia. the by whitesettlers(asinSouthAfrica,Zimbabwe,Australia,NewZealand, ruled. Inthesecolonies,cricketwasestablishedasapopularsporteither to export.IttookrootonlyincountriesthattheBritishconqueredand British empire.Thepre-industrialoddnessofcricketmadeitahardgame colonial game,limitedtocountriesthathadoncebeenpartofthe international games,playedallovertheworld,cricketremaineda While someEnglishteamgameslikehockeyandfootballbecame 148 The onlyIndiansinthepicture seem tobetheservantsseennearpavilion. the Himalayas. Fig.10 –Aleisurelygameforrecreation, beingplayedagainstthebackdropof 2 The 2 The 2 The 2 The 2 The W est IndiesandK S SSSS pread of pread of pread of pread of pread of en y a) orb mulattos y localelitesw C CCCC ricket ricketricketricketricket . So ho w From: recreation notcompetition. well asexercise.Menandwomencouldplaygamestogetherfor Notice howtheartisttriestoshowthatgamewasforrecreationas Fig.9 –AnafternoonoftennisintheplainscolonialIndia. 2018-19 anted tocop Graphic , February1880. y the African descent Mulattos –Peopleofmixed Europeanand New words from 1721,anaccountofrecreational cricketplayedbyEnglishsailor religion. Thefirstrecordwe haveofcricketbeingplayedinIndiais Cricket incolonialIndiawas organisedontheprincipleofraceand 2.1 Cricket,RaceandReligion divided IndiansinthedaysofRaj. in Indiadevelopedandtogetasenseoftheloyalties thatunitedand choose sides?Weturntohistoryforanswers,discover howcricket in theabsenceofregionalornationalteams,how did cricketfans represent IndiainaTestmatch.Sohowwereteams organisedand, and itwasnottill1932thatanationalteamgiven therightto class cricket,teamswerenotorganisedongeographicalprinciples nationalist loyalties.ButthroughtheearlyhistoryofIndianfirst- in BhopalorChennaifeelinvolvedasIndians–theyaremovedby India playsAustralia,thespectatorswatchingmatchontelevision spectators dependsonwhichcitytheycomefromorsupport.When Ranji TrophymatchwhenDelhiplaysMumbai,theloyaltyof Cricket fansknowthatwatchingamatchinvolvestakingsides.In bring aboutWestIndianunification. Test cricketistheonlyexceptiontoaseriesofunsuccessfulefforts Indian teamthatrepresentstheCaribbeanregionininternational dominions the WestIndiescricketteamrepresentednotonenationbutseveral team wasin1960whenFrankWorrellnamedcaptain.Andtwo, white player.ThefirsttimeablackplayerledtheWestIndiesTest victory. One,theWestIndianteamthatwonwascaptainedbya equals ofwhiteEnglishmen.Thereweretwoironiestothisgreat a wayofdemonstratingthatWestIndianswerethe 1950, itwascelebratedasanationalachievement, Indies wonitsfirstTestseriesagainstEnglandin respect andinternationalstanding.WhentheWest Eric Williamssawinthegameachanceforself- of CaribbeancountrieslikeForbesBurnhamand of theirindependencemanythepoliticalleaders of racialequalityandpoliticalprogress.Atthetime in theCaribbean.Successatcricketbecameameasure in theWestIndies,gamebecamehugelypopular Despite theexclusivenessofwhitecricketelite dominated bywhiteelites. and parks,clubcrickettillaslatethe1930swas amount ofinformalcricketonbeaches,inbackalleys thatlaterbecameindependentcountries.Thepan-West carved outofroughbitswood. In contrasttoFigure10,noticethehome-madewicketsandbat, Indians inavillagetheHimalayas(1894). Fig.11 –Arough-and-readycricketgamebeingplayedby 2018-19 s the controlofBritish crown Dominion –Self-governing areasunder New words Indies. cricketers oftheWest One ofthebest-known Fig.12 –LearieConstantine. 149
History and Sport: The Story of Cricket India and the Contemporary World communities andgavethemselves thecreditforunifyingsub They sawitasacollection ofcastesandracesreligious Gymkhana. TheBritishdid notconsidercolonialIndiaasanation. gathering fundsandsupport foraHinduGymkhanaandanIslam religious community.Bythe1890s,HindusandMuslims werebusy other Indianswhointurnestablishedclubsbased ontheideaof The establishmentoftheParsiGymkhanabecame a Dadabhai Naoroji. great Parsistatesmanandintellectual lucky tohaveamongstitsearlyleadersthe Congress in1885,anorganisationthatwas foundation oftheIndianNational at cricketin1889,justfouryearsafterthe A ParsiteambeattheBombayGymkhana ending forthesepioneersofIndiancricket. racist BombayGymkhanahadahappy The rivalrybetweentheParsisand their owngymkhanatoplaycricketin. their whitecompatriots,theParsisbuilt authorities wereprejudicedinfavourof When itbecameclearthatthecolonial Bombay Gymkhanadugupthesurface. that theparkwasleftunfitforcricketbecausepoloponiesof Parsi cricketersovertheuseofapublicpark.TheParsiscomplained quarrel betweentheBombayGymkhana,awhites-onlyclub,and India offerednohelptotheenthusiasticParsis.Infact,therewasa businessmen liketheTatasandWadias.Thewhitecricketelitein Bombay in1848.Parsiclubswerefundedandsponsoredby founded thefirstIndiancricketclub,OrientalCricketClubin in tradeandthefirstIndiancommunitytowesternise,Parsis Brought intoclosecontactwiththeBritishbecauseoftheirinterest the gamewassmallcommunityofZoroastrians,Parsis. be foundinBombayandthefirstIndiancommunitytostartplaying The originsofIndiancricket,thatis,cricketplayedbyIndiansareto not meanttoplayit.Buttheydid. Indians wereconsideredtohavenotalentforthegameandcertainly from thestrangeness,discomfortanddangeroftheirstayinIndia. privacy oftheseclubswasmorethanjustfun:italsoanescape servants inall-whiteclubsandgymkhanas.Playingcricketthe was almostwhollyasportplayedbyBritishmilitarymenandcivil established in1792.Throughtheeighteenthcentury,cricketIndia in Cambay.ThefirstIndianclub,theCalcuttaCricketClub,was 150 Note thatalongwiththetraditionalcricketflannels,they wear Parsicaps. in 1886. Fig.13 –TheParsiteam,thefirstIndiancricketteamto tour England 2018-19 precedent for - provides reasontorepeat it Precedent –Previousaction which New word died withtheRaj. which thePentangularwasbuilt.Ita colonial stateanditsdivisiveconceptionofIndiawas therockon not untilIndependencediditproperlyreplacethePentangular. The Championship (laternamedtheRanjiTrophy),was establishedbut rival first-classtournamentonregionallines,theNational Cricket when nationalistsweretryingtouniteIndia’sdiverse population.A communally divisivecompetitionthatwasoutof place inatime figure, MahatmaGandhi,condemnedthePentangularasa commentator A.F.S.TalyarkhanandIndia’smostrespectedpolitical newspaper the of thePentangulartournament.Thedistinguishededitor leaders hadbeguntocriticizetheracialandcommunalfoundations By thelate1930sandearly1940s,journalists,cricketerspolitical For example,VijayHazare,aChristian,playedfortheRest. comprised allthecommunitiesleftover,suchasIndianChristians. the Pentangularwhenafifthteamwasadded,namely,Rest,which Europeans, theParsis,HindusandMuslims.Itlaterbecame the Quadrangular,becauseitwasplayedbyfourteams: do, butreligiouscommunities.Thetournamentwasinitiallycalled did notrepresentregions,asteamsintoday’sRanjiTrophycurrently colonial India’sgreatestandmostfamousfirst-classcrickettournament organised oncommunalandraciallines.Theteamsthatplayed This historyofgymkhanacricketledtofirst-classbeing letter shows,morelikelytobeapproved. the communalcategoriesfavouredbycolonialstatewere,asthis religious communitiesasseparatenationalities.Applicationsthatused added). Itisobviousfromthisletterthatcolonialofficialsregarded Gymkhana hasbeenestablished…byeach to refusetheseapplicants;butIwill…anymoregrantsoncea application fromsomeHinduGymkhana…Idon’tseehowweare wrote: ‘…wecanbecertainthatinashorttimeshallgetsimilar application fromtheIslamGymkhanaforlandonBombay’sseafront Governor oftheBombayPresidencywhiledealingwithan was quicktorecognisecommunalinstitutions.Forexample,the community becausethecolonialstateencouragedthesedivisionsand and movementswereorganisedaroundtheideaofreligious continent. Inthelatenineteenthcentury,manyIndianinstitutions kept outoftheteam,buthewas neverallowedtotakeoverascaptain. A Dalit,Baloo’senormouscricketing talentmadesurethathecouldnotbe Fig.14 –PalwankarBaloo(1904). Bombay Chronicle, S.A. Brelvi,thefamousradio colonial tournamentandit nationality ’. (emphasis 2018-19 Box 1 Ramachandra Guha. A CornerofaForeignFieldby is theprophecyofMahatma.’ Untouchability wouldleadtoswaraj–which magnificent victoryisthatremovalof be safelydrawnfromtheHindus’ captain theHinduteam.Themoralthatcan a memberoftheUntouchableClassto Mr Baloo–premierbowlerofIndiawhois Gymkhana inappointingMrVithal,brotherof to thejudiciousandboldstepofHindu ‘The Hindus’brilliantvictorywasduemore Gandhiji’s waron‘untouchability’: connection betweentheHindus’victoryand Writing toanewspapercricketfanmade famous victoryagainsttheEuropeans. Hindus in1923andledtheteamtoa a batsmandidbecomecaptainofthe against him.Buthisyoungerbrother and upper-casteselectorsdiscriminated of theHindusbecausehewasbornaDalit greatest playerhewasnevermadecaptain of thecolonialperiod.Despitebeingtheir Quadrangular He playedfortheHindusin greatest Indianslowbowlerofhistime. allowed toplay 1875. BornatatimewhenIndiansweren’t Palwankar BaloowasborninPoona Caste andcricket , themajorcrickettournament T est cricket,hewasthe , V ithal, 151
History and Sport: The Story of Cricket India and the Contemporary World Source C cricket forIndiawhiletheirsdidnot.EventhoughNayuduwaspasthis forgotten becausehiscareerlastedlongenoughforhimtoplayTest contemporaries likePalwankarVithalandBaloohavebeen his time,livesoninthepopularimaginationwhensomeofgreat to playTestcricket.C.K.Nayudu,anoutstandingIndianbatsmanof Pentangular andtheQuadrangulararethosewhowerefortunateenough country. TheplayersIndianfansrememberfromtheeraof in thememoriesofcricket’spublic,arethosewhohaveplayedfortheir between nationalteams.Theplayerswhobecomefamous,liveon Modern cricketisdominatedbyTestsandone-dayinternationals,played 152 3 The 3 The 3 The 3 The 3 The Letter toLazarus,17April 1915, agriculturists, thattheyare strangerstothesegames,andtheyarethesalt oftheearth?’ consideration thatthevast majorityofmankindwhoarevigorousinbody andmindaresimple games mayhavetheirplace undercertaincircumstances….Whydowenot takethesimplefactinto statement. Ourcolonial-bornIndiansarecarried awaywiththisfootballandcricketmania.These and farms.Iwouldurgeyoutothinkthisover youwillfindinnumerableillustrationstoprovemy service. Suchbodiesarenotmade,inmyopinion, onthefootballfield.Theyaremadecornfields ‘ Speech atMahindraCollege,24November1927, they areinexpensive,becausethecostispractically nexttonothing’ cricket orfootball,alsoasmuchattendedwithrisks asfootballis,butwiththeaddedadvantagethat games. Iknowthatweha national games,Iwouldurgeuponyouthatyours isaninstitutionthatshouldleadinrevivingold cricket andfootballdescendeduponyoursacredsoil, yourboysweredevoidofallgames.Ifyouhave ‘I should,howev ‘What IsEducation’ education inthissense. student acquiresuchph and itcanwieldthem…Awell-trainedbodydoesnotgettiredintrudging30miles….Doesthe feet candoan body willbestrongbutnottr crick ‘Now letusexamineourbody education andsportexpressedbyThomasArnoldorHughes(SourceA). Read thefollowingthreeextractsfromMahatmaGandhi’swritingandcontrastthemtoideason than thesimpleexerciseofthosewhoworkedonland. were fortheprivileged,hebelieved.Theyshowedacolonialmindsetandlesseffectiveeducation the Britishandwerereplacingtr mind. Howev Mahatma Gandhibelievedthatsportwasessentialforcreatingabalancebetweenthebodyand Mahatma Gandhiandcolonialsport A soundbodymeansonewhichbendsitselftothe spiritandisalw et foranhourev M M M MM odern odern odern odern odern er y desiredwork.Apickax , heoftenemphasisedthatgameslik er , beex , 26F ery da T TTTT ransformation ofthe ransformation ofthe ’ ransformation ofthe ransformation ofthe ransformation ofthe ebruary 1926, ysical culture?W ceedingly surprisedandev v e inIndiaman y? Itdoes,certainly ained. Atr . Arewesupposedtocultiv TheCollectedWorksofMahatma Gandhi, aditional games.Suchgamesascrick e, ashov The CollectedWorksofMahatmaGandhi, ained bodyishealth y nobleindigenousgamesjustasinterestingandex e canassertthatmoderncurriculadonotimpartph 2018-19 el, ahammer , buildupthebody The CollectedWorksofMahatmaGandhi. e cricketandhock en painfullysurprised,ifIweretoldthatbefore ate thebodyb , etc.arelik G GGGG y , vigorousandsinewy ame ameameameame . Lik ey wereimportedintoIndiab et, hock a e ornamentstoatr ys areadyinstrumentatits e awildhorse,howev y pla V ol. 14. ying tennis,footballor ey V , footballandtennis ol. 34. . Thehandsand ained hand citing as er ysical , the y authorities tocancelatour by SouthAfricain1970. combined withliberalfeeling inBritainandforcedtheEnglishcricket Africa appliedbythenewly decolonisednationsofAsiaandAfrica That onlycametopasswhenthepoliticalpressure to isolateSouth necessary powerintheICCtodebarthatcountryfrom Testcricket. the WestIndiesboycottedSouthAfrica,buttheydid nothavethe country inTestmatches.Test-playingnationslikeIndia, Pakistanand up themajorityofSouthAfrica’spopulation)from representing that segregation with SouthAfrica,araciststatethatpractised policy ofracial countries, AustraliaandNewZealand,continuedto play Testcricket seen fromthefactthatEnglandandotherwhitecommonwealth The colonialflavourofworldcricketduringthe1950sand1960scanbe England andAustraliascrappedinfavourofequalmembership. of vetooveritsproceedings.Nottill1989wastheprivilegedposition foundation members,EnglandandAustralia,whichretainedtheright International CricketConferenceaslate1965,wasdominatedbyits business ofthe British empire,theregulationofinternationalcricketremained Even afterIndianindependencekick-startedthedisappearanceof imperial Britaintobereflectedintheorganisationofworldcricket. happen atonce;ittookawhilefortherelativeunimportanceofpost- international politicsand,inevitably,sportingmatters.Butthisdidnot to thedeclineofBritishinfluenceintrade,commerce,militaryaffairs, India in1947andcontinuedforthenexthalfacentury.Thisprocessled empires becameindependentnations,beganwiththeindependenceof Decolonisation, ortheprocessthroughwhichdifferentpartsofEuropean 3.1 DecolonisationandSport Indies teamwereBritishcoloniestillwellaftertheSecondWorldWar. the smallcountriesofCaribbeanthattogethermakeupWest a whitesettlercolony,notevenself-governingdominion.Similarly, Test wasplayedbetweenEnglandandAustraliawhenstill different partsoftheBritishempire,notsovereignnations.Thefirst cricket fromitsoriginsin1877wasorganisedasacontestbetween before itbecameanindependentnation.ThiswaspossiblebecauseTest India enteredtheworldofTestcricketin1932,adecadeandhalf because hewasthecountry’sfirstTestcaptain. England startingin1932,hisplaceIndia’scrickethistoryisassured cricketing primewhenheplayedforIndiainitsfirstTestmatchesagainst which,amongotherthings,barrednon-whites(whomade Imperial CricketConferenceICC.TheICC,renamedthe 2018-19 basis ofcolourorrace Segregation –Separation(of people)onthe New words 153
History and Sport: The Story of Cricket India and the Contemporary World pla 1971 wasalandmarkyearbecausethefirstone-dayinternational was notablefortheexclusionofSouthAfricafrominternationalcricket, time whenatraditionalgameevolvedtofitchangingworld.If1970 T 154 multi-national televisioncompanies createdaglobalmarketforcricket. The technologyofsatellite televisionandtheworldwidereachof their her where top-levelcricketwasplayed,couldnowwatchand learnbyimitating to watchinternationalcricketbecausetheylivedoutside thebigcities, cric g T r made ev rights totele cele tele sums of selling tele g dr lights Coloured dr the g a innovations heintroducedduringthistimetomakecricketmore ‘circus’ asitwasthendescribedfoldedupaftertwoyears,the internationals underthenameofWorldSeriesCricket.WhilePacker’s boards andforabouttwoyearsstagedunofficialTestsOne-Day the w making potentialof Kerry Packer,anAustraliantelevisiontycoonwhosawthemoney- by aplayerorcricketadministrator,butbusinessman. cele Cup beingsuccessfullystagedin1975.Then1977,evenascricket popularity of 4 Commerce,MediaandCricket 4 Commerce,MediaandCricket 4 Commerce,MediaandCricket 4 Commerce,MediaandCricket 4 Commerce,MediaandCricket ang ttr ame b ener ele he 1970sw ov y acti vision audience k br brities w ed betw vision co e of e homethelessontha et’ ame , or a becameastandar a te hug v ted 100y s socialbase y beamingcric ld’ oes mone e totele en lar pr . s leadingcric vision spotstocompaniesw . oducts een Eng ho e r ess er vision companies v thisshor g y toaircommer er e thedecadeinw ev , er sumsof besidesbeingpaidbetterb ear , pr ag vision audiencesendur en , s of e c . fr . Childr otecti ues Contin cric land and k om tyr hang et intosmallto T tened v . k d par Cric eter est ma k v et asatele t cric en w e helmets ed cric mone s a uous tele t of k es tocolas et boar cials f er A g tc k . T . ho hadne thepost-P ainst thewishesof ustr sion of et w hic hes k y b ele et. or theirpr h cric , alia inMelbour vised spor ds becameric as amar theg y makingcommer , wns andvilla vision c Ite f vision cov , ield r ontele theg ed andc xpanded theaudiencef v k ho w ame w er pr et w ac y theircric k k estrictions ame ledtothef hannels mademoneyb oducts tocric eta er g as tr t, er e vision. as c signedupf viousl er b e ha hang ame g h b le g ag es thenationalcric ansf hang ne 2018-19 e madecric . y sellingtele Italsobr ame pp . Cr ed thena . y hadthec k T cials f or , et boar cric y topa ed f uciall he enor , med: w k ifty-one of et’ or hic k ir T TTTT or awide et under st ev oadened s ca y, itw ds oday oday oday oday oday h could P tur y lar W er or the vision k hance , mous ac no pti eter , or e of not as a k k ge ve er ld et w y s understand howitadaptedtoapost-colonialworld. the spreadofacolonialsportthroughitshistory, andtriedto is tomakesenseofchangeovertime.Inthischapterwe havefollowed changes inglobalcommerceandtechnology.Thebusiness ofhistory overshadowed Testcricketintermsofpopularity,and theremarkable paid professional,thetriumphofone-day gameasit smaller changes:thereplacementofgentlemanlyamateurby history thatbroughtaboutthistransformationwasmadeupofmany cricketers inthegame,menforwhomworldisastage.The marketplace hasmadeIndianplayersthebest-paid,mostfamous had tostrugglefindanopenspaceplayin.Today,theglobal One hundredandfiftyyearsagothefirstIndiancricketers,Parsis, the world. and theybecamepartofthetechniqueallbowlers,everywherein continue tobeframedforBritishorAustralianconditionsofplay, In time,itcametobeacceptedthatthelawsofcricketcouldnot saw themasanunderhanded,illegalbendingofthelawscricket. with greatsuspicionbycountrieslikeBritainandAustraliawhich wickets underclearskies.Initially,bothinnovationsweregreeted obsolete heavy modernbatswhowerethreateningtomakefinger-spin continental conditions:thedoosratocounteraggressivebatsmenwith the ‘reverseswing’.Bothskillsweredevelopedinresponsetosub- Pakistan haspioneeredtwogreatadvancesinbowling:the continental teamsincountrieslikeIndia,PakistanandSriLanka. technique inrecentyearshavemainlycomefromthepracticeofsub- away fromtheold,Anglo-Australianaxisisthatinnovationsincricket A moreimportantsignthatthecentreofgravityincrickethasshifted headquarters fromLondontotax-freeDubai. to SouthAsia.ThisshiftwassymbolizedbytheshiftingofICC market inthecricketingworld,game’scentreofgravityshifted for thegameamongstcricket-playingnationsandlargest conclusion byglobalisation.SinceIndiahadthelargestviewership begun bythebreak-upofBritishEmpirewastakentoitslogical fact shiftedthebalanceofpowerincricket:aprocessthathadbeen Matches inSydneycouldnowbewatchedliveSurat.Thissimple and‘reverseswing’tomovetheballinondusty,unresponsive 2018-19 doosra and Obsolete –Nolongerinuse New Words 155
History and Sport: The Story of Cricket India and the Contemporary World 156 Box 3 Box 2 seven goals. played 24Olympicmatches,andwonthemall,scored178goals(atanaverageof7.43permatch)concededonly and 1956,IndiawongoldmedalsinsixconsecutiveOlympicGames.DuringthisgoldenageofIndiandominance, The brillianceandskillofplayerslikethegreatDhyanChandbroughtIndiaastringOlympicgoldmedals.Between1928 Holland bythreegoalstonil. first timein1928.Indiareachedthefinalsdefeating in IndiawasstartedCalcutta1885-1886.representedthehockeycompetitionofOlympicGamesfor Hockey Scottish gamecalledshinty Modern hockeyevolvedfromtraditionalgamesoncecurrentinBrit H From: or totheleft,whichmustbeeffectiveinmeleeofbattle.’ or sabre,othercavalryweapons,aswellafirmerseatinthesaddle,andfacultyofquicklyturningtoright hand ‘As anexercise…formilitarymenthisboldandgracefulsportislikelytogiveincreaseddexterityintheuseoflance England, areportinthe Polo wasgreatlyfavouredasagamesuitableformilitaryandathleticyoungmen.Followingoneoftheearliestgames in Polo playing polo. 1210 A.D.whenheslippedfromhishorse officials. SultanQutubuddinAibakdiedin India andwastakenwestbycolonial Polo isaCentralAsiangamethatcameto (From: IllustratedLondonNews,20July1872) Fig.15 –PoloTravelsWest ockey Illustrated LondonNews , likemanyothermoderngames,wasintroducedintoIndiabytheBritisharmyincolonialtimes. The twoothergoldmedalsforIndiacameinthe1964 Illustrated LondonNews , theEnglishandW , 1872. elsh gamecalledbandyandIrishhurling. declared: Austria, Belgium,DenmarkandSwitzerland.Inthefinals,Indiadefeated 2018-19 ain. T okyo Olympicsandthe1980MoscowOlympics. Amongst it s sportingancestors,hockeycancountthe The firsthockeyclub Q Activities 2. 1. 5. 4. Givebriefexplanationsforthefollowing: 3. ExplainwhycricketbecamepopularinIndiaandtheWestIndies.Canyou 2. Describeonewayinwhichthenineteenthcentury 1. the changes. same waynow how thisgamewasplayedintheirchildhood.Seewhetheritisthe Find outthehistoryofanyonelocalsport. would eachsay?Writeoutaconversationintheformofdialogue. School, andMahatmaGandhionthevalueofcricketineducation.What Imagine aconversationbetween uestions T the developmentofcontemporarycricket? How haveadvancesintechnology Ø Ø Ø Ø give reasonswhyitdidnotbecomepopularincountriesSouth equipment tookplace. about achangeinequipmentandgiveoneexamplewhereno T which itisdifferentfromotherteamgames.Howarethepeculiaritiesof est cricketisauniquegameinmanyways.Discusssomeoftheways est cricketshapedbyit The shiftoftheICCheadquartersfromLondonto Dubai Conference tothe The nameoftheICCwaschangedfrom Mahatma GandhicondemnedthePentangulartournament. in India. The ParsiswerethefirstIndiancommunitytosetupacricketclub . T ry andthinkofthehistoricalforcesthatmightaccountfor International s historicalbeginningsasavillagegame? Thomas , especiallytelevisiontechnology CricketConference. Ask yourp Arnold, theheadmasterofRugby 2018-19 arent , technologybrought s andgrand Imperial America? , af Cricket p arent fected s
? Activities 157
History and Sport: The Story of Cricket India and the Contemporary World 158 2018-19