Silverton Guides Helicopter Ski Terrain Exchange BA

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Silverton Guides Helicopter Ski Terrain Exchange BA Biological Assessment For Federally Listed Species For Silverton Guides Helicopter Ski Terrain Exchange Prepared For: Bureau of Land Management, Gunnison Field Office, Gunnison County, Colorado Prepared By: Reviewed By: Clayton Bowers Katherine Brodhead Rocky Mountain Ecology, LLC Bureau of Land Management 306 Rosalie Dr. 210 West Spencer Ave., Suite A Durango, CO 81301 Gunnison, CO 81230 Date: October 2016 Date: December 2016 Contents INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Purpose ................................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. CONSULTATION HISTORY ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. PROJECT INFORMATION ......................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Location ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Background ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 Proposed Federal Action .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. PROJECT DESIGN CRITERIA .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Landing Zones ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 No Fly Zones .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Typical Flight Corridors ....................................................................................................................................... 4 User Days ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Avalanche Mitigation and Stability Testing ........................................................................................................ 5 EXISTING VEGETATION........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. SPECIES CONSIDERED ............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Discussion Of Effects To Federally-Listed Species ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Downstream Listed Fishes .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Direct, Indirect and Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................................. 7 Determination ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Terrestrial Species ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Canada Lynx ................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Status and Distribution of Lynx in the Analysis Area: ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Anthropogenic Influences Specific to Canada Lynx ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Affected Environment and Environmental Baseline ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Risk Factors Affecting Lynx Productivity .......................................................................................................... 10 Risk Factors Affecting Lynx Mortality ............................................................................................................... 10 Risk Factors Affecting Lynx Movement and Dispersal ..................................................................................... 10 Direct and Indirect Effects ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Cumulative Effects .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Determination ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Canada Lynx Conservation Assessment and Strategy – Conservation Measures ......... Error! Bookmark not defined. North American Wolverine ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Status and Distribution of Wolverine in the Analysis Area: ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined. DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS ............................................................................................................................... 14 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ............................................................................................................................................. 15 DETERMINATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 Uncompahgre Fritillary Butterfly ............................................................................................................................. 15 Direct, Indirect and Cumulative Effects: ........................................................................................................... 15 Determination ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 1. Vicinity Map. ............................................................................................................................................................. 19 Figure 2. Location of Silverton Guides SRP removed and proposed allowable use areas .................................................. 20 Figure 3. Silverton-Lake City linkage area in the Silverton Guides SRP project area.......................................................... 21 Figure 4. Lynx habitat in the Silverton Guides SRP project area .......................................................................................... 22 Silverton Guides Helicopter Ski Terrain Exchange BA I. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this BA is to evaluate the potential effects from the proposed Silverton Guides Helicopter Ski Terrain Exchange project on federally listed fish and wildlife species and candidates for federal listing, as designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The species considered are those that are known to occur or have the potential to occur in San Juan County on Bureau of Land Management land managed by the Gunnison Field Office. A list of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) threatened, endangered, candidate, and proposed wildlife species as well as conservation status, habitat associations, and potential to occur in the analysis area is presented in Table 2. The proposed amendment to Silverton Guides’ helicopter skiing (heli-skiing) Special Recreation Permit (SRP) would change allowable use area (AUAs); including removal, retention, and expansion of areas where heli-skiing is authorized. Overall, there would be a net increase of 10,686 acres authorized for operations. This BA will review proposed activities associated with the exchange in sufficient detail to identify the level of effect that may occur to federally listed species. In 2008, an Environmental Assessment (EA) (and accompanying BA) was completed that analyzed impacts of three alternatives in the project area (Telluride Helitrax Special Recreation Permit EA and Decision Record (CO-800-2006-037-EA)). As part of that analysis, it was determined that the Proposed Action may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect the Canada lynx. All other species analyzed had “no effect” determinations. The current Proposed Action includes the removal of five of the individual ski areas (ski pods) and addition of four ski pods to the Silverton Guides SRP. II. PROPOSED ACTION A. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The BLM is responding to an application by Silverton Guides to exchange terrain that is permitted for heli-skiing under an existing SRP with other terrain on BLM lands. Silverton Guides currently holds an SRP for heli-skiing operations across 14,388 acres within eight ski pods but the requested exchange would remove five pods (5,566 acres), open operations in four new pods (16,252 acres), and retain three pods (Table 1, Figure 2). The purpose of this project is to improve the economic viability of Silverton Guides as an important
Recommended publications
  • (NSAA) Ski Well, Be Well
    SKI WELL, BE WELL SKI AREA OPERATING BEST PRACTICES WINTER 2020-21 FOUNDED IN 1962, THE NATIONAL SKI AREAS ASSOCIATION serves as the trade association for over 320 alpine resorts that account for more than 90 percent of skier/ snowboarder visits nationwide. NSAA is responsible for promoting foundational best practices for the ski industry, including the nationally-accepted Your Responsibility Code, which defines the basic tenets of slope safety. The ski industry’s stable of experts develops best practices for ski, snowboard, and lift safety. OUR COMMITMENT “The ski industry led the business community last spring with our The ski and snowboard industry values and prioritizes responses to the Covid outbreak the health and safety of its guests, staff and local and intends to lead again with communities. We demonstrate this commitment to our providing responsible and safe stakeholders by implementing the following operating outdoor winter recreation for best practices for the 2020-21 winter season, or for as millions of people this next winter.” long as needed, scaled appropriately in response to the Stephen Kircher, CEO/President, COVID-19 pandemic. Boyne Resorts Ski industry leaders from across the country established these foundational best practices according to scientific guidelines put forth by infectious disease experts, including the CDC and WHO. Ski areas will comply with additional federal, state and local regulations as they are implemented. Ski areas are committed to Snowsports are a way for people to play in wide-open supporting healthy and thriving spaces, and to take advantage of the mental and physical local communities. We will continue health benefits of outdoor recreation.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Range of Variability and Current Landscape Condition Analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico
    Historical Range of Variability and Current Landscape Condition Analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico William H. Romme, M. Lisa Floyd, David Hanna with contributions by Elisabeth J. Bartlett, Michele Crist, Dan Green, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, J. Page Lindsey, Kevin McGarigal, & Jeffery S.Redders Produced by the Colorado Forest Restoration Institute at Colorado State University, and Region 2 of the U.S. Forest Service May 12, 2009 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY … p 5 AUTHORS’ AFFILIATIONS … p 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS … p 16 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Objectives and Organization of This Report … p 17 B. Overview of Physical Geography and Vegetation … p 19 C. Climate Variability in Space and Time … p 21 1. Geographic Patterns in Climate 2. Long-Term Variability in Climate D. Reference Conditions: Concept and Application … p 25 1. Historical Range of Variability (HRV) Concept 2. The Reference Period for this Analysis 3. Human Residents and Influences during the Reference Period E. Overview of Integrated Ecosystem Management … p 30 F. Literature Cited … p 34 CHAPTER II. PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS A. Vegetation Structure and Composition … p 39 B. Reference Conditions … p 40 1. Reference Period Fire Regimes 2. Other agents of disturbance 3. Pre-1870 stand structures C. Legacies of Euro-American Settlement and Current Conditions … p 67 1. Logging (“High-Grading”) in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s 2. Excessive Livestock Grazing in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s 3. Fire Exclusion Since the Late 1800s 4. Interactions: Logging, Grazing, Fire, Climate, and the Forests of Today D. Summary … p 83 E. Literature Cited … p 84 CHAPTER III.
    [Show full text]
  • Service Packages 2019–2020
    Service packages 2019–2020 Ski School of the Year in Finland skisaariselka.fi Ski School of the Year in Finland Easy Ski ( 3h / Day ) Valid 23.11.2019 – Duration 3 hours Day Group Size 2–10 persons Suitable for • Groups for beginner, Intermediate, advanced • Minimum age for skiing 5 years, for snowboarding 7 years Pre-Booking • Pre-booking required by 16:00 o’clock on previous day. Operated • Daily at 10:15, 12:00, 14:15 • Meeting 30 minutes before the lesson Easy Ski at Saariselkä Ski & Sport Resort Service Centre (Kullanhuuhtojantie 1) All-inclusive Alpine or Snowboarding experience Includes • 90 minutes of ski or snowboard instruc- tion in a group Do you want to try Alpine skiing or Snowboarding safely for the • Equipment set (skis, ski boots & poles very first time, or improve your existing skills on the slopes? You or snowboard & boots) for a full day or 3 hours can easily get to Saariselkä Ski & Sport Resort with SkiBus or by • Lift pass for 3 hours or a full day. foot – and once you get to the Service Centre, our staff will help • Access to WinterPark activities during you all the way. Our praised and certified ski- and snowboard the validity of lift pass instructors guide you from selecting and using the equipment Additional Participants are expected to have warm to learning basic techniques and giving tips on how to keep information winter clothing and gloves. Snow wear (overalls, jackets and pants) are available practicing on your own. Book our Easy-package for additional for rent and beanies, gloves and balaclavas days for a greater learning experience! are for sale at our Ski Shop for an extra fee.
    [Show full text]
  • Our Treasured San Juan Skyway Turns 25
    Our Treasured San Juan Skyway Turns 25 ~~~ Ideas & Opportunities for the Future December 2014 Table of Contents Topic Page(s) Background 3 History, Successes and Past Collaboration 4-6 Public Engagement 6-8 Needs, Issues, Ideas for Action, and Opportunities 8-15 -Scenery and Visual Resources Management 8 -Preservation of Cultural and Historic Resources 9 -Infrastructure Improvements and Safety 10 -Opportunities for Joint Marketing and Promotion 12 -Way-Showing, Signage and Interpretation 14 -Other Comments and Ideas 15 Where to go from here? 16-18 Attachments A Sample Meeting Agenda B Meeting Notes from Mancos, Ridgway and Durango Meetings C Goals and “Take Aways” from the 2/26/13 Meeting in Ridgway for the San Juan Skyway Hosted by the Colorado Scenic and Historic Byways Program D Executive Summary of “A Framework for Way-Showing” – San Juan Skyway, June 2013 Accompanying this report is a progress report towards completion of projects identified in the San Juan Skyway Corridor Management Plan, completed in the mid-1990s. 1 | Page This report is being released by the San Juan Public Lands (USFS) and Montezuma Land Conservancy. These two organizations are currently serving as interim contacts for Skyway planning. The author is Marsha Porter-Norton, a regional consultant, who was hired to engage the communities along the Skyway at its 25th anniversary. This report follows and accompanies several plans that were done in the 1990s and 2000s related to the San Juan Skyway. Thanks go out to the Colorado Scenic and Historic Byways Program and to all the stakeholders and participants who gave input and time.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology of Selected Ski Lifts Notes for 2001 Exhibit, New England Ski Museum Jeff Leich
    Chronology of Selected Ski Lifts Notes for 2001 Exhibit, New England Ski Museum Jeff Leich The following notes on ski lifts are intended to aid in the development of a Ski Museum exhibit. In many cases it is unclear from the sources referenced below exactly when a particular lift was installed or first operated. It is also probable that sources with data on certain early ski lifts was not located. It is therefore not possible to compare opening dates to determine which lift was "the first" of its kind to operate; rather, this chronology is intended to indicate the general sequence of the development of early ski lifts of the stated types. 1870 Eureka Mine ore tramway used to transport miners for skiing (Allen, 109, 203 note 22--Vallejo CA Sunday Times Herald, 12-13-1870). "For example, the ore bucket of the Plumas Eureka Mine at Johnsville (CA) was converted on Sundays into the world's first ski tow. It was operated by steam". (Gould, p 136 (ref to Vallejo CA Sunday Times Herald, 12-13-1870). 1896 Riblet Tramways Company of Spokane, WA begins designing mining tramways (Gilbert, p. 2). 1907 Sightseeing four-passenger gondola built in Silver Plume, CO; torn down for scrap metal about 1914 (Gilbert, p. 2). 1907 "Sled lifts had been employed on the slopes of Bodele in the Voralberg region of Austria as early as 1907" (Gilbert, p. 4). 1908 Haulback tows used in Europe as early as 1908 (Allen, 109, note 20 on pg 203, from patent application, March 16, 1908). 1910 "A tow to haul toboggans was ready for the Truckee CA carnival in 1910 and then was used later by skiers following the formation of the Truckee Ski Club in 1913".
    [Show full text]
  • Fernie-Based Skier Visits 78 of Alberta and Bc's Smallest
    AROUND BC FERNIE-BASED SKIER VISITS 78 OF ALBERTA AND BC’S SMALLEST SKI HILLS By DOC POW, The criteria for ski hill classification was founder of SnowSeekers.ca any hill with a lift, whether it was a chairlift, T-bar, or — in Allsopp and my case for the ifelong pals Greg Scott from Alpine 78th — a diesel-powered engine with a metal Canada and one of this country’s most towrope attached. Lpassionate skiers, Ted Allsopp, were “People would be amazed at how many on a chairlift comparing notes about who had great little ski hills there are out there,” says skied more places. Allsopp. Scott had been part of the ski race scene To ensure accuracy, Allsopp developed for nearly 30 years, while Allsopp — aka Ted a spreadsheet and a map, and used the Shred — made his livelihood elsewhere in the Canada West Ski Areas Association list. His industry, founding Downhill Riders, a ski and enthusiasm for the project was non-stop. snowboard adventure travel company almost Allsopp’s buddy Scott was impressed with 40 years ago, and Northern Escape Heli- his tenacity. Skiing in Terrace, BC, 10 years ago. “I thought I had a leg up on Ted after The conversation evolved into a dare. Scott working with ski resorts, Alberta Alpine and middle of British Columbia’s wilds. laid down the challenge to Allsopp — ski Alpine Canada, but Ted was like a dog with An hour’s drive east of Bella Coola and a every resort big and small in Alberta and BC. a bone to get to every one,” he says.
    [Show full text]
  • Doppelmayr Installs a High-Performance Funifor in The
    June 2006 No. 169 • 31st Year The Doppelmayr stand at SAM in Grenoble recorded outstanding visitor numbers. Funitel with big wheel 6-CLD-B Hexenboden with seat heating The Galzig tramway in St. Anton am Arlberg, Austria, is to be replaced p.2 in Zürs p.4 Funifor to the Portavescovo Doppelmayr installs a high-performance Funifor in the Dolomites p.8 Another Doppelmayr lift for the Espace Killy Doppelmayr builds the third chairlift in two years in Tignes p.10 Enhanced safety with RPD Damage avoidance with the Rope Position Detection System p.18 Magazine for Customers and Employees 2 Doppelmayr/Garaventa Group New Funitel for St. Anton As from winter 2006, a The project started off with the need to people from Doppelmayr then hit on the Funitel is to replace the replace the proven but aging Galzig idea of a kind of paternoster. reversible tram1. Needless to say, the old Galzigbahn in new lift was to offer greater comfort. The World first: St. Anton am Arlberg. The two-storey bottom station, in particular, Big wheel for a gondola lift new Galzigbahn will be a no longer met present-day requirements. unique technological and Skiers had to access the cabin via a This idea finally evolved into a big wheel flight of stairs, which could be a rather la- solution for a gondola lift: the gondolas architectural solution: the borious trek for people wearing clumpy enter at the top level, are taken down to most striking feature is the ski boots. the level below by means of a big wheel two eight-and-a-half-meter To facilitate access for skiers, the initial and then follow a gentle curve through idea was to provide an escalator.
    [Show full text]
  • 8-Seater Chairlift in Europe's Biggest Ski Region Even Greater Comfort On
    January 2009 No. 177 • 34th Year Several new Doppelmayr lifts have gone into operation in the “SkiWelt” of the Kitzbühel Alps. p.10 8-seater chairlift in Europe’s biggest ski region Hintertux now has three Funitels. The key Enhanced comfort and less congestion in Portes du Soleil/Champéry. p.2 factor in deciding on the Funitel chain Even greater comfort on Seiser Alm was the system’s high wind stability. p.6 A new 6-CLD-B significantly improves the lift infrastructure. p.4 World first for children A new chairlift concept for children is put into practice in Serfaus, Tyrol. p.18 Jackson Hole replaces its famous “red box” The emblem is retained – and modernized. p.20 Sheregesh ski region in Siberia goes up in the world This up and coming region gets a boost from its new 4-CLD. p.22 8-seater gondola lift in central China Private investor builds ropeway in Shirenshan. p.23 Magazine for Customers and Employees 2 Doppelmayr/Garaventa Group The 8-seater chairlift to the sun In 2008, Garaventa built Director storm destroyed the forests and the lo- a high-capacity 8-seater Raymond cal authorities wanted to put the wood Monay: The from the fallen trees to good use by con- chairlift in the Swiss part relationship structing holiday chalets. It was not long of the French-speaking ski of trust before the first surface lift was erected, resort of Portes du Soleil, between Télé and subsequently the entire region be- Europe’s biggest ski area. Champéry- tween Champéry and Les Crosets was Crosets Portes opened up with ski lifts and trails.
    [Show full text]
  • Spokane's Riblet Tramways Got Us to The
    Fall 2015 SPOKANE’S RIBLET TRAMWAYS GOT US TO THE TOP With more than 450 Riblet chairlifts once in use, most widely recognized that first season. Sun Valley gained ex- anyone who skied in the 1960s, ‘70s, or ‘80s could say they posure through the railroad’s promotion efforts and also rode a Riblet. by its bringing some of the world’s best ski racers to Sun However, for its first 40 years, beginning in 1896, Riblet Valley during that 1936-37 season to compete in an event Tramways of Spokane, Wash., was a world leader in design- that would later be known as the Harriman Cup. ing and building aerial tramways for mining. Skiing was in its Riblet enters the ski market future, but Riblet wasn’t the first on the scene. Although Sun Valley was built during the heart of the By 1936, aerial tramways and railway funiculars already Depression, the national economy continued to falter, were popular at select European ski resorts, and, while those and, for Riblet, that meant there were fewer investments types of lift systems were admired and desired by Americans, in mining. In 1939, the company took a chance in bid- they rarely made it past the drawing table ding on a government-funded chair- in this country. The development of such lift project at Mt. Hood’s Timberline uphill conveyances required investment, Lodge. Riblet won the bid and built hard to come by in the Depression-era the highly acclaimed “Magic Mile” economy of the 1930s. single chairlift there (and, 23 years Luckily, such development also re- later, built its double-chair replace- quired engineering innovation, an abun- ment).
    [Show full text]
  • TAR Sjaparticle19/4
    TAR SJAParticle19/5 The San Juan Avalanche Project - FOR THE AVALANCHE REVIEW 19/5 By Don Bachman [email protected] 406.587.3830 (Authors note: This article is edited and expanded from one first published January, 2001 in the Silverton Mountain Journal (issue 21/volume 1), and includes a separate examination of the Alternative Methods Project. I am indebted for review and suggestions by Richard Armstrong and Ed LaChapelle.) Prolog: In early May of 1971, I was detailed by the University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), to Silverton, Colorado in the western San Juan Mountains. I arrived with a State purchase order and instructions to locate a house of suitable size to establish an office and living quarters for a newly funded avalanche research project. Most information in small towns can be found in a bar or the Post Office. I wisely visited the Post Office first and asked the clerk about the rental market. As luck would have it, she and her husband had a substantial Main Street house on the market and would love to rent the State of Colorado for as long as we could use it. A task I expected would take a week, took ten minutes. That night I stopped at the Grand Imperial Hotel to listen in on a busy mountain community of 850 people supported by the employment of two large metal mines, the Sunnyside and Idarado. I wasn't long on the bar stool before two fellows got up from a table and sandwiched me, right and left with the admonition from the big one on the right of "…we don't allow no @#$%^&*~ hippies in here".
    [Show full text]
  • Scenic Colorado – One Week
    Denver Round-Trip Scenic Colorado – one week Driving Distance: 1100 driving miles Driving Time: 25 Hours Approx Recommended Trip: 7 Days Day 1: Leaving Denver, head towards Estes Park, the entrance to Rocky Mountain National Park. Drive along Trail Ridge Road/Beaver Meadow Road, a designated All-American Road and one of the few paved roads in North America that leads to a high, alpine glacier basin. This scenic byway the National Park from Estes Park to Grand Lake. Continue on towards Central City, where your host tonight will be the local KOA campground. As you cross the Continental Divide at 11,307-ft Berthoud Pass, there are great views into lower elevations. Take the evening to explore the historic Central City where Colorado’s first gold rush kicked off in 1859. Day 2: Today you’ll drive towards Grand Junction. This drive offers the full spectrum of the grandeur of Colorado’s Rocky Mountains. As you pass through the Glenwood Canyon be sure to stop at the Hanging Lake Falls and the Hot Springs Pool. Tonight you’ll be staying at the Grand Junction /Clifton KOA. Day 3: Drive to Cortez today. Don’t take the direct way, but rather the Grand Mesa Scenic and Historic Byway following Highway 65, one of only 14 officially designated National Scenic Byways. You’ll be going through Grand Mesa National Forest with its semiarid environment and little vegetation. The road climbs through pine forests allowing a great view from 11,000 feet above sea level. Later this route will take you along the edge of the Uncompahgre Plateau and the San Juan National Forest, always following San Juan Skyway, the second All-American Road on this tour.
    [Show full text]
  • The Coleopteran Fauna of Sultan Creek-Molas Lake Area with Special Emphasis on Carabidae and How the Geological Bedrock Influenc
    THE COLEOPTERAN FAUNA OF SULTAN CREEK-MOLAS LAKE AREA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON CARABIDAE AND HOW THE GEOLOGICAL BEDROCK INFLUENCES BIODIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN THE SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS, SAN JUAN COUNTY, COLORADO Melanie L. Bergolc A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2009 Committee: Daniel Pavuk, Advisor Kurt Panter Graduate Faculty Representative Jeff Holland Rex Lowe Moira van Staaden © 2009 Melanie L. Bergolc All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Daniel Pavuk, Advisor Few studies have been performed on coleopteran (beetle) biodiversity in mountain ecosystems and relating them to multiple environmental factors. None of the studies have examined geologic influences on beetle communities. Little coleopteran research has been performed in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The main objectives of this study were to catalog the coleopteran fauna of a subalpine meadow in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado and investigate the role geology had in the community structure of the Carabidae (ground beetles). The study site, a 160,000 m2 plot, was located near Sultan Creek and Molas Lake in San Juan County, Colorado. Five sites were in each bedrock formation: Molas, Elbert, and Ouray-Leadville. Insects were collected via pitfall trapping in 2006 and 2007, and identified by comparison with museum specimens, museum and insect identification websites, and by taxonomic experts. Biological and physical factors were recorded for each site: detritus cover and weight, plant cover and height, plant species richness, aspect, elevation, slope, soil temperature, pH, moisture, and compressive strength, and sediment size distribution.
    [Show full text]