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Classification of Flowers As Gleaned from Ancient Indian Literature and Culture

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Classification of Flowers As Gleaned from Ancient Indian Literature and Culture 180 Botanicals for integrated pest management Full-Length paper Asian Agri-History Vol. 20, No. 3, 2016 (181-199) 181 Emimal Victoria E. 2010. Pest infestation on juice in two dipteran pests. Agricultural and Classification of Flowers as Gleaned from Ancient the biochemical modulation of Adhatoda Forest Entomology 8:16. Indian Literature and Culture vasica. Journal of Biopesticides 3(2): 413 419. Rohit Sharma, Gulab S. Thakur, Bhagwan Singh Sanodiya, Ashish Savita, Mukeshwar KG Sheshadri Kwasi Opoku Boadu, Samuel Ko Tulashie, Pandey, Anjana Sharma, and Prakash Bisen. Michael Akro Anang, and Jerome Desire 2012. Therapeutic potential of Calotropis RMV Clusters, Phase2, Block2, 5th oor, Flat No.503, Devinagar, Lottegollahalli, Bengaluru Kpan. 2011. Production of natural insecticide procera: a giant milkweed. IOSR Journal of 560094, Karnataka, India (email: [email protected]) from Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica). Asian Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 4(2): Journal of Plant Science and Research 4257. 1(4):3338. Singh RN and Sharatchandra B. 2005. The Abstract Madhumathy AP, AliAshraf Aivazi and development of botanical products with special Nature's diversity has fascinated humans from the ancient times. Plant and Animal diversity Vijayan VA. 2007. Larvicidal efcacy of reference to seriecosystem. Caspian Journal Capsicum annum against Anopheles stephensi of Environmental Sciences 3(1): 18. constitutes the foundation for sustainable livelihoods and happiness. Among plants, it is the and Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Vector ower that is the most attractive part which bewitches with its beautiful harmony, colors and Borne Diseases 44: 223226. Subbalakshmi Lokanadhan, Muthukrishnan fragrance, and thus symbolizing the blossoming of Universal Consciousness and the smile of P, and Jeyaraman S. 2012. Neem products and spirit hidden in Nature. Poets of ancient India have described the glory and beauty of these Misra HP. 2014. Role of botanicals, their agricultural applications. Journal of owers in their works. As the six seasons constitute the year, different owers display their biopesticides and bioagents in integrated pest Biopesticides 5(Supplementary): 7276. beauty by blooming at different times. Importance of owers was recognized since ancient management. Odisha review. pp. 6267. Suresh Kumar P, Suresh E, and Kalavathy S. times and was classied based on many factors. These modes of classication have been Nandre BN, Bakliwal SR, Rane BR and 2013. Review on a potential herb Calotropis discussed from Vedic period to the PostVedic texts and are presented in this paper. Flowers Pawar SP. 2012. A Review on Adhatoda gigantea (L.) R. Br. Scholars Academic have therapeutic uses, religious uses and other general uses. Several texts are devoted only to vasica. Pharma Science Monitor An Journal of Pharmacy 2(2):135143. them in the epics, Ayurvedic texts as well as those dealing with owers. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(4): 32323245. Vishal Kumar, Chandrashekar K, and Sidhu Ancient Indian sages had commendable Flowers in Vedic and Epic texts Om Prakash. 2006. Efcacy of karanjin and knowledge of the Plant kingdom of India. Nirmal SA, Shashikant R Pattan, Shaikh different extracts of Pongamia pinnata against They had an intimate knowledge of habitat, Even as early as Rigveda (RV) (Arya and selected insect pests. Journal of Entomology MH, Dhasade VV, and Mandal Subhash C. form, color, varieties, fragrances, and uses of Joshi, 2005), several owers are 2009. An overview of Lantana camara: Research 30(2): 103108. different owers. People adored these mentioned. RV [10.84.3] mentions that chemistry and pharmacological prole. Ashvinikumaras wore a garland of lotus Pharmacology online newsletter 3: 520531. Veena BK and Shivani Maurya. 2012. owers and also used them for worshipping B i o l o g i c a l u t i l i t i e s o f Pa r t h e n i u m Gods. They were also used in various rituals, owers. The Goddess Sri is mentioned as Pandey DK. 2009. Allelochemicals in hysterophorus. Journal of Applied and Natural ceremonies, feasts and festivals that Indian b e i n g b o r n o u t o f a l o t u s Parthenium in response to biological activity Science 4 (1): 137143. literature is replete with their use and (Padmasambhava), being lotus eyed and the environment. Indian Journal of Weed properties (Kashyap, 2001). The Art of (Padmaakshi) and having color of lotus Science 41(3&4): 111123. Vijayalakshmi K, Radha KS, and Vandana (Padminivarna). Several owers such as Shiva. 1995. Neem: A User's Manual. Centre making garlands using owers was one of Plaksha (g tree), Kasturi (wild turmeric Prasad TV. 2011. Objective Entomology. for Indian Knowledge Systems, Chennai.96 pp. the 64 arts that enhanced the beauty of the owers), Brahmi (Indian pennywort), New Vishal Publication, New Delhi, India. wearer or a deity (Sheshadri, 2014). The 277pp. Vijayalakshmi K, Subhashini B, and Shivani present paper brings out a mode of Ajashringi (Indian Ash tree) are mentioned Koul. 1996. Plants in Pest Control: Garlic and classication of owers as gleaned from in the Atharvaveda (Joshi, 2004). It also Prowse GM, Galloway TS, and Andrew Onion. Centre for Indian Knowledge ancient Indian literature. refers to medicinal and cosmetic Foggo. 2006. Insecticidal activity of garlic Systems,Chennai. 38 pp. 182 Classication of owers Asian Agri-History Vol. 20, No. 3, 2016 183 Champaka (Champak tree), Ashoka Sage Vyasa's Mahabharata (Mishra, owers based on the deity being A n c i e n t I n d i a n s a g e s h a d (Ashok tree), Nipa (Burower tree) and 1988) is also no less in its description of w o r s h i p p e d . T h e Pa d m a P u r n a commendable knowledge of the other owering trees that have been Flora. Heavenly owers were abounding in (Desponded, 1992) states that Dura Plant kingdom of India. They had an discussed in literature (Krishnamurthy, the mountain ranges of Himalaya, (Bermuda grass), Rambha (Plantain intimate knowledge of habitat, form, 1996). Several owers like Malati (Royal Gandhamadana and Mandara. The Vana owers), Bilva (Bael), Tulsi (Holy Basil), color, varieties, fragrances, and uses Jasmine), Mallika (Sambac Jasmine), Parva of the text describes several owers White and Red owers are dear to Lord of different owers. People adored Vasanti (Butter ginger lily), Madhavi like Ashoka, Amra (Mango tree owers), Ganapati. Malati (Royal Jasmine), Kunda these owers and also used them for (Helicopter ower), Champaka (Champak Indivara (Blue lotus), Utpala (Indian Blue (Oleander), Mandara (Indian Coral tree), worshipping Gods. It (Atharvaveda) tree), Kimshuka (Bastard teak), Ankola lotus), Kamala (Indian lotus), Karnikara and Kumuda (Blue Water lily) are dear to also refers to medicinal and cosmetic (Sage leaved Alangium), Kuranta (Maple leaved Bayur tree), Kahlara (White Goddess Sarasvati. The largest list of applications of other owers such as (Porcupine ower), Muchukunda (Maple water lily), Kunda (Oleander), Kumuda (Blue owers enlisted by Puranas are those for Apamarga (Prickly chafower), leaf Bayur tree), Kovidara (Mountain water lily), Kurabaka (Red or yellow worshipping Lord Vishnu as stated in Ebony), and Paribhadraka (Indian coral Arjuna (Arjun tree), Arka (Crown Amaranth), Kokanada (Red water lily), Skanda Purana (II.5.7.17) (Bhatt, 1993), tree) bloomed in the dry and moist Kovidara (Mountain Ebony), Kharjura Vamana Purana (68.1214) (Gupta, 1968; owers), Ashvagandha (Indian deciduous forests of Kishkinda. The (Silver date palm), Champaka (Champak Bimali and Joshi, 2005), Agni Purana ginseng), Dadima (pomegranate), Pampa lake was lled with lotuses. The tree), Dadima (Pomegranate), Tamarasa (202.12 13) (Joshi, 2001) and Narada Girikarnika (wild guava) and so on. plant diversity of these forests of (lotus), Nalini (Lotus), and Nipa (Burower Purana (XIII.97) (Tagare and Shastri, Dandakaranya, Kishkinda and Lanka has tree) that bloomed in Gandhamadana 1998). The Shiva Purana (5.51.48) been studied by scholars attempting to Mountain ranges. It also states how learn the ora described by Sage Valmiki (Shastri, 1970) quotes a large list of owers applications of other owers such as Damayanti went to search Nala in (Amirthalingam and Sudhakar, 2013). The used to worship Lord Shiva. Several Apamarga (Prickly chafower), Arjuna Ashokavana abounding in owers. Heavenly descriptions of Ashokavana in the Purina's also list the myth and legends (Arjun tree), Arka (Crown owers), lotuses (Saugandhika) have been mentioned Sundarakanda of the text also have details concerning owers. The Kalika Purana Ashvagandha (Indian ginseng), Dadima along with different varieties of lotuses in the of various owers. Various varieties of (Shastri, 1991) describes several owers (pomegranate), Girikarnika (wild guava) areas surrounding Kailasa Mountains close to Ashoka (Ashok tree) of different colors, used in worship of Goddess Kali and Her and so on. residence of Kubera. The Mahabharata also Champaka (Champak tree), Chandana mentions the ora of Dvaitavana, forms. The Simhasiddhantasindu of Sage Valmiki's Ramayana (Mudholakara, (Sandalwood), Kalpavriksha (Silk cotton Kamyakavana, those at the hermitages of Gosvami Shri Shivananda Bhatt 1991) mentions about beauty of owers in tree), lotuses, and lilies abound in these Sage Rishyashringa, Sage Agastya, (Phatasimha, 1970), a work on various various groves and forests especially in the exquisite evergreen forests of Lanka. The Himalayas and so on that have been discussed aspects of worship culled from the Aranya Kanda. Flowering trees like hermitage of Sage Matanga abounded in in literature (Mehendale, 1986). Purina's, Tantras and other works quotes Lodhra (Loch tree), Nipa (Burower tree), various owers which were never plucked certain Puranas on classication of and Tilaka (Red bead tree) abound in the and even if plucked never fade and remain Flowers in Purina's and Kavyas owers. It quotes the Bhavishya Purana on tropical deciduous forests of Chitrakuta. fresh always. certain owers that are to be used for The hermitage of sage Sutikshna had rafts The Purina's have a classication of worshipping all Gods, rejecting those that made of owers oating in river are not used.
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